Richard Seltzer's home page Publishing home Genealogy Files
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The numbering system used here is based on binary fractions. 1 = father, 0 = mother. The number defines the line of descent, moving from Adela and Lila backwards, one digit per generation. For instance, "0.10110" means father mother father father mother. Lila and Adela are descended from everyone with a number. If you appear here with a number, you are a descendant of everyone with a number which begins with your number. In orther words 0.1 is descended from everyone with a number beginning 0.1 This is my own idiosyncratic system. If you have suggestions for improvement, please let me know. Richard Seltzer mailto:seltzer@seltzerboks.com
Further thoughts on this system seltzerbooks/current.html#binary
How I assembled much of this information seltzerbooks.com/gen/ancestorsuring.html
There are over 1600 direct ancestors listed here (not
including cousins and other collateral relatives). But that is very few
compared to the total number of your ancestors. Going back 55 generations,
doubling with each generation, we each would have 36,028,797,018,963,968
(over 36 quadrillion) ancestors in that generation alone; and a grand total of 72,057,594,037,927,934 (over 72 quadrillion).
But there were only about 200 million people in the entire world back in 400
AD. The discrepancy comes from cousins marrying distant cousins, usually with
no idea that they were cousins. Everyone of European descent alive today has
ancestors in common.Whoever you are, even if you don't know who your
great-grandmother was, some part of this family tree is yours. And if you have children and your children
have children for about 35 generations, everyone alive on Earth a thousand
years from now will be your descendant, will have genes that passed through you.
We're all one family.
As Walt Whitman put
it:
This is not only
one man, this is the father of those who shall be fathers in their turns.
In him the start of populous states and rich republics,
Of him countless immortal lives with countless embodiments and enjoyments.
How do you know who shall come from the offspring of his offspring through the
centuries?
___________
Seltzer Family,.
Starting from Generation 1, 1.1 Robert Seltzer, 1975 (back to 1572)
Denenberg Family,
Starting from Generation 1, 0.0 Stacey Denenberg, 1976
Goryn Family, Starting from Generation 2, 0.00 Charlotte R. Goryn, 1947 (back to 1881)
Hartley Family,
Starting from Generation 2, 0.10 Barbara Ann Hartley, 1950 (back to 1883)
The Schipper Family, Starting from Generation 3, 0.000 Adela Schipper, 1912 (back to 1878)
The Perlow Family, Starting from
Generation 3, 0.010 Beatrice J.
Perlow, 1912 (back to 1858)
Estes Family, Starting from Generation 3, 0.110 Helen Estes, 1920 (back to 970)
Wilson Family, Starting from
Generation 3, 0.100 Mary Wilson, 1911 (back to 1837)
The Begun Family, Starting from Generation 4,
0.0100 Bluma Begun, 1886 (back to 1830)
Daly Family, Starting from
Generation 4, 0.1110 Lillian Leona Daly, 1890 (back to 1724)
Gillespie Family, Starting
from Generation 4, 0.1000 Mary Jane Gillespie, 1881 (back to 1850)
Davis Family, Starting from
Generation 4, 0.1010 Nell Davis, 1883, (back to 1804)
The Moore Family, Starting from
Generation 5, 0.11010 Eliza "Lily" Yates Moore,
1852 (back to 1725)
The Yates Family. Starting from Generation
6, 0.110100 Mary
Ordelia Yates, 1820 (back to 1727)
Hocker Family, Starting from Generation 6, 0.111110 Anna Hocker, 1827 (back from 1749)
Bates Family, Starting
from Generation 7, 0.1101119 Sarah Langhorne Bates, c. 1780 (back to 1685)
Bell Family from Generation 8,
0.11011100 Elizabeth Cary Bell, 1758 (back to 1716)
Cary Family from Generation 9, 0.110111000 Judith Cary, 1726 (back to 1492)
The Lewis Family, Starting from Generation 9,
0.110100110 Frances Fielding Lewis,1731 (back from 1669)
The Fleming Family, Starting from Generation
10, 0.1101110110 Susannah Tarleton Fleming, c. 1685
(back to 1252)
Neff Family, Starting
from Generation 10, 0.111111110 Anna Catherina Neff, 1666 (back to 1406)
Zimmerman Family,
Starting from Generation 11,0.1111111100 Regina Zimmerman, 1629 (back to 1580)
Warner Family, Starting
from Generation 11, 0.1101001010 Elizabeth Warner, 1672 (back to 1621)
Ringer Family, Starting
from Generation 12,0.11111111000 Anna Ringger, 1591 (back to 1288)
The Lusi Family, Starting
from Generation 12, 0.11111111000 Anna Lusi, 1608 (back to 1580)
Livingston Family,
Starting from Generation 14, 0.1101110110110 Margaret Livingston, 1634 (back to 1500)
Graham Family, Starting with
Generation 15, 0.110111011011110 Lilias Graham, 1570
(back to 1424)
First Douglas Family, Starting
from Generation 17, 0.1101110110110110 Agnes Douglas, c. 1500
First Stewart Family,
Starting from Generation 19, 0.11011101101101110 Joan Stewart,
1428 (back to 1278)
Oldenburg Family, Starting from
Generation 19, Margaret of Denmark, 1456, (back to c. 1350)
The Keith Family, Starting from
Generation 20, 0.110111011011110110 Lady Janet Keith, c.
1492 (back to 1492)
Beaufort Family,
Starting from Generation 20, 0.1101110110110111100 Joan Beaufort, 1404 (back to 1043)
Schauenburg Family, Starting
from Generation 21, 0.110111011011111101010 Hedvig
of Schuaenburg, 1398 (back to c. 1300)
Gordon Family, Starting from
Generation 21, 0.1101110110111101100
Lady Elizabeth or Eliza Gordon, c. 1500 (back to c. 1400)
The Holland Family, Starting from
Generation 21, 0.11011101101101111000 Margaret Holland, 1385 (back to 1283)
First Drummond Family, Starting
from Generation 21, 0.1101110110111101110 Annabella
Drummond, 1350 (back to 1153)
Family of Holstein-Ploen, Starting from Generation 22, 0.1101110110111111010110
Agnes Holstein, 1347 (back to 1254)
Brunswick Family, Starting
from Generation 22, 0.1101110110111111010100 Katharina Elisabeth of Brunswick,
1385 (back to c. 1100)
The Bruce Family, Starting from
Generation 23, 0.1101110110110111101110 Marjorie Bruce,
1296, (bak to 1142)
Plantagenet Family, Starting
from Generation 23, 0.1101110110110111100010 Joan the Fair Maid of Kent, 1328 (back to 1043)
Capet Family, Starting from
Generation 24, 0.110111011011011110001110 Marguerite of France, 1282 (back
to 1245)
The
Valois Family, Starting from Generation 24, 0.11011101101101111001100 Jeanne of Valois, 1292 (back to c.
800)
The Hohenzollern Family,
Starting from Generation 24, Dorothea of Brandenburg, 1430 (back to 1139)
Second
Family of Denmark, Starting from Generation 25, 0.1101110110111111010110100 Sophia of Denmark,
11239 (back to c. 950)
Brabant
Family, Starting from Generation 25, 0.1101110110110111100011100 Maria of Brabant, 1254
(back to 1207)
Family of Baldwin of
Constantinople, Starting from Generation 27,0.11011101101101111001101110
Margaret II Countess of Flanders and Countess of Hainault, 1202 (back to 800)
Second Hohenstaufen Family,
Starting with Generation 29, 0.110111011011111101011010010010 Judith of
Hohenstaufen, 1133 (back to c. 1020)
First Family of Saxony,
Starting from Generation 29, 0.11011101101111110101001111110 Mathilda, Duchess
of Saxony, 1156 (back to 1133)
The Family of Aquitaine,
Starting from Generation 30, 0.11011101101101111001101110010
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1122 (back to
820)
Welf or
Guelph Family, Starting from Generation 30, 0.11011101101101111000111001010 Judith of Welf or Guelph, 1130 (back
to c. 950)
Third Family of Saxony, Starting with Generation 36, 0.1101110110111111010110100100100010110 Gerberga of Saxony, 913 (back to c. 820)
Holy Roman Emperors, Starting with
Generation 38, 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110 Judith of Flanders, 844 (Back to 382
Family of Austrasia, from Generation 45, 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101100110 Name Unknown, 709 (back to 437)
Merovingian Family,
From Generation 48, from 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111010
Blithide, 538 (back to 388)
Cousins
(from the perspective of Adela and Lila)
Adela Schipper, great-grandmother
Adela of Champagne,
Queen of France
Lilias Graham, daughter of the Earl of Montrose and
wife of Lord Fleming, first Earl of Wigton
Extraordinary Women
Anna
Komnene, the first woman historian (Byzantine princess) (cousin)
Joan
Stewart, deaf and dumb princess
Isabella,
known as the "She-Wolf", French princess and English queen
Syagria
and Papianilla, "splendid" ladies of
ancient Rome
Alice
of Jerusalem, Constance of Antioch, and
Agnes of Antioch - princesses of Crusader
kingdoms
Basina,
Queen of Thuringia, then Queen of the Franks, the woman who knew what she
wanted and got it
Saint
Clotilde, the vengeful saint who converted France to Christianity
Saint
Ludmila, grandmother of "Good King Wenceslaus" and of his
murderer
Saint Olga,
the vengeful beauty who converted Russia to Christianity
Gormflaith,
legendary for her beauty and he wickedness
Joan
"the Fair Maid of Kent" the most beautiful woman in England
Edith
the "Gentle Swan" and her love bites
Elizabeth
the Cuman, Hungarian queen descended from Asian invaders
Empress
Matilda, first woman ruler of England
Eleanor
of Aquitaine, queen of France and then queen of England, crusader
Lady
Ingrid Ylva, the white witch
Sophia
of Denmark, princess chess player
American History
George
Washington (cousin)
Captain
Meriweather Lewis of the Lewis and Clarke Expedition (cousin)
General
Robert E. Lee (cousin)
The Shakespeare Collection (ancestors
with connections to Shakespeare's plays):
King John "Lackland"
of England by way of Edward I's marriage to Eleanor
of Castile, by way of Edward I's marriage to
Marguerite of France
King Duncan I of
Scotland who was murdered by Macbeth
King Malcolm III
of Scotland who killed Macbeth
Joan "the Fair
Maid of Kent, the mother of King Richard II
John of Gaunt, the uncle
of Richard II, father of King
Henry IV, grandfather of King Henry V, and great-grandfather of King Henry
VI
Crusaders
William IX, the
Troubador, Duke of Aquitaine, one of the leaders of the Crusade of 1101 one of the leaders of the Crusade of 1101 and the first troubadour/
vernacular lyric poet in the Occitan language
King Louis IX of
France, Saint Louis
King Philip III the Bold of
France
Isabella of Aragon,
wife of King Philip III of France, accompanied him on the 8th Crusade, against
Tunis
King James I of Aragon,
shipwreck halted his voyage to the Crusade of 1269
Ramon Berenguer IV, Count
of Barcelona, second Crusade
Byzantine Emperor John II
Komnenos
Eudes I of Burgundy,
participant in Crusade of 1101
William V of
Montpellier, participant in the First Crusade·
James, Lord of Avesnes,
Conde and Leuze, in the Third Crusade led a detachment of French, Flemish,
and Frisian soldiers. Died in the Battle of Arsuf 1191.
Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, joined
Crusade and died in Cyprus on return in 1101
Alain, a crusader in
1097
Alan fitzFlaad, killed
on Crusde in Antioch after 1114
Eleanor of Aquitaine
(a woman Crusader)
Emperor Baldwin I of
Constantinople (1172-1205) also known as Baldwin VI Count of Hainault and
Baldwin IX Count of Flanders. In the Fourth Crusade the Crusaders conquered
Constantinople and made Baldwin emperor
Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland,
said to have accompanied King Louis IX of France on the Crusade in 1248
Alan fitz Walter, 2nd
High Steward of Scotland, accompanied Richard the Lionheart on the Third
Crusade, patron of the Knights Templar
Emoulf of Hesdin, killed on
crusade at Antioch c. 1100
The Dante Collection (ancestors
mentioned in the Divine Comedy):
Hugh the Great, Duke of France
King Philip III the Bold of France
The Saint Collection (ancestors who were saints)
King Louis
IX of France (Capet) "Saint Louis" of the Crusades (1214-1270)
Saint Irene (AKA Piroska of
Hungary) (1088 - 1134)
Saint Vladimir the Great,
Prince of Kiev (c. 958 - July 15, 1015)
Saint Olga of Kiev (c.
890-July 11, 969
Matilda of Ringelheim AKA Saint
Matilda or Saint Mathilda (c. 895 – March 14, 968)
Saint Clotilde, wife of
Clovis (475-545)
Saint Arnulf of Metz
(b. around 582)
Saint Leudwinus
(660-772)
Saint Clodulf AKA Saint Cloud
(605 - 696 or 697)
Kings of England (who were ancestors)
Wessex
Egbert, reigned 829-839 (=
first king of England)
Ethelwulf, reigned
839-856
Alfred the Great,
reigned 871-899
Harold II (c. 1022 - Oct. 14,
1066)
Normandy
William I "the
Conqueror", reigned 1066-1087
Henry I "Beauclerc", reigned
1100-1135
Plantagenet
Henry
II, reigned 1154-1189 second line with same ancestor third line with same
ancestor
John I
"Lackland" (of the Magna Carta), reigned 1199-1216
Henry III,
reigned 1216-1272 two lines with same ancestor
Edward I
"Longshanks", reigned 1272-1307
Edward II,
reigned 1307-1327
Edward III,
reigned 1327-1377
Kings
of Scotland
Alpin
Kenneth I, reigned
834?-858, conqueror of the Picts, first king of the Scots
Constantine I,
reigned 863-877
Donald II, reigned
889-900
Malcolm I, reigned
943-954
Kenneth II, reigned
971-995
Malcolm II, reigned
1005-1034
Dunkeld
Duncan I, reigned 1034-1040, killed by
Macbeth
Malcom III,
reigned 1058-1093, killed Macbeth
David I, reigned
1124-1153
Bruce
Robert I (the Bruce) ,
reigned 1306-1326
Stewart
Robert II,
reigned 1371-1390
Robert III,
reigned 1390-1406
James I, reigned
1406-1436
James II, reigned
1437-1460
James III, reigned
1451/1452-1488
James IV, reigned
1488-1513
Kings of Wales
Rhodri the Great
Kings of Dublin
Olaf or Amlaib Cuaran
(c. 926? - 931)
Brian Boru, High King of Ireland (c. 941
- April 23, 1017)
Kings of France
Merovingian
Carolingian
Charles Martel,
reigned 686-741
Pepin the Short,
reigned 714-768
Charlemagne d. 814
Louis the Pious
(778-840)
Charles the Bald
(823-877)
Capet
Philip I, reigned
1060-1108
Louis VI, reigned
1108-1137
Louis VII, reigned
1137-1180
Philip II, reigned
1180-1223
Louis VIII, reigned
1223-1226
Louis IX, Saint
Louis, reigned 1226-1270
Philip III, reigned
1270-1285
Kings
of Aragon and Navarre AKA Pamplona and Counts of Barcelona
Sancho Ramirez of Aragon and
Navarre
Ramon Berenguer IV, Count
of Barcelona
Alfonso II of Aragon,
reigned 1162-1196
Kings of Portugal
Dukes of Bohemia
Boleslaus I (brother of
Good King Wenceslaus, who killed Wenceslaus to get his throne)
Kings of Poland
Princes
of Kiev
Mstislav I Vladimirovich the Great
of Kiev (1076 - 1132)
Vladimir II Monomakh
(1053-1125)
Vsevolod I of Kiev
(1030-1093)
Yaroslav I the Wise
(978-1054)
Saint Vladimir I the Great
(958-1015)
Prince Igor,
reigned 912-914 two lines with same ancestor
Prince Sviatoslav I (c.
942 - March 972)
Kings of Denmark
King Christian I of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, reigning
1448-1481
King Valdemar I of Denmark (1131-1182)
King Eric I of Denmark (c. 1060 - 1103)
Olof Skotkonung (980? - 1021 or 1022?)
Eric
the Victorious (945? - c. 995)
Holy Roman Emperors·
Charlemagne
Byzantine Emperors
Emperor
Baldwin I of Constantinople (1172-1205) also known as Baldwin VI Count of
Hainault and Baldwin IX Count of Flanders. In the Fourth Crusade the Crusaders
conquered Constantinople and made Baldwin emperor
John II Komnenos, reigned 1118-1143
Alexios I Komnenos,
reighed 1081-1118
Constantine IX Monomachos,
reigned 1042-1055)
Emperor of Bulgaria
Alchemists
John Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach,
nicknamed The Alchemist
Witches
Lady
Ingrid Ylva, the white witch
The Cities
Collection
St.
Louis, MO, named for King Louis IX of France
(Capet) "Saint Louis" of the Crusades (1214-1270)
St. Cloud, named for Saint Clodulf AKA Saint Cloud (605 - 696 or 697)
Poetry Collection
William IX,
the Troubadour, Duke of Aquitaine
The Operas Collection
Tannhäuser by Wagner, Hermann I, Landgrave of
Thuringia
Lohengrin by Wagner, Henry the Fowler
The Movie Collection
The Lion in
Winter (portraying King Henry II,Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, and King John I of
England) by
way of Edward I's marriage to Eleanor of Castile,by
way of Edward I's marriage to Marguerite of France
Braveheart King Robert the Bruce of Scotland, Willilam "le Hardi" Douglas, ally of William
Wallace, King Edward I of England Longshanks, and
his son Edward II and his wife Isabella of France. In the movie, King Edward sends Isabella, his daughter-in-law, to
negotiate with Wallace Actually, Edward II married Isabella a year after his
father died and three years after the execution of Wallace. So the implication
that she had a tryst with Wallace and her son was his is Hollywood fantasy. But
she (our ancestor) was an interesting character in her own right, leading a
rebellion that overthrew her husband and put her young son Edward III on the throne, with her as
regent. She was nicknamed "The She-Wolf of France."
King Arthur
portrays Cerdic of Wessex (d. 534) and Cynric of Wessex, his son, who ruled as King of Wessex. Cerdic was leader of the first group of West Saxons to come to England in 495. The movie shows he and his son killed in battle by King Arthur and Sir Lancelot.The Da Vinci Code
(both the book and the movie) (proposes the theory that Clovis,
Merovingian king of France, was a direct descendant of Jesus Christ and Mary
Magdalene) Wikipedia about the book The Da Vinci Code "Mary Magdalene was
of royal descent (through the Jewish House of Benjamin) and was the wife of
Jesus, of the House of David. That she was a prostitute was slander invented by
the Church to obscure their true relationship. At the time of the Crucifixion,
she was pregnant. After the Crucifixion, she fled to Gaul, where she was
sheltered by the Jews of Marseille. She gave birth to a daughter, named Sarah.
The bloodline of Jesus and Mary Magdalene became the Merovingian dynasty of
France."
Ironically, we had ancestors on both sides of
important historical struggles Our
ancestor William Douglas fought along side William Wallace, but we are also
descended from their enemy King Edward I Longshanks of England, and Robert the
Bruce who betrayed Wallace and then became king of Scotland. We also are
descended from both William of Normandy and King Harold II who clashed at the
Battle of Hastings in 1066. And we are descended from Byzantine emperors near
the time of the Crusades, and Baldwin, who the Crusaders installed as emperor
after sacking Constantinople in 1204.
Related files:
Ancestor Surfing,an Example of How
Wikipedia Can Help to Trace Family Lines Back Over 50 Generations
Extraordinary
Women,
My mother Helen Estes Seltzer died Dec. 28, 2010, at the age of 90.
Because of her life-long interest in family history, in her memory I compiled these
profiles of powerful and strong-willed women among her ancestors, who might
inspire her descendants.
Two of the
"Four Queens" Nancy Goldstone's book "Four Queens"
gives a panoramic view of 13th century Europe, from the perspectives of four
sisters whose marriages made them queens of France, England, Germany, and
Sicily. Two of those queens, Eleanor, wife of King Henry III of England, and
Marguerite, wife of King Louis IX of France (Saint Louis), were ancestors of
mine.
Cary-Estes
Genealogy by May Folk Webb and Patrick Mann Estes, originally published in
1939.
Cary-Estes Moore Genealogy by
Helen Estes Seltzer, originally published in 1981.
The early generations of the
Seltzer family in Germany are based on information found at Ancestry.com
From (Johann) Michael Seltzer (1740-1815) onward, the family record compiled by
Ray Behm and the information from Ancestry.com is in agreement.
See Ray Behm's genealogy
for more detail on recent generations and collateral lines.
I've numbered each ancestor using a binary fraction system, explained elsewhere. 1 = male,
0 = female starting at the decimal point and moving to the right. 0.1 =
father, 0.0 = mother; 0.11 = father's father, 0.10 = father's mother, 0.01 =
mothers father; 0.00 = mother's mother.
Adela Rose Seltzer b. Nov. 9, 2007
Lila Pearl Seltzer b. May 27, 2010
daughters of
Generation 1
0.1 Robert Richard Hartley Seltzer (b. July 29, 1975), Milton Academy 1993, BS Yale 1997, MBA and MS Wharton md. Aug. 10, 2002 in Boston, MA 0.0 Stacey Denenberg (b. July 18, 1976), BS and MS Yale 1998, MBA Wharton Dennenberg Family
Robert's siblings =
Heather Katherine Hartley Seltzer (b. Aug. 13, 1977 in Boston) Newton Country Day, 1995; Sarah Lawrence, 1999 md. Jennifer Moon
Michael Richard Hartley Seltzer (b. June 14, 1980 in Boston) St. Sebastian's, Northeastern Univ.
Timothy Richard Hartley Seltzer (b. Oct. 5, 1989 in Boston) Catholic Memorial, now lives in Brooklyn.
children of
Generation 2
0.11 Richard Warren (8) Seltzer, Jr. (b. Feb. 23 1946 Clarksville, TN) BA Yale 1969, MA U. of Mass. 1973 md. (1) July 28, 1973 Boston, MA 0.10 Barbara Ann Hartley (Feb. 20 1950 - Dec. 4 2012) Albertus Magnus 1971 Hartley Family md. (2) Sept. 27, 2015 Orange, CT Marilyn Mandel Lender (b. Aug. 22, 1945) divorced Milford, CT, March 28, 2017
Richard Warren Seltzer, Jr. with mother Helen Estes Seltzer, July 1946, 5
months old.
Richard Warren Seltzer, Jr., at Sunnyside Avenue in Philadelphia, 1950 (four
years old).
Richard's sister =
Raven (Sallie) Seltzer (b. Jan. 8, 1964 in Bristol, PA. BA Mount Holyoke, Master's in Film USC, screenwriter, singer, song writer, yoga instructor, acupuncturist. Now lives in North Carolina.
children of
Generation 3
0.111 Richard Warren Seltzer, Sr. (b. June 5, 1923 Washington, DC d. June 14, 1014 ) md. June 5, 1944 in Philadelphia, PA, 0.110 Helen Estes (b. Jan. 31, 1920 Philadelphia, PAd.- Dec. 28, 2010 West Roxbury, MA) Estes Family
Richard B.A. Univ. of Md.; M.S. Univ. of
Penna.; Ed.D. Univ. of Md., superintendent of schools Bristol Township,
Huntingdon Valley, and Columbia, PA. autobiography and doctoral dissertation
available online.
Richard Warren Seltzer, Sr., with mother Lillian Leona Seltzer in
background, June 5, 1927 (4 years old).
photo of the house he was born in -- 640 E St. NE, Washington, DC taken July 26, 1902, with Uncles Charles and his bicycle in front
photo of Lillian, James, Richard, and Phil on the road to Myersville MD 1932
photo of Lillian and sons Philip and Richard at home at 1234 Pinecrest Circle in Woodside Park, MD 19 January 1930
Richard's siblings = (click on links for details below
Charles Philip Setlzer
(1921-2008)
James Henry Seltzer
(1928-2013)
Children of
Generation 4
0.1111 Warren Ray Seltzer (April 20, 1891 Washington, DC - April 13, 1978, Washington, DC) architect, md. June 19, 1918 0.1110 Lillian Leona Daly (Oct. 6, 1890 - April 15, 1973) Daly Family
Newspaper notice of his death:
Warren Seltzer, Retired Architect for Government
Warren Ray Seltzer, 87, a retired government architect, died
Wednesday at the National Lutheran Home in Washington after a stroke.
He worked for the Navy's bureau of Docks and Yards, and
after World War II, the Veterans Administration for 40 years before retiring in
1966.
Mr. Seltzer was a native of Washington and graduate of
McKinley Tech High School. He earned a degree in architecture at Catholic
University.
A resident of Silver Spring for 50 years, he had been active
in the senior fellowship, Sunday school and choir at St. Luke Lutheran Church
in Silver Spring since 1942.
His wife, the former Lillian Daly, died in 1973.
He is survived by four sons, the Rev. C. Philip of
Marshallville, Ohio, Dr. Richard W. of Columbia, Pa., James H. of Snow Hill,
Md., and the Rev. Dr. J. Paul of Syracuse, NY; 12 grandchildren, and six
great-grandchildren.
Lillian Leona Daly Seltzer at 6 years old, 1896, at home at 9th and Maryland
Ave. NE, Washington, DC.
Lillian Leona Daly Seltzer and Warren Ray Seltzer, married June 19, 1918.
Warren Ray Seltzer and Lillian Leona Daly Seltzer on their wedding trip to
Philadelphia, June 1919.
Warren's
siblings (by mother Susan) =
Charles W. Seltzer (1880- )
Edgar Arnold Seltzer (1884- ), daughter = Olive
children of:
Generation 5
0.11111 Henry Hocker Seltzer (Aug. 28, 1856 - Aug. 7 1925), physician, md. (1) 1877 0.11110 Susan Arnold (April 1859 - Dec. 1916), daughter of Peter Arnold md. (2) Oct. 18, 1918 Sarah L. Behm (1856-). Henry and Susan both buried in Washington, DC.
His autobiography = "Henry
Hocker Seltzer, Pennsylvania Dutch Teacher, Civil Servant,and Physician -
Memories of 1856-1915"
as web page
as pdf file
He grew up on a farm near Belle Grove, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Dutch
was spoken in the home. English was his second language, putting him at a
disadvantage when he went to school, but he became very bookish, proud of his
educational accomplishments. For 10 years, he taught in one-room schoolhouses
in Pennsyvanian Dutch farm country. At times, he handled, alone, as many as 65
students ranging in age from 5 to 21, and for a wage of $33/month. He had to
deal with the vagaries of rural schools, with behavior problems and parents who
had little respect for book learning, and arbitrary decisions of county-level
school administartion. During corn-husking sometimes only 3-5 students would
show up. He traveled by train to Kansas in 1878, and almost settled there.
Later, le got a civil service bookkeeping job with the US Treasury Dept and
wrote a bookkeeping text book for farmers. And, at the age of 40, he got an
M.D. degree from what later became George Washington University. He practiced
medicine very little, having gotten the degree mainly to prove that he could.
Henry Hocker Seltzer, March 14, 1910. Photo taken at Donaldson Studio, 927
F. St. NW, Washington, DC
Henry Hocker Seltzer 1922
photo of schoolhouse where Henry Hocker Seltzer taught
siblings of Henry Hocker Seltzer =
mother = Barbara Smith
John P. Seltzer (1851-1922)
Martin Seltzer (1852-1934)
James M. Seltzer (1854-1855)
Elizabeth E. Seltzer (1859-1934)
Benjamin F. Seltzer (1861-1949)
Charles Augustus Seltzer (Uncle Gus) (1864-1965), daughter = Violet
Harvey L. Seltzer (1866-1936)
mother = Anna Hocker
Henry Hocker Seltzer
children of
Generation 6
0.111111 Henry Uhland Seltzer (June 15 June, 1824 - Nov. 25, 1897; md. 0.111110 Anna Hocker (May 10, 1827 - Jan. 10, 1914) Hocker Family
Henry Uhland Seltzer, 1893. Photo taken at Roshon Studio, 22 South 9th St.,
Lebanon, PA
Anna Hocker Seltzer. Photo taken at M.E. Bare Photographer, Hummelstown, PA.
photo of homestead Henry Uhland built in 1896 in Hockersville, PA
photo taken in July 1905 of house in Hockersville where Anna was born
Barbara Smith Hocker
Martin Hocker
Henry Uhland Seltzer = son of
Generation 7
0.1111111 Philip Seltzer (stone mason, also cultivated a small farm which he owned) ( Dec. 6, 1772 - April 19, 1847) died of tuberculosis, buried in the Reformed cemetery at Annville, PA; md. March 25, 1800 0.1111110 Maria Uhland (Aug. 10, 1784 - Feb. 25, 1860) died of cancer, buried Lutheran cemetery at Bellegrove, PA.
Philip Seltzer's siblings =
Anna Maria Seltzer (1771- )
Abraham L. Seltzer (1773-1863)
Jacob Seltzer (1776-1846)
Barbara (1777-1875)
Michael Seltzer (1780-1863)
John Seltzer (1783-1856)
John George Seltzer (1813-1899)
children of:
Generation 8
0.11111111 Johann Michael Seltzer (March 23, 1740 Lutheran, Parchim, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany - 1815 Mount Zion, Lebanon, Pennsylvania) md. 0.11111110 Barbara Gasser (1748 - ). Michael arrived in Philadelphia with his father in 1752. He served in the American Revolution. His descendants qualify for membership in the Sons of the American Revolution and in the Daughters of the American Revolution.
Michael was buried in the cemetery at Zoar's Lutheran Church, Mt. Zion, Lebanon County, PA (tombstone made of native sandstone worn by the elements and illegible in 1937; per handwritten notes by Richard Seltzer, Sr., this tombstone no longer existed in 1975).
Barbara Gasser was daughter of Jacob Gasser of Helidelberg Township near Schaefferstown, Lebanon County, where he owned and cultivated 38 acres which he purchased form the Penn agents in 1735) reportedly buried in Jonestown, Lebanon County. Children: i Anna Maria ii Philip iii Jacob iv Michael Jr. v John vi Barbara
Michael and Barbara Seltzer probably established their first home in or near Schaeferstown, where their first child was born and baptized in St. Luke's Lutheran Church, of which they were members in 1771.
Michael signed the Oath of Allegiance to the American Colonies in 1778 and served as a soldier of the third class in Company 7 of the 9th Battalion of Lancaster County in 1781, under Captain Bradley and Lieutenant Adam Mark. [per handwritten notes by Richard Seltzer, Sr., spelled "Michel Selcer" on the muster roll.]
He paid a tax of eight pounds (English money) on 150 acres of land which he owned in Bethel township in 1782. Bethel township and Heidelberg township were both then in Lancaster County. When Dauphin County was created from Lancaster in 1785, Michael Seltzer and his brother Christian, both residents of Bethel township were among those who protested about Middletown becoming the county seat of Dauphin County.
On May 5, 1789, Michael and his wife Barbara purchased 166 acres of land from Archibald Sloan for 560 pounds. This was part of a larger tract granted to Samuel Sloan by the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania, on November 26, 1748. (Samuel was Chibald's uncle). This tract lies directly north of the bridge that spans the Swatara Creek at what is know as the Water Works, north of Annville, PA. On this tract, Michael Seltzer erected a house and barn. A stone in the upper part of the house has this inscription "M.S. 1802". Cross the bridge across Swatara Creek at Water Works, the farm lies on the left side of the road. Go down the lane to the creek. Here is the house, shaded by trees.
This tract is recorded in Book G., Volume 1, Page 307 in the Recorders Office, Dauphin County Court House, Harrisburg, PA, as follows: "Beginning at a F____ thence by land of Robert Young, North 50 degrees, East 174 perches, thence by land of Peter Gingrich, South 113 perches, thence by same East 18 and two tenth perches, thence by same South one and one-half degrees and 169 perches, thence down Swatara Creek 2786 perches to place of beginning."
Johann Michael's siblinlgs =
Georg Christian
Johann Jacob
Johann Phillip
Maira Eva
children of
Generation 9
0.111111111 (Johann or Hans)
Jacob Seltzer (Feb. 15,
1711 - 1772) md. 1733 0.111111110 Anna Maria Welsen ( -
1769)
Immigrant. Cooper and farmer. Arrived in Pennsylvania 1752 with Wife
Anna Maria Welsin; Daughter Maria Eva; Son Johann Michael; Son Johann Philipp;
Son Georg Christian; Son Johann Jacob. Source: BURGERT, ANNETTE KUNSELMAN.
Eighteenth Century Emigrants from German-Speaking Lands to North America.
Publications of the Pennsylvania German Society, 16/19. Birdsboro, PA: The
Pennsylvania German Society. Vol. 1: The Northern Kraichgau. 1983. 461p., page
341. Shown in Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s at
Ancestry.com
(Johann) Jacob = son of
Generation 10
0.1111111111 Wyerich Seltzer (1661 Michelfeld, Amberg-Sulzbach, Byern, Gemany - 1742 Michelfeld, Amberg-Sulzbach, Byern, Germany) md. 1683 Michelfeld, Ostalbkris, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany 0.111111110 Anna Catherina Neff (1666 Michelfeld, Ostalbkreis, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany - 1759 Michelfeld, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany) The Neff Family
Wyerich = son of
Generation 11
0.11111111111 Erasmus Seltzer (1640, Michelfeld, Amberg-Sulzbach, Bayern, Germany - 1703, Michelfeld, Germany) md. 1658 Michelfeld, Amberg-Sulzbach, Bayern, Germany 0.11111111110 Margaretha Donner (Dec. 27, 1638 Sundgau, Germany - June 26, 1667 Michelfeld, Amberg-Sulzbach, Bayern, Germany)
Erasmus = son of
Generation 12
0.111111111111 Georg Seltzer (1604 Michelfeld, Amberg-Sulzbach, Bayern, Germany - Nov. 22, 1669, Michelfled, Amberg-Sulzbach, Bayern, Germany) md. 1662 Michelfeld, Germany, 0.111111111110 Anna Baur (1605 Germany - 1654 Laimen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany)
Georg = son of
0.1111111111111 Ulrich Seltzer (1572 Michelfeld, Amberg-Sulzbach, Bayern, Germany - 1607 Michelfeld, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany) md. 1600 Michelfeld, Amberg-Sulzbach, Bayern, Germany 0.11111111111110 Margaretha (1576 - )
0.0 Stacey A. Denenberg (b. July 18, 1976) md. Aug. 10, 2002 in Boston 0.1 Robert Richard Hartley Seltzer (b. July 29, 1975)
her sibling =
Scott A. Denenberg md. in Cambridge, MA md. July 7, 2018 Emily Lilly
children of -
Generation 2
0.01 Jeffrey Neil Denenberg (b. March 21, 1943) md. 0.00 Charlotte R. Goryn (b. Sept. 21, 1947) Goryn Family
his siblings =
Burton H. Denenberg (b. 1935) md. Judy Sklair (b.
1935)
Alan Denenberg md. (1) Mary Lou Zittman (b. 1941) md.
(2) Vicki Brown (b. 1947)
Jeffrey = son of
Generation 3
0.011 Joseph B. Denenberg of Omaha, NE md. 0.010 Beatrice J. Perlow (1912-2004) Perlow Family
Joseph = son of
Generation
4
0.0111 Mejer Denenberg (1824-1885) md. 0.0110 Beyla Ryfka Lichtenberg (b. 1825) daughter of 0.01101 Chackiel Lichtenberg (b. 1800) md. 0.01100 Chai (b. 1800)
Mejer = son of
Generation
5
0.0111 Aron Denenberg (b. 1800) md. 0.01110 Eyga (b. 1800)
0.00 Charlotte R.
Goryn (b. Sept. 21,
1947) md. 0.01 Jeffrey Neil Denenberg (b. March 21, 1943)
Charlotte = daughter of
Generation 3
0.001 Aron G. Goryn (1907-1996)
md. 0.000 Adela
Schipper (1912-2011) Schipper Family
Aron = son of
Generation 4
0.0011 Chaim Chill Goryn (1881-1942) md. 0.0010 Rachel Gelfenbein (b. 1884)
________________________
0.10 Barbara Ann Hartley (Feb. 20, 1950 - Dec. 4, 2014) md. July 28, 1973 Boston, MA 0.11 Richard Warren Seltzer, Jr. (b. Feb. 23, 1946)
siblings =
Mary Jane Hartley (b. 1937) md. John Carew (1936-1990)
Elynor E. Hartley (b. 1939) md. Alan Harrington (c. 1995)
Ann Frances Hartley (1941-2007)
Charles F. Hartley (1943- ) md. (1) Elaine Ginty md. (2) Mary Picard) md.
(3) Raven Seltzer
Robert J. Hartley (1947-1968, Viet Nam)
for their children and grandchildren, see Cousins
below
children of
0.101 Charles Hartley (1911-1992) md. Mary Wilson 0.100 (1914-2005) Wilson Family
sibling =
Lillian Margaret Hartley ("Wooie") (Aug. 17, 1915 - July 1, 1999) md.
Albert Francis Wilson ("Pappy") (July 12, 1911 - Feb. 28, 1991)
children of
0.1011 John M. Hartley (b. 1885 St. John's Newfoundland) md. 0.1010 Ellen (Nell) Elizabeth Davis (1883-1955) Davis Family
son of
0.10111 John M. S. Hartley, Ireland md. 0.10110 Margaret
Moore
___________
0.000 Adela Schipper (1912-2011) md. 0.001 Aron G. Goryn (1907-1996)
Adela's siblings =
Aryeh W. Schipper
(1906-1969) md. Rebeca Klein (1913-1994)
Rachel R. Schipper
(b. 1907
Jute (Yute) Schipper
(b. 1909)
children of
Generation 4
0.0001 Naftale D. Schipper (1878-1942) md. 0.0000
Chana Z. Yaroslawicz (b. 1885) Yaroslawicz Family
Naftale = son of
Generation 5
0.00011 Abraham Schipper
__________
0.010 Beatrice J. Perlow (1912-2004) md. 0.011 Joseph B. Denenberg
of Omaha, NE
siblings of Beatrice
=
Isadore E. Perlow
(1911-2000)
Leo Rowland Perlow
(1919-2003)
they = children of
Generation 4
0.0101 Abraham Perlow/Perleou) (1886-1937) md. 0.0100 Bluma Begun (1885-1974) Begun Family
Abraham = son of
Generation 5
0.01011 Nisan/Nissel Perlow/Perleou (1858-1914) md. 0.01010
Ruchel Polak (1858-1919)
_________
See Cary-Estes Genealogy and Cary-Estes-Moore Genealogy.
0.110 Helen Estes (b. Jan. 31, 1920
Philadelphia, PA d. Dec. 28, 2010, West Roxbury, MA) md. June 5, 1944 at
Redeemer Lutheran Church, Philadelphia, PA, 0.111 Richard Warren Seltzer,
Sr. (June 5, 1923 Washington, DC - June 14. 2014. West Roxbury, MA)
Helen was the compiler and author of CARY-ESTES-MOORE
GENEALOGY;
graduate of Pierce Jr. College, Philadelphia; attended Temple Univ.,
Philadelphia, Univ. of Md,. and Plymouth State College, Plymouth, N.H.; B.A.
(English) Goddard College, Plainfield, Vt.; former English teacher, cert. in
Vt. and Penna.; member of National Society Colonial Dames of America,
Philadelphia Chapter. Daughters of the American Revolution, American
Association of University Women, League of Women Voters; on Board of Directors
of Alumnae Association Philadelphia High School for Girls.
her siblings =
John Griffith Estes (Jack) (Sept. 27, 1908- Nov. 30, 1961 ) served in Army in
WW II, worked as night watchman, died of cancer of lungs and bone, buried West
Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, PA
Lillian Margaret Estes (Lily)
(b. Dec. 12, 1909) md. 1929 William Norris Moyer, Jr.
Virginia Griffith Estes
(b. Jan. 13, 1914-2000) md. June 12, 1937 Edward Robert Jacoby, Jr. (b. June
27, 1914 d. Jan. 1, 1974) (son of Edward Robert and Catherine Melissa Wallace
Jacoby)
Smyth William, stillborn June 16, 1925
Generation 4
0.1101 Smyth William Estes (June 17, 1881 Brownsville, Haywood, TN - Dec.
20, 1943 Brownsville, Haywood TN) md. Nov. 29, 1906, Philadelphia, PA 0.1100 Mae
Griffith (May 27, 1883 Philadelphia, PA - May 27, 1930 Philadelphia, PA) Giffith Family
Smyth
William Estes died of chronic endocarditis, contributed by hypertension and
chronic inst. nephitis, per death certificate.
his siblings =
Mary Moore Estes (1876- )
Mildred C. Estes (1879-1938)
Belle Estes (1883-1938)
Laurence B. Estes (1885-1962
Sallie Estes (1888-1981)
Warner W. Estes (1890- )
children of
Generation 5
0.11011 Louis (Lewis) Powhatan Estes
(Nov. 22, 1849 - Sept. 6, 1902) md. Oct. 30, 1875 0.11010 Eliza "Lilly" Yates Moore (1853-1929) Moore Family
Physician and also large land owner.
his siblings =
with Elizabeth Alston Pickett -
Sarah Elizabeth Estes (March 13, 1835 - March 26, 1925)
Pocahontas Estes (Feb. 2, 1837 - 1906)
Albert Monroe Estes Jr. (April 21, 1838 - Oct. 14, 1877)
Anne Lynne Estes (Nov. 12, 1839 - Feb. 13, 1926)
Thomas Hale Estes (Nov. 10, 1843 - 1902)
with Marcia Burton (Owen) Holman -
William Lawrence Estes (Nov. 28, 1855 - Nov. 1903), Bethel College, KY 1872;
Medical Dept. U. of VA 1877; Univ. College of NY 1878; Surgeon in Chief, St.
Luke's Hospital, Bethlehem, PA from 1881, Lecturer on Physiology and Hygiene,
Lehigh U.; author of medical books)
with Mildred Colman -
children of
Generation 6
0.110111 Albert Monroe Estes (Nov. 19, 1804 - Dec. 22, 1863) md. (1)
Nov. 22, 1832 in Haywood County, TN Elizabeth Alston Pickett (Dec. 16, 1811 -
Nov. 16, 1843) md. Nov. 17, 1848 (2) 0.110110 Mildred Colman (1823 - Nov. 30, 1849) md. (3) Dec. 20. 1854
Margaret Owen Burton daugher of Dr. William Owen of Henrico Couonty, VA.
Enlisted in Confederate Army May 23, 1862. Seventh (Duckworth's) Cavalry
Regiment, rank at enlistment = private. Final rank = captain. He owned about
150 slaves at the start of the Civil War.
his siblings =
Moreau Pinckney Estes (Nov. 14, 1806 - Oct. 17, 1871)
Henry Carey Estes (Jan. 9, 1808 - winter of 1835)
Virginia Thorp Estes (May 11, 1811 - 1860)
Eliza Jane Estes (Nov. 15, 1815 - )
Cornelia Sarah Rebecca Estes (Feb.14, 1818 - )
Judith Bell Estes (March 10, 1821 - June 28, 1903)
Sarah Ann Estes (Nov. 24, 1823 - June 30, 1848)
children of
Generation 7
0.1101111 Joel Estes (Jan. 22, 1780 - Aug. 16, 1833) md. Oct. 13, 1801
0.1101110 Sarah
Langhorne Bates Bates Family
captain in War of 1812, commanded a company of volunteers, riflemen from the 43
Regiment VA Militiaand then attached to the 4th Regiment. Began service Sept.
16, 1813. Muster Roll dated Norfolk, VA Oct. 15, 1813 (= date of expiration of
service)
his siblings =
Triplet Thorpe Estes (1778-1852)
John H. T. Estes (1816, first lieutenant of light artillery July 1, 1808,
captain September 1809, resigned April 1, 1812
Benjamin Estes. ( -1868), captain
Thomas Estes (d. in St. Louis, MO)
William Estes (lived in Petesburg, VA, d. in Mississippi)
Edward Estes (d. in Campbel Co., VA)
Elisha W. Estes ( d. in KY)
Thorp Estes (d. in TN)
Nancy Estes (b. in VA, d. in KY)
Elizabeth Estes (b. in VA, d. in Kanawaha Co., WV)
Lucy Estes (b. in VA, d. in Shelbyville, KY)
Cecilia Estes (b. in VA, d. in MO)
Sarah Ann Estes (b. in VA, d. in MO)
Martha Estes (b. in VA, d. in Bedford Co. VA)
children of
Generation 8
0.11011111 Benjamin Estes (1753
probably in Spotsylvania County, VA - July 22, 1816) md. 1777 0.11011110 Cecelia Rebecca Thorp (Thorpe)
(1750 - 1816)
son of
Generation 9
0.110111111
Abraham Estes, Jr.
(1697-1759) md. 0.110111110 Elizabeth
Jeeter
son of
Generation 10
0.1101111111 Abraham Estes, Sr. (1647-1720), emigrated from Ringwould, Kent England to St. Stephens, King Queen County, Virginia md. 0.1101111110 Barbara Brock
son of
Generation 11
0.11011111111 Sylvester Estes
(1596-1667) md. 0.11011111110 Ellen
Martin
son of
Generation 12
0.110111111111 Robert Estes
(1555-1616) Ringwould, Kent, England md. 0.110111111110
Anne Woodward
son of
Generation 13
0.1101111111111 Sylvester Estes
(1522-1579) born Deal, Kent, England died Ringwould, Kent, England md. 0.1101111111110 Jone Estes
son of
Generation 14
0.11011111111111 Nicholas Estes (1495-1533) md. 0.11011111111110 Anny ___
son of
Generation 15
0.110111111111111 Robert Estes
(1475-1506)
son of
Generation 16
0.1101111111111111 Francesco or Francisco Estes AKA Francesco or Francisco Esteuse, born in Italy and died in England (1440 - ?)
son of
Generation 17
0.11011111111111111 Leonello d'Este,
Marquess of Ferrara etc. (1407-1450)
Leonello d'Este was the illegitimate son of Niccolo III, d'Este, Marquis of
Ferrara. See Wikipedia articles on Leonello and on Niccolo. Francisco Esteuse,
AKA Francisco Estes was his son. Some sources give Robert Estes as his son, but
the dates don't work. It seems highly likely that Robert was the son of
Francisco (AKA Francesco)and grandson of Leonello. That would confirm
family tradition, as recounted in the Cary-Estes Genealogy (by May Folk Webb
and Patrick Mann Estes, published in 1939 and reprinted in 1979). Facing
page 92 is a portrait of Francesco Esteuse with the caption "'Franceso,
natural son of Marquis Leonnello, went to Burgundy and afterward to England.'
These were the words written on the back of the picutre of Francesco found in a
colleciton of paintings near Ferrara, among the pictures of Esteuse."
According to the Wikipedia article on the House of Este http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Este
"The lordship
of Ferrara was made hereditary by Obizzo II (d. 1293) who was proclaimed Lord
of Ferrara in 1264, Lord of Modena 1288 and Lord of Reggio 1289. Ferrara being
a papal fief, the Este family were given the position of hereditary papal
vicars in 1332.
"Ferrara became a significant center of culture under Niccolò d'Este III (1384–1441), who received several popes with great magnificence, especially Eugene IV, who held a Council here in 1438,later known as the Council of Florence.
"His
successors were Leonello (1407–1450) and Borso (1413–1471), who was elevated to
Duke of Modena and Reggio by Emperor Frederick III in 1452 and in return
received these duchies as imperial fiefs. In 1471 he received the duchy of
Ferrara as papal fief from Pope Paul II, for which occasion splendid frescoes
were executed at Palazzo Schifanoia."
[NB -- Leonello was your ancestor, as was Niccolo III. Both Leonello and his brother Borso were illegitimate sons (the mother of both was Stella de' Tolome. Leonello, as the eldest, became Marquess of Ferrara on his father's death. On the death of Leonello, for reasons unknown, his brother Borso, instead of his son Francesco became Marquess. Francesco fled to northern Europe, eventually settling in England. Considering the culture of violence in that time and place, he probably fled for his life. Here are more details from Wikipedia about the collateral relatives -- Borso and his son Alfonso:
"Under Ercole
(1431–1505), [brother of Leonello] one of the most significant patrons of the
arts in late 15th and early 16th century Italy, Ferrara grew into a cultural
center, renowned especially for music; Josquin Des Prez worked for Duke Ercole,
Jacob Obrecht came to Ferrara twice, and Antoine Brumel served as principal
musician from 1505. Ercole's daughter Beatrice (1475–1497) married Ludovico
Sforza, Duke of Milan, while his daughter Isabella (1474–1539) married
Francesco Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua.
"Ercole I's successor was his son Alfonso I (1476–1534), third husband of the notorious Lucrezia Borgia and the patron of Aiosto." [In other words, a nephew of Mom's ancestor married Lucrezia Borgia.]
son of
Generation 18
0.110111111111111111 Nicollo III d'Este,
Marquess of Ferrara etc. (1383-1441)
son of
Generation 19
0.1101111111111111111 Alberto I d'Este, Marquess of Ferrara (1347-1393)
son of
Generation 20
0.11011111111111111111 Obizzo III
d'Este, Marquess of Ferrara (1294-1352)
son of
Generation 21
0.110111111111111111111 Aldobrandino II,
Marquess of Ferrara (d. 1326)
son of
Generation 22
0.1101111111111111111111 Obizzo II
d'Este, Marquess of Ferrara (1247-1293)
son of
Generation 23
0.11011111111111111111111 Rinaldo I
d'Este
son of
Generation 24
0.110111111111111111111111 Azzo VII
d'Este
son of
Generation 25
0.1101111111111111111111111 Azzo VI
d'Este, Marquess of Este (1170-1212)
son of
Generation 26
0.11011111111111111111111111 Azzo V
d'Este (d. 1190)
son of
Generation 27
0.110111111111111111111111111 Fulco I (d. 1128)
son of
Generation 28
0.1101111111111111111111111111 Albert Azzo
II of Este (c. 997 - c. 1097), Margrave of Milan and Liguria, Count of Gavello and
Padua, Rovigo, Unigiana, Monselice, and Montagnana; founder of the House of
Este (named for a town in Padua), around 1073 he made a castle at Este his
residence from which the House of Este takes its name md. around 1035 Chuniza
of Altdorf, daughter of Welf II Count of Altdof
Alberto Azzo II, Margrave of Milan (996-1097) built a castle at Este, near
Padua and named himself after it
for details see http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/MODENA,%20FERRARA.htm#AlbertoAzzoIdied1029B
[Cary-Estes p. 84 Alberto Azzo Von Este, Marquis of Este d. 1098 md. (1) 1040 to Cunissa (or Cunagonda), dau. of Guelph III, Duke of Lower Bavaria, 1020; son of Guelph II, Duke of Lower Bavaria, 980; son of Rudolph I, Duke of Lower Bavaria; son of Henry II; son of Henry I; son of Guelph the First, Duke of Lower Bavaria, 820]
[through a different line [Fleming to Capet, to Brabant, to Hohenstaufen, to Welf or Guelf] you are also descended from Alberto Azzo II by way of another of sons -- Welf I, Duke of Bavaria]
son of
Generation 29
0.11011111111111111111111111111 Alberto Azzo I, Margrave of Milan (d. 1029
son of
Generation 30
0.110111111111111111111111111111 Oberto II, Margrave of Milan (d. after 1014) md. 0.110111111111111111111111111110 Railend
son of
Generation 31
0.1101111111111111111111111111111 Oberto
I, Margrave of Milan (d.
975) (d.
Oct. 15, 975), founder of the Obertenghi family, Count of Milan from 951
son of
Generation 32
0.11011111111111111111111111111111
Adalbert, Margrave of Milan (KA Obertenghi or Adalbertnii) (b.
c. 970, d. before 1018 or in 1029) Frankish nobility who settled in Lombardy
0.100 Mary Wilson (1914-2005) md 0.101
Charles Hartley (1911-1992)
siblings =
Albert Francis Wilson (1911-1991) md. Lillian ("Wooie") Hartley
1915-1999)
Edward J. Wilson (1917 - )
Generation 4
0.1001 Albert Andrew Anthony Wilson
(1883 Manchester, England -1925 Boston, MA) md. April 23, 1905 0.1000 Mary
Jane Gillespie (1881-1935) Gillespie Family
Generation 5
0.10011 George Rutledge Wilson (1837
Essex, England - 1895, Mount Benedict Cemetery, West Roxbury, MA) md. 0.10011 Margaret O'Brien (1848 London
-1910, Mount Benedict Cemetery, West Roxbury)
0.0000 Chana Z. Yaroslawicz (b. 1885) md. 0.0001 Naftale D. Schipper (1878-1942)
Chana = daughter of
Generation 5
0.00001 Berl S. D. Yaroslawicz md. 0.00009 Beila Taubenfeld
Berl = son of
Generation 6
0.000011 Elimelech Yaroslawicz
md. Judith Rosen
_____________
0.0100 Bluma Begun
md. 0.0101 Abraham Perlow/Perleou) (1886-1937)
Bluma = daughter of
Generation 5
0.01001 Zvi H. Begun/Blegun (1860-1920)
md. 0.01000 Chaya C. C. S. Chernimoritz (1858-1943) daughter of 0.010001
Tzvi H. Chernimoritz (b. 1830) md. 0.010000 Rifka
(1830-1915)
_______________
0.1110 Lillian Leona Daly (Oct. 6, 1890 - April 15, 1973 md. June 19, 1918 0.1111 Warren Ray Seltzer (April 20, 1891 Washington, DC - April 13, 1978, Washington, DC) architect
her siblings =
John Milton (6) Daly died at 94 years old
Mabel May (6) Daly b. 18 January 1888, d. August 1947; md. Wood
Harry Wesley (6) Daly b. 29 September 1883, d. 27 June 1959
William Washington (6) Daly, Jr. (6) b. 7 September 1884, d. 10 July 1938
Edwin Earl (6) Daly b. 1889, d. 1973
Adolph A. (6) Daly b. 29 January 1895, d. 1 March 1973
Margaret Adele (6) Daly b. 20 January 1897, d. 27 May 1995 (98 years); md.
Miller
Amy A. (6) Daly b. 6 October 1885, d. 14 April 1888
Edna E. (6) Daly b. 17 November 1886, d. 8 July 1888
children of
Generation 5
0.11101 William Washington Daly, Sr. md. 0.11100 Margaret Matilda Thour.
son of
Generation 6
0.111011 John Michael Daly b. 23 May 1830 in Dublin, Ireland, d. 4 February 1904 in Norfolk, VA; md. (1) 0.111011 Amanda Baker of Philadelphia (granddaughter of Mary Lauderbach) b. 20 October 1835 in Philadelphia, d. 1884; md. (2) Mary Quinen.
his siblings =
John died young
James b. 21 September 1826 in Dublin
Alice b. 28 October 1828 in Kilbeggan
Jane b. 5 October 1833 in Kilbeggan
Agnes b. 7 June 1835 in Dublin
William b. April 3 (year?) died young
Thomas b. 18 September 1839 in Philadelphia md. Sept. 19, 1860 Carolline M.
Wilson, children = Harry, Athalia, Kerfoot; granddaughter Mary Violet Daly
MacFarland (1904-2002), her daughter = Mrs. Bruce Wilson
Mary Jane died young
Margaret died young
William Hudson b. 11 July 1842 in Indiana County
Patrick died young
Mary Ellen b. 29 June 1848 in Wilmington, Delaware
children of
Generation 7
0.1110111
Thomas Daly (Feb. 20, 1792 - 1858) at the Gibsonton
distillery near Charleroi, PA md. 18 June 1822 in St. Paul's Catholic Church,
Arran Quay, Dublin, by Rev. Gormley, 0.1110110 Mary Maher.
his siblings =
Catharine Daly b. 7 March 1791, died young
Thomas Daly b. 20 February 1792,
Jane Daly b. 24 July 1793,
James Daly b. 3 December 1794, died young
Alice Daly b. 16 December 1797, d. September 1811.
children of
Generation 8
0.11101111 John Daly d. 22 May 1806; md. 0.11101110 Alice Wheeler 25
June 1789.
Generation 9
0.111011111 Patrick (1) Daly, b. 13 May 1724, Athlone, Ireland
0.1000 Mary
Jane Gillespie (1881-1935) md. April 23, 1905 0.1001 Albert Andrew Anthony Wilson
(1883 Manchester, England -1925 Boston, MA)
daughter of
Generation 5
0.10001 Thomas F. Gillespie (b.
1850) md. 0.10000 Mary Jane Kreuger
(b. 1850)
0.1010 Ellen (Nell) Elizabeth Davis
(1883-1955) md. 0.1011 John M. Hartley (b. 1885 St. John's
Newfoundland)
daughter of
Generation 5
0.10101 Francis Davis (b. 1840 Linton,
Herefordshire d. Oct. 6,1913 Whitbourne, Hereford) md. 0.1010 Mary Donovan
son of
Generation 6
0.101011 James Davis (b. 1804) md. 0.101010
Mary Wilson (b. 1806)
0.1100 Mae Griffith (May 27, 1883 Philadelphia,
PA - May 27, 1930 Philadelphia, PA) md. Nov. 29, 1906, Philadelphia, PA 0.1101
Smyth William Estes (June 17, 1881 Brownsville, Haywood, TN - Dec. 20, 1943
Brownsville, Haywood TN)
siblings =
Elizabeth
Rachel Griffith born in Cork, April 27, 1869 (had nervous breakdown in teens,
put in insane asylum where she died in the 1950s)
Isabella Agnes Griffith, born in Cork, July 18, 1870, never married, with
sister Lillian raised the children of sister Mae Griffith and Smith William
Estes after Mae's death
Thomas Owen Griffith, born in Philadelphia April 21, 1873, disappeared (ran
away from home)
Lillian Griffith, born in Philadlephia, Nov. 9, 1875, never married, with
sister Agnes raised the children of sister Mae Griffith and Smith William Estes
after Mae's death
Griffith Owen Griffith, born in Philadlephia, Aug. 28, 1877 (hit by pipe, spent
rest of life in insane asylum)
David Griffith, born in Philadelphia Jan. 3, 1879 died of heart trouble md.
Florence Van Hart (daughter of mayor of Camden, New Jersey); their children:
Lilly May Griffith, died of heart trouble, and Isabella Griffith, fell down
stairs as a little girl and after that her eyes were crossed
George Bogan Griffith, born in Philadelphia, Jun 1, 1885, died 1904 of typhoid
fever
Stanley Griffith, born in Philadelphia, Aug. 6, 1890, measles caused one eye to
be closed, died of alcoholism
half-sibling
(daughter of Ann Jane Williams) =
Annie Jane (b. Jan. 28, 1867, d. 1950s)
daughter of
Generation 5
0.11001 Griffith Owen Griffith (b. Sept.
22, 1837 in Pen y Crag, Llengefni, Anglesee, North Wales) md. (1) April 3, 1866
at Bangor Cathedral, North Wales, Ann Jane Williams (b. Sept. 23, 1837 at
Bearnmaris d. Feb. 18, 1867) md. (2)
0.11000 Isabella Bogan (1848-1914) Bogan Family
Griffith and Isabella emigrated to Philadelphia where Griffith became
manager of a tea company store.
son of
Generation 6
0.110011 Owen Griffith (1795-1888)
md. 0.110010 Ann Humphreys
(1796-1887) (daughter of 0.1100101 David Humphreys)
0.11000 Isabella
Bogan (1848-1914 md. at
Wesley Chapel, Patrick St., Cork, Ireland Feb. 18, 1868 0.11001
Griffith Owen Griffith (1837- )
siblings =
James Lillian Bogan md. Elizabeth H.
William Mullins Bogan married Agnes ___
Amos
Frederick Bogan died 1905 md. Annie Vearian
children of
Generation 6
0.110001 James Bogan, silk manufacturer md. ____
son of
Generation 7
0.1100011 _____ Bogan md. 0.1100010 ____ Lillie
son of
Generation 8
0.11000111 John Lillie, master
gunner, Charles Fort (1780 - Jan. 18, 1856)
source: Ringcurran Church, Kinsale; Blackrock cemetery; St. Lukes; St. Multros, Kinsale (Rev. Gibson), tombstone at Ringcurran reads: "John Lillie, master gunner, Charles [Fort], died Jan. 18, 1856, aged 76 years, erected as a tribute to affection by his grandson James Bogan Church and cemetery records mention Jane, daughter of John and Julia Lillie (master gunner Charles Fort) born June 12, 1851, Isabella Gordon Lillie, daughter of John and Julia Lillie (master gunner, Charles Fort) born Sept. 16, 1854 and died June 23, 1881, aged 27 (tombstone says died June 20, aged 25, and erected by her sorrowing sister M. de Montmorency)
daughter of
Generation 6
0.110101 Smith William Moore (No.v 1, 1818-Feb.2, 1872) md. 0.110100 Mary Ordelia Yates (Dec.29, 1820-July10, 1906) Yates Family
Generation 7
0.1101011 Shields Moore, immigrated to Maryland from Wales in 1725 md. 0.1101010 Blandana Risdon, They moved to North Carolina.
0.110100 Mary Ordelia Yates (b. 1820) md. 0.110101 Smith William Moore (1815-1888)
daughter of
Generation 7
0.1101001 Warner Minor Yates (April 27,1795-1861) md. (1) 0.1101000 Mary Mason (by family tradition, the niece of George Mason of VA 1725-1792, author of the Declation of Rights, which was the basis for the Bill of Rights, md. (2) Dec. 30. 1819 Mildred J. Menefee (b. 1803 d. c. 1880)
son of
Generation 8
0.11010011 Charles Lewis Yates (1752-1807) md. 0.11010010 Mary Goodloe (1756-1824)
son of
Generation 9
0.110100111 George Yates IV (1727-1777) md. 0.110100110 Frances Fielding Lewis (1731-1777) Lewis Family
daughter of
Generation
8
0.11011101
Daniel Bates (July 6, 1756 - c. 1801) md. May 21, 1776 in
Chesterfield County, VA 0.11011100 Elizabeth Cary Bell ( b. about 1758 in
Virginia, d. 1825 in Kentucky) daughter of David Bell and Judith Cary Bell Family
son of
Generation 9
0.110111011
James Bates (March 7, 1721 - Nov. 9, 1786) md. Nov. 11,
1746 in Goochland County, St. James Wortham parish, VA 0.110111010 Winnifred Grymes or Grimes or Hix (b.
Jan. 18, 1729 in Goochland)
son of
Generation 10
0.1101110111 John Bates (1685-1723) md. about 1709 0.1101110110 Susannah Tarleton Fleming Fleming Family
0.11011100 Elizabeth Cary Bell ( b. about 1758 in Virginia, d. 1825 in
Kentucky) daughter of David Bell and Judith Cary md. 0.11011101 Daniel Bates (July 6, 1756 - c. 1801) md. May 21, 1776
in Chesterfield County, VA
daughter of
Generation 9
0.110111001 David Bell (c. 1716 -
Nov. 8, 1806) of Belmont on he James River in Buckingham Co. VA md. 1744 in
Henrico County, VA 0.110111000 Judith Cary (b. Aug. 12, 1726 in Henrico County, VA
- April 16, 1798) Cary Family
"David Bell came to America prior to the Indian Wars and was appointed captain in the French and Indian War of 1755." Cary-Estes Genealogy p. 57
0.110111000 Judith Cary (b. Aug. 12, 1726 in Henrico County, VA - April 16, 1798) md. 1744 in Henrico County, VA 0.110111001 David Bell (c. 1716 - Nov. 8, 1806) of Belmont on he James River in Buckingham Co. VA
daughter of Henry and Anne
Generation 10
0.1101110001 Henry Cary (1675-1749) md. (1) Sarah Sclater (c. 1695 - before 1719) md. (2) 0.1101110000 Anne Edwards (d. c. 1740) daughter of 0.1101110000 1 John Edwards of Surrey md. (3) 1741 Elizabeth Brickenhead
"Educated at William and Mary College, one of its earliest students. He carried on his father's business as a contracting builder and constructed the Brafferton Building 1732 (probably) and (certainly) the President's house and the chapel of William and Mary College, 1729-1732." Cary Estes Genealogy p. 48
"The immigrant's second son, Captain Henry Cary, the builder, inherited and lived upon the plantation in the interior of Warwick, known as 'The Forest.' His enterprising son, of the same name, was one of the pioneers to take up wilderness lands in the upper valley of James River, and, removing his own residence to the head of navigation near the Falls, where the city of Richmond was soon to grow, there built Ampthill House." Cary Estes Genealogy p. 46
son of
Generation 11
0.11011100011 Henry Cary (c. 1650-1720)
Inherited his father's Warwick plantation "The Forest", being the western half of Zachary Cripps' patent, adjoining "Richneck." He was Justice of the Peace and Captain for Warwick. He was contracting builder and constructed, among other public buildings, the court-house of York County, 1694 (York records); the fort on York River, 1697) (Va. Mag. XXIV, 401); the first capitol at Williamsburg, 1701-1703; William and Mary College (reconstruction after the fire of 1705), and the Governor's palace, 1705-1710, in which he lived during construction." Cary Estes Genealogy pp. 42-23
son of
Generation 12
0.110111000111 Miles Cary (1622-1667)
immigrated to Virginia from Bristol, England in 1640 or 1645, settled at Windmill Point, Warwick Co., VA "Miles Cary was the ninth child of John Cary, merchant of Bristol, and fourth child by his second wife Alice Hobson, daughter of Henry Hobson, innholder and sometime mayor of Bristol.... After a busy career in trade and politics, in which he attained property and a seat in the Council, he was 'killed by ye Dutch' during their foray upon Hampton Roads in June 1667." Cary Estes Genealogy p. 28
son of
Generation 13
0.1101110001111 John Cary (1583-1661) draper of Bristol md. (2) c.1617 0.1101110001110 Alice Hobson, daughter of 0.11011100011101 Henry Hobson, "sometime mayor of Bristol"
son of
Generation 14
0.11011100011111 William Cary (1550-1633) draper of Bistol
"As shown by the Bristol Tolzey Book, he was Sheriff of Bristol, 1599, and Mayor, 1611, and thereafter Alderman." Cary-Estes Genealogy p. 17 We are descended from his first wife, name unknown. After she died of old age, when he was over 80, he married his servant and had a son, when his living sons were nearly 60 years old.
son of
Generation 15
0.110111000111111 Richard Cary (c. 1515 - 1570) md. (1) 0.110111000111110 Anne (d. before 1561), draper
son of
Generation 16
0.1101110001111111 William Cary (b. 1500 or 1492 d. March 28, 1572), draper
"He was sheriff of Bristol, 1532, and Mayor, 1546, temp. Henry VIII. He had five children by two wives, but outlived his sons and was buried in the crowde (i.e., crypt) of St. Nicholas Church, March 28, 1572, temp. Elizabeth, leaing a will dated Apr. 2, 1571, and proved June 10, 1572." Cary Estes Genealogy p. 16.
0.1101110110 Susannah Tarleton Fleming md. about 1709 0.1101110111 John Bates (1685-1723)
daughter of
Generation 11
0.11011101101 Charles Fleming (b. 1667) (of New Kent County, VA) md. 0.11011101100 Susannah Tarleton (d. 1687) daughter of 0.110111011001 Stephen Tarleton
According to "My Ancestors and Relatives": "Colonel Charles was born on December 10th, 1659 in Of Charles Parish, York Co., Va. Colonel Charles' father was John FLEMMING and his mother was Mrs. Mercy Or Mary FLEMING. His paternal grandparents were Captain Alexander FLEMING and Elizabeth (Elspet) ANDERSON. He had four brothers and a sister, named William, Alexander, John, Tarleton and Lydia. He died at the age of 57 on October 7th, 1717 in St. Peter's Parish, New Kent, Va.
"Susanna was born in Of St. Peter's Parish, New Kent, Va. Susanna's father was Stephen TARLETON and her mother is Susanna. She had a sister named Judith. She died after October 7th, 1717 in St.peters Parish, New Kent.
"Colonel Charles and Susanna were married in a religious ceremony
in New Kent, Virginia. They had two sons and eight daughters, named
Colonel John, Tarleton, Susannah, Elizabeth, Judith, Ursula, Anne, Grace, Anne
and Sarah.
son of
Generation 12
0.110111011011 John Fleming (b. 1627
Cumbarnauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland d. April 27, 1686 in New Kent County, VA,
St. Peter's Parish Register)
Cary-Estes Genealogy p. 86 indicates that according to "Fleming Family" by Lyon G. Tyler, William and MaryQuarterly Vol. 12, 1093, pp. 45-47, "I think he was the father of Charles Fleming who md. Susannah ___. She was probably a daughter of Stephen Tarleton." John Fleming, 493 acres in New Kent County on south side of Yorke River 2 march 1661 per page 397 Parent Book No. 4.
According to "My Ancestors and Relatives": "John was born in 1627 in Cumbarnauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland. John's father was Captain Alexander FLEMING and his mother was Elizabeth (Elspet) ANDERSON. His paternal grandparents were John FLEMING and Margaret LIVINGSTON; his maternal grandparents are William ANDERSON and MRS. ANDERSON. He had a brother and two sisters, named John, Elizabeth and Alexia. He died at the age of 59 on April 27th, 1686 in Charles Parish, York Co., Virginia. His burial was on April 30th, 1686 in St. Peter's Parish, New Kent, Va.
"Mrs. Mercy or Mary was born about 1637 in Of Charles Parish, York Co., Va. She died in , New Kent, Va.
"John and Mrs. Mercy or Mary were married in a religious ceremony in , , , England. They had five sons and a daughter, named Colonel Charles, William, Alexander, John, Tarleton and Lydia."
son of
Generation 13
0.1101110110111 Alexander Fleming (b. 1612 Cumbernauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland d. Dec. 30, 1668 Rappahannock Co., VA) md. 0.1101110110110 Elizabeth (AKA Elspet) Anderson (b. 1614, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland d. Oct. 6, 1656 Rappahannock Co., VA)
According to "My Ancestors and Relatives": "Captain Alexander was born about 1612 in Cumbernauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Captain Alexander's father was John FLEMING and his mother was Margaret LIVINGSTON. His paternal grandparents were John 1St Earl Wigton FLEMING and Lillias Lilias GRAHAM; his maternal grandfather was Alexander LIVINGSTON and his maternal grandmother is Eleanor Or Helen HAY. He had two brothers and six sisters, named John, William, Eleanor, Ann, Jean, Lilias, Helen and Margaret. He died on December 30th, 1668 in , Rappahannock Co., Va.
"Elizabeth (Elspet) was born about 1614 in Of Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Elizabeth (Elspet)'s father is William ANDERSON and her mother is MRS. ANDERSON. Her paternal grandfather is John ANDERSON. She was an only child. She died on October 6th, 1656 in , Rappahannock Co., Va.
"Captain Alexander and Elizabeth (Elspet) were married in a religious ceremony about 1632 in Scotland. They had two sons and two daughters, named John, John, Elizabeth and Alexia."
son of
Generation 14
0.11011101101111 John Fleming (b. Dec. 9, 1589 Kincardine, Perth, Scotland d. May 7 1650 Cumbernauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland) md. 0.1101110110110 Margaret Livingston (b. about 1587 Callendar, Stirlingshire, Scotland d. 1634) Livingston Family
According to "My Ancestors and Relatives": "John was born on December 9th, 1589 in Kincardine, Perth, Scot. and his baptism took place on December 9th, 1589 in Kincardine, Perthshire, Scotland. John's father was John 1St Earl Wigton FLEMING and his mother was Lillias Lilias GRAHAM. His paternal grandparents were John Fleming EARL and Elizabeth ROSS; his maternal grandfather is John GRAHAM and his maternal grandmother was Jean DRUMMOND. He had four brothers and eight sisters, named James, Alexander, FLEMING, Malcolm, Jean, Jean, Anne, Margaret, Sarah, Lillias, Mary and Rachel. He died at the age of 60 on May 7th, 1650 in Cumbernauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland. His burial was in Scotland.
"Margaret was born about 1587 in Of, Callendar, Stirlingshire, Scotland. Margaret's father was Alexander LIVINGSTON and her mother is Eleanor Or Helen HAY. Her paternal grandfather was William LIVINGSTONE and her paternal grandmother is Agnes FLEMING. She had three brothers and a sister, named Alexander, John, James and Anna. She died in 1634.
"John and Margaret were married in a religious ceremony on February 20th, 1609 in Scotland. They had three sons and six daughters, named John, Captain Alexander, William, Eleanor, Ann, Jean, Lilias, Helen and Margaret.
John = son of
Generation 15
0.110111011011111 Lord John Fleming (1567-1619) 6th Lord Fleming, first Earl of Wigton in Scotland from 1606 md. 0.110111011011110 Lilias Graham Graham Family
The Cary Estes Geneaology p. 86 quotes "Biggar and the House of Fleming" by William Hunter, F.S.a. Scot. Pages 551-552, 557:
"Lord Fleming married Lady Lilias Graham, a daughter of John, Earl of Montrose. Her ladyship was distinguished for her piety and devotion and her zealous efforts to promote the principles of the Reformation. Livingstone, in his 'Characterisitcs' says of her, 'When I was a child I have often seen her at my father's at the preachings and communions. While dressing she read the Bible, and every day at that time shed more tears (said one) than ever I did in my life.'"
"The Earl died in April 1619 leaving three sons and five daughters and was succeeded by his eldest son John who warmly embraced his mother's ecclesiastical opinions and was as zealous of the cause of Presbyterianism as his forefathers had been in the maintenance of Popery.
"He [the son, the Second Earl of Wigton] married Margaret, daughter of Alexander Livingstone, first Earl of Linlithgow, a lady of amiable disposition and great piety who entered cordially into the religious views and schemes of her husband. They not only attended the ministrations of the settled Protestant clergy, but for some time maintained a chaplain of their own family." (page 552)
John = son of
Generation 16
0.1101110110111111 John Fleming, 5th Lord Fleming (b. 1537 Biggar, Lanarkshire, Scotland d. Sept. 6, 1572 Biggar, Lanarkshire, Scotland) [Overlapping line. We are also descended from his sister Margaret] md. May 10, 1562 0.1101110110111110 Elizabeth Ross (b. 1541 Halkhead, Lanarkshire, Scotland d. April 14, 1578, Scotland), daughter of Robert Ross md. Agnes Moncrieff
According to "My Ancestors and Relatives": "John Fleming was born about 1537 in Bigger, L, Scot, Bi. John Fleming's father was Malcolm FLEMING and his mother was Janet STEWART. His paternal grandparents were John FLEMING and Euphame DRUMMOND; his maternal grandparents were James IV King Of SCOTLAND and Agnes [sic. Isabel] STEWART. He had three brothers and six sisters, named John, James, William, Margaret, Elizabeth, Johanna Or Joan, Janet, Agnes and Mary. He died on September 6th, 1572 in Bigger, L, Scot, Bi. His burial was in Scotland.
"Elizabeth was born about 1541 in Of Halkhead, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Elizabeth's father was Robert Ross MASTER and her mother is Agnes MONCRIEFF. Her paternal grandparents are Ninian ROSS and Janet (Elizabeth) (Stuart) STEWART. She was an only child. She died on April 14th, 1578 in , Scot, Bi.
John Fleming and Elizabeth were married in a religious ceremony on May 10th, 1562 in Bigger, L, Scot, Bi. They had a son and six daughters, named John 1St Earl Wigton, Jean, Margaret, Elizabeth, Lucrece, Mary and Jane."
John = son of
Generation 17
0.11011101101111111 Malcolm Fleming Third Lord Fleming (c. 1494 - Sept. 10, 1547) 3rd Lord Fleming md. 0.11011101101111110 Lady Janet Stewart (1502-1562) illegitimate daughter of 0.11011101101111110 1 King James IV of Scotland. Second Stewart Family
According to Wikipedia: "Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming (c.1494 - 10 September 1547) son and heir of John Fleming, 2nd Lord Fleming, Lord Chamberlain of Scotland 1524. He was taken prisoner by the English at the Battle of Solway Moss, Nov 1542, but released at a ransom of 1000 marks on 1 July 1548. He was granted a dispensation on 26 February 1524/5, and subsequently married Lady Janet Stewart, illegitimate daughter of King James IV of Scotland He died 10 September 1547, in his 53rd year, being slain at the Battle of Pinkie."
According to Wikipedia: "Janet Stewart, Lady Fleming (or Jane, Joan, Jean, or Johanna; c.1505 – c.1563) was an illegitimate daughter of James IV of Scotland who served as governess to her niece, Mary, Queen of Scots, and was briefly a mistress to Henry II of France. Her daughter, Mary Fleming, was one of the Queen's Four Maries."
According to thepeerage.com:
"Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming was born circa 1494.2 He married Janet
Stewart, daughter of James IV Stewart, King of Scotland and Lady Agnes [sic.
Isabel] isabel
Stewart. He died on 10 September 1547 at Pinkie, Scotland."
Malcolm = son of
Generation 18
0.110111011011111111 John Fleming, Second Lord Fleming (b. 1465 Biggar and Cumbernauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland d. Nov. 1, 1524) Lord Chamberlain of Scotland in 1524 md. 0.110111011011111110 Eupheme Drummond (b. 1467 Cumbernauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland d. May 1502 Perthshire, Scotland), daughter of 0.1101110110111111101 John Drummond (1438-1519) md. 0.1101110110111111100 Elizabeth Lindsay (1445-1519)
According to "My Ancestors and Relatives": "John was born in 1465 in Of Biggar & Cumbernauld, Lanarkshire, Scot. John's father was Malcolm FLEMING and his mother is Euphame LIVINGSTONE. He had a brother and two sisters, named David, Elizabeth and Isobel. He died at the age of 59 on November 1st, 1524. According to Wikipedia, he was assassinated by John Tweedle of Drumselzier while hawking.
Euphame was born about 1467 in , Cumbernauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Euphame's father was John DRUMMOND and her mother was Elizabeth LINDSAY. She had a brother and four sisters, named William, Annabel, Elizabeth, Margaret and Beatrix. She died in May 1502 in , , Perthshire, Scotland. Her burial was in , Dunblane, Perthshire, Scotland."
John = son of
Generation 19
0.1101110110111111111 Malcolm Fleming, First Lord Fleming (b. 1437 in Biggar, Lanark, Scotland d. 1477) md. 0.1101110110111111110 Euphame Livingstone
According to "My Ancestors and Relatives": "Malcolm and Euphame were married in a religious ceremony before April 2nd, 1472. They had two sons and two daughters, named David, John, Elizabeth and Isobel."
Malcolm = son of
Generation 20
0.11011101101111111111 Robert
Fleming 1st Lord Fleming (1414 - 1491) md. 1436 in Biggar, Lanarkshire, Scotland 0.11011101101111111110 Janet Douglas (1420-1437) Second
Douglas Family
According to thePeerage.com: "Robert Fleming, Lord Fleming was the son of Sir Malcolm Fleming of Biggar and Cumbernauld and Elizabeth Stewart He married, firstly, Lady Janet Douglas, daughter of James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas and Beatrice Sinclair. He married, secondly, Margaret Lindsay, daughter of John Lindsay. He died in 1491. Robert Fleming, Lord Fleming gained the title of Lord."
Robert = son of
Generation 21
0.110111011011111111111 Sir Malcolm Fleming of Biggar and Cumbernauld (1383 -
1440, executed) md. before June 28, 1413, 0.110111011011111111110
Elizabeth Stewart daughter of 0.1101110110111111111101 Robert Stewart 1st
Duke of Albany and 0.1101110110111111111100
Muriel Keith
According to thePeerage.com: " Sir Malcolm Fleming of Biggar and Cumbernauld married Elizabeth Stewart, daughter of Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany and Muriel Keith, before 28 June 1413.2 He died in 1440, executed.
Malcolm = son of
Generation 22
0.1101110110111111111111 David Fleming (b. 1343 in Biggar, Lanarkshire, Scotland, d. Feb. 14, 1406 in
Edinburgh, Mid-Lothian, Scotland) md. 0.1101110110111111111110 Isabel Strathechin (1347-1382)
David = son of
Generation 23
0.11011101101111111111111
Malcolm Fleming (b. 1312 in
Biggar, Lanarkshire, Scotland d. Sept. 1, 1382 in Biggar, Lanarkshire,
Scotland) md. 0.11011101101111111111110
Christian Fleming (b. April 1323 in Biggar, Lanarkshire, Scotland, d. 1400
in Biggar, Lanarkshire, Scotland)
Malcolm = son of
Generation 24
0.110111011011111111111111 Patrick Fleming (1286-1306) md. 0.110111011011111111111110 Joan Fraser
(1290-1312)
Patrick = son of
Generation 25
0.1101110110111111111111111 Robert Fleming (b. 1252 in Bratton, Scotland d. 1314 in Biggar, Lanarkshire, Scotland) md. 0.1101110110111111111111110 Joan Douglas (b. 1258 in Hermiston, Midlothian, Scotland d. 1307)
his siblings include -
Charles Lewis md. Mary Howell, their son Charles Lewis (1721-1782) md. Mary
Randolph, their son Charles Lilburn Lewis md. Lucy Jefferson, sister of Thomas
Jefferson)
Colonel Robert Lewis (1704-1765) md. Jane Meriwether (1705-1753, their son
William Lewis (1735-1779) md. Lucy Meriwether (1751-1837), their son = Captain Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark
Expedition
children of
Generation 11
0.1101001011 John "Councillor" Lewis II (1669-1725) md. 0.1101001010 Elizabeth Warner (1672-1730) Warner Family
0.111111110 Anna Catherina Neff (1666) Michelfeld, Ostalbkreis, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany - 1759 Michelfeld, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany) md. 1683 Michelfeld, Ostalbkris, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany 0.111111110 Wyerich Seltzer (1661 Michelfeld, Amberg-Sulzbach, Bayern, Gemany - 1742 Michelfeld, Amberg-Sulzbach, Bayern, Germany)
Anna = daughter of
Generation 11
0.1111111101
Rudolf Neff (1622 Hausen am Albis,
Canton of Zurich, Switzerland - 1677 Michelfeld, Heidelberg,
Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany) md. 1648 Affoltern, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland,
0.1111111100 Regina
Zimmerman (1629-1679) Zimmerman Family
Rudolf = son of
Generation 12
0.11111111011 Felix Naf (1587 Hausen, Bern, Switzerland - 1649 Affoltern, Am Albis, Zurich, Switzerland) md. 1607 Heish, Se, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland 0.11111111010 Anna Ringger (1591 - 1628) Ringger Family
Felix = son of
Generation 13
0.111111110111 Ulrich Naf (1550 Heisch, Hasen am Albis, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland - 1591 Hausen, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland) md. Hausen, Se, Zurich, Switzerland 0.111111110110 Verena Huber
Ulrich = son of
Generation 14
0.1111111101111 Max Naf (1500 Vollenweid, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland - 1571 Heisch, Hausen Am Albis, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland)
Marx = son of
Generation 15
0.11111111011111 Hans Naf (1467 - 1531) md. 0.11111111011110 Katherina Huber (1470 - 1504)
Hans = son of
Generation 16
0.111111110111111 Hans Naf (1430 Hausen, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland - 1500 Rengg, Switzerland) md. 1467
Hans = son of
Generation 17
0.1111111101111111 Heinrich Neff (1388 Rengg Langnau, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland - 1448 Rengg, Switzerland) md 1429 Switzerland, 0.1111111101111110 Verena (1388 - 1455)
Heinrich = son of
Generation 18
0.11111111011111111 Hans Neff (1366 langnau, Zurich, Switzerland - 1406 Rengg, Switzerland)
0.1111111100
Regina
Zimmerman
(b. Dec. 13, 1629 Affolturn, Zurich Canton, Switzerland d. Sept. 3, 1679
Duhren, Switzerland) md. 1648 Affoltern, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland, 0.1111111101 Rudolf Neff (1622 Hausen
am Albis, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland - 1677 Michelfeld, Heidelberg,
Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany)
Regina = daughter of
Generation 12
0.11111111001 Caspar Zimmerman (b. July 9, 1594 Albis, Zurich Canton, Switzerland d. Dec. 2, 1681 Affolturn, Zurich Canton, Switzerland) md. Nov. 20, 1627 0.11111111000 Anna Lussi (b. Nov. 30, 1608 Affolturn, Zurich Canton Switzerland d. April 9, 1644, Affoltern, Am Albis, Zurich Canton, Switzerland) Lusi Family
0.1101001010
Elizabeth Warner (1672-1730) md. Warner Family md. 0.1101001011 John "Councillor"
Lewis II (1669-1725)
her sister =
Mildred Warner (1671-1701) md. Major Lawrence Washington (1659-1698), their son
= Captain Augustine Washington (1694-1743) md. Mary Ball (1708-1789), their son
= President George Washington
(1732-1799) md. Martha Dandridge Custis (1731-1802)
Generation 12
0.11010010101 Colonel Augustine Warner
II (1642-1681) md. 0.11010010100
Mildred Reade (1642-1695)
his sister =
Sarah Warner md. Lawrence Townley, their daughter Alice Townley md. John
Grymes, their son = Charles Grymes (1696-1753) md. Frances Jennings (1694-1743),
their daughter = Jucy Grymes md. Henry Lee of Leesville, VA, their son Henry
Lee ("Liht Horse Harry") (1756-1818) md. Anne Hill Carter, their son
= General Robert E. Lee (1807-1870)
children of
Generation 13
0.110100101011 Colonel Augustine Warner
(1611-1674) md. 0.110100101010 Mary
Townley (1614-1662)
0.11111111000 Anna Lussi (b. Nov. 30, 1608 Affolturn, Zurich Canton Switzerland d. April 9, 1644, Affoltern, Am Albis, Zurich Canton, Switzerland) md. Nov. 20, 1627 0.11111111001 Caspar Zimmerman (b. July 9, 1594 Albis, Zurich Canton, Switzerland d. Dec. 2, 1681 Affolturn, Zurich Canton, Switzerland)
Anna = daughter of
Generation 13
0.111111110001 Heini
Lusi (b.1580, Affoltern, Zurich Canton, Switzerland) md. Sept. 28, 1606
Affoltern, Zurich Canton, Switzerland, 0.111111110000
Barbeli Vollenweider (b. 1581, Affoltern, Zurich Canton, Switzerland),
daughter of 0.1111111100001 Heini
Vollenwider (b. 1565, Affoltern, Zurich, Switzerland) md. 1597 Affolturn, Zurich
Canton, Switzerland, 0.1111111100000 Anna
Schurpin (b. 1565)
0.1111111100 Anna Ringger (1591 Affoltern, am Albis, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland - 1628 Affoltern, am Albis, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland) md. 1607 Heish, Se, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland, 0.1111111101 Felix Naf (1587 Hausen, Bern, Switzerland - 1649 Affoltern, Am Albis, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland)
Anna = daughter of
Generation 13
0.11111111001 Oswald Ringger (1565 Hausen Se, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland -1630 Hausen, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland) md. 0.11111111000 Anna Blickenstorfer (b. 1573 Stalikon, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland)
Oswald = son of
Generation 14
0.111111110011 Rudolf Ringger (1520 Maschwanden, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland - 1587 Hausen Am Albis Canton of Zurich, Switzerland) md. 1542 Canton Zurich, Switzerland 0.111111110010 Barbara Egli
Rudolf = son of
Generation 15
0.1111111100111 Jorg Ringger (b. 1480 Maschwanden, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland)
Jorg = son of
Generation 16
0.11111111001111 Werner Ringger (1456 Schwamendingen, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland - 1480 Hoff, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland)
Werner = son of
Generation 17
0.111111110011111 Hans Ringger (1412 Schwamendingen, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland - 1487 Maschwanden, Canton of Zurich) md. 0.111111110011110 Kathrinen (1426 Switzerland - )
Hans = son of
Generation 18
0.1111111100111111 Heini Ringger (1385 Osd, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland - 1453)
Heini = son of
Generation 19
0.11111111001111111 Rudolf Ringger (1350 Canton of Zurich, Switzerland - 1385)
Rudolf = son of
Generation 20
0.111111110011111111 Uli Ringger (1333 Canton of Zurich, Switzerland - 1370)
Uli = son of
Generation 21
0.1111111100111111111 Ringer (b. 1288) md. ? (b. 1292)
0.1101110110110 Margaret Livingston (b. about 1587 Callendar, Stirlingshire, Scotland d. 1634) md. 0.1101110110111 John Fleming (b. Dec. 9, 1589 Kincardine, Perth, Scotland d. May 7 1650 Cumbernauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland)
According to "My Ancestors and Relatives": "John was born on December 9th, 1589 in Kincardine, Perth, Scot. and his baptism took place on December 9th, 1589 in Kincardine, Perthshire, Scotland. John's father was John 1St Earl Wigton FLEMING and his mother was Lillias Lilias GRAHAM. His paternal grandparents were John Fleming EARL and Elizabeth ROSS; his maternal grandfather is John GRAHAM and his maternal grandmother was Jean DRUMMOND. He had four brothers and eight sisters, named James, Alexander, FLEMING, Malcolm, Jean, Jean, Anne, Margaret, Sarah, Lillias, Mary and Rachel. He died at the age of 60 on May 7th, 1650 in Cumbernauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland. His burial was in Scotland.
"Margaret was born about 1587 in Of, Callendar, Stirlingshire, Scotland. Margaret's father was Alexander LIVINGSTON and her mother is Eleanor Or Helen HAY. Her paternal grandfather was William LIVINGSTONE and her paternal grandmother is Agnes FLEMING. She had three brothers and a sister, named Alexander, John, James and Anna. She died in 1634.
"John and Margaret were married in a religious ceremony on February 20th, 1609 in Scotland. They had three sons and six daughters, named John, Captain Alexander, William, Eleanor, Ann, Jean, Lilias, Helen and Margaret.
Margaret = daughter of
Generation 15
0.11011101101101 Alexander Livingston (1561-1621) md. 0.11011101101100 Eleanor Hay (1565-1630)
Alexander = son of
Generation 16
0.110111011011011 William Livingston (1528-1502), 6th Lord Livingston of Callandar md. 0.1101110110110110 Agnes Fleming (1535-1597)
His father was guardian of Mary, queen of Scots during her childhood and his sister Mary Livingston was on of the four attendants of Mary, queen of Scots. He fought for Queen May at the Battle of Langside in 1568.
William = son of
Generation 17
0.1101110110110111 Alexander Livingston (1500-1551), 5th Lord Livingston of Callandar md. 0.1101110110110110 Agnes Douglas First Douglas Family
According to Wikipedia: "Alexander Livingston, 5th Lord Livingston of Callandar (c.1500 – 1553) was the guardian of Mary I of Scotland during her childhood. Alexander Livingston succeeded his father to the title of Lord Livingston in about 1518. His first wife was Janet Stewart. After her death, he married Lady Agnes Douglas, daughter of John Douglas, 2nd Earl of Morton, and by her he had eight children. Lord Livingston became Queen Mary's guardian in about 1543. One of his daughters was Mary Livingston, who became a lady-in-waiting to the queen. When Queen Mary went to France in 1548 following her betrothal to the Dauphin, Livingston accompanied her, and remained there until he died. His lineal descendant was the Rev. John Livingston father of Robert Livingston the Elder of New York."
The Cary Estes Geneaology p. 86 quotes "Biggar and the House of Fleming" by William Hunter, F.S.a. Scot. Pages 551-552, 557:
"Lord Fleming married Lady Lilias Graham, a daughter of John, Earl of Montrose. Her ladyship was distinguished for her piety and devotion and her zealous efforts to promote the principles of the Reformation. Livingstone, in his 'Characterisitcs' says of her, 'When I was a child I have often seen her at my father's at the preachings and communions. While dressing she read the Bible, and every day at that time shed more tears (said one) than ever I did in my life.'"
"The Earl died in April 1619 leaving three sons and five daughters and was succeeded by his eldest son John who warmly embraced his mother's ecclesiastical opinions and was as zealous of the cause of Presbyterianism as his forefathers had been in the maintenance of Popery.
"He [the son, the Second Earl of Wigton] married Margaret, daughter of Alexander Livingstone, first Earl of Linlithgow, a lady of amiable disposition and great piety who entered cordially into the religious views and schemes of her husband. They not only attended the ministrations of the settled Protestant clergy, but for some time maintained a chaplain of their own family." (page 552)
Lilias = daughter of
Generation 16
0.1101110110111101 John Graham, third Earl of Montrose (1548- Nov. 9, 1608), Chancellor of the University of St. Andrews 1599-1604 md. 0.1101110110111100 Joan Drummond
According to Wikipedia: "John Graham, 3rd Earl of Montrose (1548 – 9 November 1608) was a Scottish peer and Chancellor of the University of St Andrews from 1599 to 1604. He was a natural great-grandson of King James IV of Scotland, his maternal grandmother, Janet Fleming, being a royal bastard."
According to Cary-Estes Genealogy p. 85: Joan "dau. of David Drummond, Second and Lord, and Lilias Ruthven; son of Walter Drummond; son of William Drummond and Isabel Campbell, dau. of Colin Campbell, Earl of Argyle; son of Sir John Drummond and Eliza Lindsey."
John = son of
Generation 19
0.11011101101111011 Robert Graham, Master of Montrose (d. before 1584) md. 0.11011101101111010 Margaret Fleming (d. after Aug. 15, 1584) Fleming
Family Overlapping lines. We are descended
from her brother John as well.
[Cary-Estes p. 85 Robert Graham md. Margaret Fleming, d. 1547
According to thePeerage.com: "Robert Graham, Master of Montrose was the son of William Graham, 2nd Earl of Montrose and Lady Janet Keith. He died on 10 September 1547 at Pinkie, Scotland. Robert Graham, Master of Montrose was styled as Master of Montrose."
Robert = son of
Generation 20
0.110111011011110111 William Graham, second Earl of Montrose (1492-1571) md. Dec. 1515 0.110111011011110110 Lady Janet Keith Keith Family
[Cary-Estes p. 85 Jane Keith md. William Graham, Second Earl of Montrose]
According to thepeerage.com: "William Graham, 2nd Earl of Montrose was the son of William Graham, 1st Earl of Montrose and Annabella Drummond. He married Lady Janet Keith, daughter of William Keith, 2nd Earl Marischal and Lady Elizabeth Gordon, in December 1515. William Graham, 2nd Earl of Montrose gained the title of 2nd Earl of Montrose."
William = son of
Generation 21
0.1101110110111101111 William Graham, first Earl of Montrose md. Nov. 25, 1479 0.1101110110111101110 Annabella Drummond, daughter of 0.11011101101111011101 John Drummond, 1st Lord Drummond md. 0.11011101101111011100 Lady Elizabeth Lindsay Drummund Family [Overlapping line. we're also descended from her brother William Drummond, Master of Drummond]
According to thePeerage.com: "William Graham, 1st Earl of Montrose was the son of William Graham, 2nd Lord Graham and Lady Anne Douglas. He married Annabella Drummond, daughter of John Drummond, 1st Lord Drummond and Lady Elizabeth Lindsay, on 25 November 1479. William Graham, 1st Earl of Montrose gained the title of 1st Earl of Montrose."
William = son of
Generation 22
0.11011101101111011111 William Graham, 2nd Lord Graham (d. 1472) md. before 1460 0.11011101101111011110 Elene Douglas, daugther of 0.110111011011110111101 William Douglas 2nd Earl of Angus md. 0.11011101101111011110 0 Margaret Hay
According to thePeerage.com: "William Graham, 2nd Lord Graham was the son of Patrick Graham, 1st Lord Graham and Christian Erskine. He married Elene Douglas, daughter of William Douglas, 2nd Earl of Angus and Margaret Hay, before 1460.1 He died in 1472."
William = son of
Generation 23
0.110111011011110111111 Patrick Graham, 1st Lord Graham and Archibishop of St. Andrews (d. 1466 or 1478) md.0.110111011011110111110 Christian Erskine, daughter of 0.1101110110111101111101 Sir Robert Erskine of that Ilk, 1st Lord Erskine and 0.1101110110111101111100 Christian Stewart
According to thePeerage.com: "Patrick Graham, 1st Lord Graham was the son of Alexander Graham.1 He died in 1478.1 He was also reported to have died in 1466. Patrick Graham, 1st Lord Graham gained the title of 1st Lord Graham. He held the office of Archbishop of St. Andrews."
Patrick = son of
Generation 24
0.1101110110111101111111 Alexander Graham (d. after Aug. 10, 1423), lived at Kincardine, Aberdeensnire, Scotland md. 0.1101110110111101111110 Lady Mary Stewart, daughter of 0.11011101101111011111101 King Robert III of Scotland md. 0.11011101101111011111100 Annabella Drummond (1350-1401 Overlapping line. We are also descended from Annabel's brother King James I of Scotland who married Joan Beaufort. First Stewart Family
Alexander = son of
Generation 25
0.11011101101111011111111 Sir William Graham (d. 1424) md (1) .0.11011101101111011111110 Gille Stewart, daughter of .0.110111011011110111111101 Sir John Stewart, son of 0.1101110110111101111111011 Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland [Overlaps his line] md. (2) Isabella Graham, daughter of Sir John Graham (b. before 1285)
According to thePeerage.com:
"Sir William Graham married, firstly, Gille Stewart, daughter of Sir John
Stewart. He married, secondly, Lady Mary Stewart, daughter of Robert III
Stewart, King of Scotland and Annabel Drummond, on 13 November 1413.2 He died
in 1424. Sir William Graham lived at Kincardine, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
He was invested as a Knight."
According to Wikipedia: "Janet Stewart, Lady Fleming (17 July 1502 – 20 February 1562), called la Belle Écossaise (French for "the Beautiful Scotswoman"), was an illegitimate daughter of King James IV of Scotland who served as governess to her half-niece Mary, Queen of Scots. Janet was briefly a mistress of King Henry II of France, by whom she had a legitimated son: Henri d'Angoulême. Her daughter, Mary Fleming, was one of the young queen's "Four Marys".
According to Wikipedia: "Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming (c.1494 - 10 September 1547) son and heir of John Fleming, 2nd Lord Fleming, Lord Chamberlain of Scotland 1524. He was taken prisoner by the English at the Battle of Solway Moss, Nov 1542, but released at a ransom of 1000 marks on 1 July 1548. He was granted a dispensation on 26 February 1524/5, and subsequently married Lady Janet Stewart, illegitimate daughter of King James IV of Scotland He died 10 September 1547, in his 53rd year, being slain at the Battle of Pinkie."
Janet = daughter of
Generation 18
0.110111011011111101 King James IV of Scotland (1473-1513) reigned 1488-1513 mated with 0.110111011011111100 Lady Isabel Stewart, daughter of 0.1101110110111111001 James Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan
According to Wikipedia: "James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was King of Scots from 11 June 1488 to his death. He is generally regarded as the most successful of the Stewart monarchs of Scotland, but his reign ended with the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Flodden Field, where he became the last British monarch to be killed in battle. James IV was the son of James III and Margaret of Denmark, probably born in Stirling Castle."
James = son of
Generation 19
0.1101110110111111011 King James III of Scotland (c. 1451/1452-1488) reigned 1460-1488 md. 1469 0.1101110110111111010 Margaret of Denmark (1456-1486), daughter of 0.11011101101111110101 King Christian I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Oldenburg Family
According to Wikipedia: "James III of Scotland (c. 1451/1452 – 11 June 1488), the son of James II and Mary of Guelders, was Duke of Rothesay from birth, then King of Scots from 1460 to 1488. James was an unpopular and ineffective monarch owing to an unwillingness to administer justice fairly, a policy of pursuing alliance with the Kingdom of England, and a disastrous relationship with nearly all his extended family."
James = son of
Generation 20
0.11011101101111110111 King James II of Scotland (1430-1460) reigned 1437-1460 md. 0.11011101101111110110 Mary of Guelders
[Overlaps another line. We are also descended from his sister Annabella Stewart]
According to Wikipedia: "James II of Scotland (October 16, 1430, at Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh – August 3, 1460) reigned as king of Scots from 1437 to 1460. James II, the son of James I of Scotland and of Joan Beaufort (daughter of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset and of Margaret Holland), had an elder twin, Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, who lived long enough to receive a knighthood, but died in infancy. James II became the father of James III. He gained the nickname "Fiery face" because of a conspicuous vermilion birthmark on his face. James had six sisters, who married into various European royal dynasties. James II was killed when the chamber of a bombard exploded at the siege of Roxburgh Castle in 1460."
James = son of
Generation 21
0.110111011011111101111 King James I of Scotland (1394-1437) reigned 1424-1437 md. 0.11011101101111110110 Joan Beaufort (1404-1445) Beaufort Family
According to Wikipedia: "James I (December 10, 1394 – February 21, 1437) was nominal King of Scots from April 4, 1406, and reigning King of Scots from May 1424 until February 21, 1437. Born on December 10, 1394, the son of Robert III and Annabella Drummond, he had an eventful childhood. In 1402 his elder brother, David, starved to death in prison at Falkland in Fife."
James = son of
Generation 22
0.1101110110111111011111 King Robert III of Scotland (1340-1406), reigned 1390-1406 md.1367 0.1101110110111111011110 Annabella Drummond
(1350-1401) Drummond
Family
According to Wikipedia: "Robert III (c. 1340 – April 4, 1406), King of Scots (reigned 1390 - 1406), the eldest son of King Robert II by his mistress, Elizabeth Mure, became legitimised with the formal marriage of his parents about 1349. (They had previously married in 1336, but some had criticised that ceremony as uncanonical.) In 1367, Robert III married Anabella Drummond, daughter of Sir John Drummond of Stobhall and Mary Montifex."
Robert = son of
Generation 23
0.11011101101111110111111 King Robert II of Scotland (1316-1390), reigned 1371-1390 mated with 0.11011101101111110111110 Elizabeth Mure (later legitimized with formal marrage 1349)
According to Wikipedia: "Robert II (March 2, 1316 – April 19, 1390), was King of Scots from 1371 until his death. He was also the High Steward of Scotland and the first king from the House of Stewart (later spelled "Stuart"). Robert was the sole son of Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland (d. 1326) and Marjorie Bruce, daughter of King Robert I of Scotland and his first wife Isabella of Mar. He was delivered by caesarean section, reputedly at Paisley Abbey. His mother, who had been thrown from a horse, survived his birth by some hours at most."
Robert = son of
Generation 24
0.110111011011111101111111 Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland (d. 1326) md. 0.110111011011111101111110 Marjorie Bruce (1296-1316), daughter of King Robert I of Scotland Bruce Family
Walter = son of
Generation 25
0.1101110110111111011111111 James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland one of the six Regents of Scotland (1243-1309) md. 0.1101110110111111011111110 Cecilia, daughter of Patrick Dunbar [Her line]
James = son of
Generation 26
0.11011101101111110111111111 Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland
(1214-1283) md. 0.11011101101111110111111110
Jean, daughter of 0.110111011011111101111111101
Angus or James Macrory, Lord of Bute.
Alexander is said to have accompanied King Louis of France on the Crusade in 1248.
Alexander = son of
Generation 27
0.110111011011111101111111111 Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of
Scotland (d. 1246) md. 0.110111011011111101111111110 Bethoc, daughter of Gille Crist, Earl of Angus
First to use the Stewart surname
Walter = son of
Generation 28
0.1101110110111111011111111111 Alan fitz Walter, 2nd High Steward of Scotland accompanied Richard the Lionheart on the Third Crusade, patron of the Knights Templar md. 0.1101110110111111011111111110 Alesta, daughter of 0.11011101101111110111111111101 Morggan Earl of Mar
Alan = son of
Generation 29
0.11011101101111110111111111111 Walter Fitzalan, 1st High Steward of Scotland held that post c. 1150-1177 (d. 1177) Norman by culture and by blood a Breton md. Eschyna de Londoniis of Molla and Huntlaw
Walter = son of
Generation 30
0.110111011011111101111111111111 Alan fitz Flaad, Breton knight and lord of Oswestry (d. after 1114) md. 0.1101110110111111011111111111110 Ada or Adeline, daughter of 0.11011101101111110111111111111101 Emoulf of Hesdin, who was killed on crusade at Antioch
Alan = son of
Generation 31
0.1101110110111111011111111111111
Flaad
Flaad = son of
Generation 32
0.11011101101111110111111111111111 Alain, a crusader in 1097, Dpaifer to the Archbishop of Dol, near Mont Saint-Michel
Second
Drummond Family, Starting with Generation 16, 0.1101110110111100 Joan Drummond
0.1101110110111100 Joan Drummond md.0.1101110110111101 John Graham, third Earl of Montrose (1548-
Nov. 9, 1608), Chancellor of the University of St. Andrews 1599-1604 Graham
Family
According to Wikipedia: "John Graham, 3rd Earl of Montrose (1548 –
9 November 1608) was a Scottish peer and Chancellor of the University of St
Andrews from 1599 to 1604.
He was a natural great-grandson of King James IV of Scotland, his maternal
grandmother, Janet Fleming, being a royal bastard."
According to Cary-Estes Genealogy p. 85: Joan "dau. of David Drummond, Second and Lord, and Lilias Ruthven; son of Walter Drummond; son of William Drummond and Isabel Campbell, dau. of Colin Campbell, Earl of Argyle; son of Sir John Drummond and Eliza Lindsey."
Joan = daughter of
Generation 17
0.11011101101111001 David Drummond, Second Lord Drummond in 1519 md. before Dec. 7, 1543 0.11011101101111000 Lilias Ruthven
According to thepeerage.com: " David Drummond, 2nd Lord Drummond was born between 1515 and 1517.1 He was the son of Walter Drummond, Master of Drummond and Lady Elizabeth Graham. He married, firstly, Margaret Stewart, daughter of Alexander Stewart, in 1535.2 He married, secondly, Lilias Ruthven, daughter of William Ruthven, 2nd Lord Ruthven and Janet Halyburton, Lady Dirletoun, before 7 December 1543.2 He died in 1571. David Drummond, 2nd Lord Drummond succeeded to the title of 2nd Lord Drummond [S., 1488] in 1519."
According to thepeerage.com: "Lilias Ruthven is the daughter of William Ruthven, 2nd Lord Ruthven and Janet Halyburton, Lady Dirletoun. She married David Drummond, 2nd Lord Drummond, son of Walter Drummond, Master of Drummond and Lady Elizabeth Graham, before 7 December 1543."
David = son of
Generation 18
0.110111011011110011 Walter Drummond, Master of Drummond (d. 1518) md. Feb. 1513/1514 0.110111011011110010 Lady Elizabeth Graham, daughter of 0.1101110110111100101 William Graham, 1st Earl of Montrose md. 0.1101110110111100100 Janet Edmonstone (b. before 1483), daughter of 0.11011101101111001001 Sir Archibald Edmonstone [Overlapping line]
According to thepeerage.com: "Walter Drummond, Master of Drummond was the son of William Drummond, Master of Drummond and Lady Isabel Campbell. He married Lady Elizabeth Graham, daughter of William Graham, 1st Earl of Montrose and Janet Edmonstone, in February 1513/14.1 He died in 1518. Walter Drummond, Master of Drummond was styled as Master of Drummond between 1490 and 1518."
Walter = son of
Generation 19
0.1101110110111100111 William Drummond, Master of Drummond (d. 1490) [Overlapping line, we're also descended from his sister Annabella Drummond, who married William Graham] md. 0.1101110110111100110 Isabel Campbell, daugher of 0.11011101101111001101 Colin Campbell, Earl of Argyle
According to thepeerage.com: "William Drummond, Master of Drummond was the son of John Drummond, 1st Lord Drummond and Lady Elizabeth Lindsay. He married Lady Isabel Campbell, daughter of Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll and Isabel Stewart.1 He died in 1490."
According to thepeerage.com: "Lady Isabel Campbell was the daughter of Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll and Isabel Stewart. She married William Drummond, Master of Drummond, son of John Drummond, 1st Lord Drummond and Lady Elizabeth Lindsay. Her married name became Lady Drummond.1
William = son of
Generation 20
0.11011101101111001111 John Drummond, 1st Lord Drummond (b. about 1438, d. about 1519) md. 1462 0.11011101101111001110 Lady Elizabeth Lindsay, daughter of 0.110111011011110011101 Sir Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Crawford md. 0.110111011011110011100 Margaret Dunbar
According to thepeerage.com: " John Drummond, 1st Lord Drummond was born circa 1438. He is the son of Sir Malcolm Drummond and Mariot Murray. He married Lady Elizabeth Lindsay, daughter of Sir Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Crawford and Margaret Dunbar, in 1462.2,3 He died circa 1519. John Drummond, 1st Lord Drummond was created 1st Lord Drummond [Scotland] on 29 January 1487/88."
According to thepeerage.com: "Lady Elizabeth Lindsay was the daughter of Sir Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Crawford and Margaret Dunbar.1 She married John Drummond, 1st Lord Drummond, son of Sir Malcolm Drummond and Mariot Murray, in 1462. She died after 22 November 1509. From 1462, her married name became Drummond."
John = son of
Generation 21
0.110111011011110011111 Sir Malcolm Drummond (d. 1470) md. 1445 0.110111011011110011110 Mariot Murray
According to thepeerage.com: "Sir Malcolm Drummond was the son of Sir Walter Drummond and Margaret Ruthven. He married Mariot Murray, daughter of Sir David Murray of Tullibardine and Margaret Colquhoun, in 1445.1 He died in 1470."
According to thepeerage.com: "Mariot Murray is the daughter of Sir David Murray of Tullibardine and Margaret Colquhoun.1 She married Sir Malcolm Drummond, son of Sir Walter Drummond and Margaret Ruthven, in 1445. Her married name became Drummond."
Malcolm = son of
Generation 22
0.1101110110111100111111 Sir Walter Drummond md. 0.1101110110111100111110 Margaret Ruthven, daughter of 0.11011101101111001111101 Sir William Ruthven, who lived at Ruthven, Scotland.
According to thepeerage.com: "Sir Walter Drummond was the son of Sir John Drummond."
Walter = son of
Generation 23
0.11011101101111001111111 Sir John Dummond
According to thepeerage.com: "Sir John Drummond was the son of Sir John Drummond, 12th of Lennox and Elizabeth Sinclair. Sir John Drummond lived at Stobhall. He held the office of Justiciar [Scotland]."
John = son of
Generation 24
0.110111011011110011111111 Sir John Drummond, 12th of
Lenox (1356-1428) md. 0.110111011011110011111110 Elizabeth Sinclair (b. 1363)
daughter of 0.1101110110111100111111101 Henry
Sinclar, 1st Earl of Orkney md. 0.11011101101111001111111010 Jane
Holyburton
[Overlapping line. We're also descended from his sister Annabella Drummond
who married King Robert III of Scotland]
According to thepeerage.com: " Sir John Drummond, 12th of Lennox was born in 1356 at Drymen, Stirlingshire, Scotland.1 He was the son of Sir John Drummond, 11th of Lennox and Mary Montifex.1 He married Elizabeth Sinclair, daughter of Henry Sinclair, 1st Earl of Orkney and Jane Halyburton.1 He died in 1428."
According to thepeerage.com: "Elizabeth Sinclair was born in 1363. She was the daughter of Henry Sinclair, 1st Earl of Orkney and Jane Halyburton.1,2 She married Sir John Drummond, 12th of Lennox, son of Sir John Drummond, 11th of Lennox and Mary Montifex. Her married name became Drummond."
John = son of
Generation 25
0.1101110110111100111111111 Sir John Drummond 11th of Lennox (1318-1373) md. 0.110111011011110011111111 Mary Montifex (b. 1325)
According to thepeerage.com: "Sir John Drummond, 11th of Lennox was born in 1318.2 He was the son of Sir Malcolm Drummond, 10th Thane of Lennox and Margaret de Graham.2 He married Mary Montifex, daughter of Sir William de Montifex.2 He died in 1373. Sir John Drummond, 11th of Lennox lived at Strobhall, Scotland."
According to thepeerage.com: "Mary Montifex was born in 1325.2 She was the daughter of Sir William de Montifex. She married Sir John Drummond, 11th of Lennox, son of Sir Malcolm Drummond, 10th Thane of Lennox and Margaret de Graham. Her married name became Drummond. She was also known as Mary Montfichet."
John = son of
Generation 26
0.11011101101111001111111111 Sir Malcolm Drummond, 10th Thane of Lennox (b. aftrer 1295, d. 1346) md. 0.11011101101111001111111110 Margaret de Graham [Her line]
According to thepeerage.com: "Sir Malcolm Drummond, 10th Thane of Lennox was born after 1295.1 He was the son of Sir Malcolm Drummond, 9th Thane of Lennox and Margaret Graham.1 He died in 1346, killed in action. Sir Malcolm Drummond, 10th Thane of Lennox fought in the Battle of Durham in 1346."
Malcolm = son of
Generation 27
0.110111011011110011111111111 Sir Malcolm Drummond, 9th Thane of Lennox (b. after 1270 d. 1325) md. 0.110111011011110011111111110 Margaret Graham, daughter of 0.1101110110111100111111111101 Sir Patrick Graham of Kincardine
According to the peerage.com: "Sir Malcolm Drummond, 9th Thane of Lennox was born after 1270.1 He was the son of Sir John Drummond, 8th Thane of Lennox and Elena Stewart.1 He married Margaret Graham, daughter of Sir Patrick Graham of Kincardine. He died in 1325."
According to thepeerage.com: " Margaret Graham was born before 1279. She was the daughter of Sir Patrick Graham of Kincardine. She married Sir Malcolm Drummond, 9th Thane of Lennox, son of Sir John Drummond, 8th Thane of Lennox and Elena Stewart. Her married name became Drummond.".
Malcolm = son of
Generation 28
0.1101110110111100111111111111 Sir John Drummond, 8th Thane of Lennox md. 0.1101110110111100111111111110 Elena Stewart, daughter of Walter Stewart, Earl of Menteith md. Mary of Monteith, Countess of Menteith [Her line]
According to thepeerage.com: "Sir John Drummond, 8th Thane of Lennox was born after 1240.1 He was the son of Sir Malcolm Drummond, 7th Thane of Lennox.1 He married Elena Stewart, daughter of Walter Stewart, Earl of Menteith and Mary of Monteith, Countess of Menteith.1 He died in 1301."
According to thepeerage.com: "Elena Stewart was the daughter of Walter Stewart, Earl of Menteith and Mary of Monteith, Countess of Menteith. She married Sir John Drummond, 8th Thane of Lennox, son of Sir Malcolm Drummond, 7th Thane of Lennox. Her married name became Drummond."
John = son of
Generation 29
0.11011101101111001111111111111 Sir Malcolm Drummond, 7th Thane of Lennox (b. after 1209 d. 1278)
According to thepeerage.com: "Sir Malcolm Drummond, 7th Thane of Lennox was born after 1209.1 He was the son of Malcolm Beg Drummond, 6th Thane of Lennox and Ada of Lennox.1 He died in 1278."
Malcolm = son of
Generation 30
0.110111011011110011111111111111 Malcolm Beg Drummond, 6th Thane of Lennox (b. after 1169 d. 1259) md. 0.110111011011110011111111111110 Ada of Lennox (Her line)
According to thepeerage.com: " Malcolm Beg Drummond, 6th Thane of Lennox was born after 1169.1 He was the son of Sir Malcolm Drummond, 5th Thane of Lennox.1 He married Ada of Lennox, daughter of Maldouen, 3rd Earl of Lennox and Elizabeth Stewart.1 He died in 1259."
According to thepeerage.com: " Ada of Lennox is the daughter of Maldouen, 3rd Earl of Lennox and Elizabeth Stewart.2 She married Malcolm Beg Drummond, 6th Thane of Lennox, son of Sir Malcolm Drummond, 5th Thane of Lennox. Her married name became Drummond."
Malcolm = son of
Generation 31
0.1101110110111100111111111111111 Sir Malcolm Drummond, 5th Thane of Lennox (b. before 1153 d. 1200)
According to thepeerage.com: "Sir Malcolm Drummond, 5th Thane of Lennox was born before 1153. He died in 1200."
0.1101110110110110 Agnes Douglas md. 0.1101110110110111 Alexander Livingston (1500-1551), 5th Lord Livingston of Callandar
Agnes = daughter of
Generation 18
0.11011101101101111 John Douglas, 2nd Earl of Morton (1459-1512) md. 0.11011101101101110 Janet Crichton (1461-1493)
According to Wikipedia: "John Douglas, 2nd Earl of Morton (died 1513) was the son of James Douglas, 1st Earl of Morton and Princess Joan Stewart. He was a grandson of James I of Scotland. He became earl in 1493, upon his father's death. He was succeeded by his son James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Morton. His daughter Agnes married Alexander Livingston, 5th Lord Livingston."
According to Wikipedia: "John Douglas, 2nd Earl of Morton (1466-1513) married Janet Crichton (died 1515).
John = son of
Generation 19
0.110111011011011111 James Douglas (1426-1493) md. 0.110111011011011110 Joan Stewart (1428-1493) Stewart Family
According to Wikipedia: "James Douglas, 1st Earl of Morton (died 1493) was created Earl of Morton in 1458. He was a descendant of Agnes Dunbar, 4th Countess of Moray (known as "Black Agnes of Dunbar"). He married Princess Joan Stewart (1429 - c. 1488), daughter of James I, King of Scots. His wife was buried in Dalkeith Church, Dalkeith. They were the parents of four children; Janet, Elizabeth, James and John Douglas, 2nd Earl of Morton."
According to Wikipedia: "Joan Stewart[1] (circa 1428-after 16 October 1486) was the daughter of James I of Scotland and Joan Beaufort. Sent to France in 1445 for education at a nunnery, she later married James Douglas, 1st Earl of Morton and had issue..."
James = son of
Generation 20
0.1101110110110111111 James Douglas (1407-1458) md. 0.1101110110110111110 Elizabeth Gifford (1409-1456)
James = son of
Generation 21
0.11011101101101111111 James Douglas (1383-1441) md. Elizabeth Stewart (1387-1411) daughter of King Robert III of Scotland (1337-1406) md. 0.11011101101101111110 Annabella Drummond (1350-1401)
James = son of
Generation 22
0.110111011011011111111 James Douglas (1350-1420) md. 0.110111011011011111110 Agnes Dunbar (1350-1378) 4th Countess of Moray (AKA Black Agnes of Dunar)
John = son of
Generation 23
0.1101110110110111111111 John Douglas (1320-1350) md.0.1101110110110111111110 Agnes Munfode (1320-1377)
John = son of
Generation 24
0.11011101101101111111111 James Douglas (1300-1323) md. 0.1101110110110111111110 Joan of Scotland (1278-1337)
0.110111011011011110 Joan Stewart (1428-1493) md. 0.110111011011011111 James Douglas (1426-1493) First Earl of Morton
Joan was a deaf-mute "Joan Stewart, Countess of Morton (c. 1428-16 Oct 1486) was the daughter of James I Stewart, King of Scotland and Lady Joan Beaufort. She was deaf and mute;Sshe was know by the pejorative nickname "The Dumb Lady" (latin: muta domina)." according to Wikitree.com
Joan = daughter of
Generation 20
0.1101110110110111101 King James I of Scotland (Stewart)
(1394-1437), reigned 1406-1437 md. 14240.1101110110110111100
Joan Beaufort (1404-1445) Beaufort
Family
[Overlapping line. We are also descended through the Graham line from his
sister Lady Mary Stewart]
[Cary-Estes p. 85 Joan Beaufort md. James I, King of Scotland]
James = son of
Generation 21
0.11011101101101111011 King Robert III of Scotland
(1340-1406), reigned 1390-1406 md.1367 0.11011101101101111010
Annabella Drummond (1350-1401) Drummond
Family
[Overlapping line. We are also descended
from her brother Sir John Drummond, 12th of Lenox]
Robert = son of
Generation 22
0.110111011011011110111 King Robert II of Scotland (1316-1390), reigned 1371-1390 mated with 0.110111011011011110110 Elizabeth Mure (later legitimized with formal marrage 1349)
Robert = son of
Generation 23
0.1101110110110111101111 Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland (d. 1326) md. 0.1101110110110111101110 Marjorie Bruce (1296-1316), daughter of 0.11011101101101111011101 King Robert I of Scotland Bruce Family
Walter = son of
Generation 24
0.11011101101101111011111 James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland
one of the six Regents of Scotland (1243-1309) md. 0.11011101101101111011110
Cecilia, daughter of 0.110111011011011110111101
Patrick Dunbar
James = son of
Generation 25
0.110111011011011110111111 Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of
Scotland (1214-1283) md. 0.110111011011011110111110 Jean,
daughter of 0.110111011011011110111110
Angus or James Macrory, Lord of Bute.
Alexander is said to have accompanied King Louis of France on the Crusade in 1248.
Alexander = son of
Generation 26
0.1101110110110111101111111 Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland (d. 1246) md. 0.1101110110110111101111110 Bethoc, daughter of 0.11011101101101111011111101 Gille Crist,
Earl of Angus
First to
use the Stewart surname
Walter = son of
Generation 27
0.11011101101101111011111111 Alan fitz Walter, 2nd High Steward of Scotland md. 0.11011101101101111011111110 Alesta, daughter of 0.110111011011011110111111101 Morggan Earl of Mar
Accompanied Richard the Lionheart on the Third Crusade, patron of the Knights Templar
Alan = son of
Generation 28
0.110111011011011110111111111 Walter Fitzalan, 1st High Steward of Scotland, held that post c. 1150-1177 (d. 1177) Norman by culture and by blood a Breton md. 0.110111011011011110111111110 Eschyna de Londoniis of Molla and Huntlaw
Walter = son of
Generation 29
0.1101110110110111101111111111 Alan fitz Flaad, Breton knight (c. 1078 - 1121) d. after 1114) md. 0.1101110110110111101111111110 Ada or Adeline, daughter of 0.11011101101101111011111111101 Emoulf of Hesdin, who was killed on crusade at Antioch
Alan = son of
Generation 30
0.11011101101101111011111111111 Flaad
Flaad = son of
Generation 31
Alan = son of
Generation 32
0.110111011011011110111111111111 Alan, a crusader in 1097, Dapifer to the
Archbishop of Dol, near Mont Saint-Michel
0.1101110110111111010 Margaret of Denmark (1456-1486) md. 1469 0.1101110110111111011 King James III Stewart of
Scotland (c. 1451/1452-1488).
James was king 1460-1488, and Duke of Rothesay from birth.
According to Wikipedia: "James III of Scotland (c. 1451/1452 – 11 June 1488), the son of James II and Mary of Guelders, was Duke of Rothesay from birth, then King of Scots from 1460 to 1488. James was an unpopular and ineffective monarch owing to an unwillingness to administer justice fairly, a policy of pursuing alliance with the Kingdom of England, and a disastrous relationship with nearly all his extended family."
Margaret = daughter of
Generation 20
0.11011101101111110101 King Christian I (1426-1481) King of Denmark 1448-1481, Norway 1450-1481 and Sweden 1457-1464, also Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst md. 0.11011101101111110100 Dorothea of Brandenburg (1430/1431-1495), AKA Dorothea of Hohensollern and Dorothy Achilles. Hohenzollern Family
Christian = son of
Generation 21
0.110111011011111101011
Count Dietrich of Oldenburg (1398-1440) AKA Derrick
of Oldenburg and Theoderic of Oldenburg and Theoderic the Lucky, Count of
Delmenhorst and Oldenburg md. 0.110111011011111101010
Hedwig of Schauenburg (1398-1436)
AKA Helvig of Schauenburg Schauenburg
Family
According to Wikipedia: "Derrick or Dietrich of Oldenburg, Latin-based anglicization also Theoderic of Oldenburg (c. 1398–February 14, 1440), nicknamed Theoderic the Lucky or the Fortunate (Teudericus Fortunatus), was a feudal lord in northern Germany, holding the counties of Delmenhorst and Oldenburg. He was called "Fortunatus" as he was able to secure Delmenhorst for his branch of the Oldenburgs. Dietrich is the father of Christian I of Denmark, a male-line ancestor to the present-day Danish throne under Margaret II of Denmark.
"Dietrich of Oldenburg was the son of Count Christian V of Oldenburg (who became count in about 1398 and died in 1423) and his wife, Countess Agnes of Honstein. His grandfather, Count Conrad I of Oldenburg (d. ca. 1368) had left his lands divided between his father and his uncle Conrad II.
"Dietrich’s father, Christian V, managed to gain the upper hand when Conrad II's son Maurice IV died in 1420. After this, most of the Oldenburg family patrimony was under the power of Dietrich’s branch. However, the house had several minor branches who had estates and claims, as was usual in any medieval fief.
"Dietrich of Oldenburg was the grandson of Ingeborg of Itzehoe, a Holstein princess who had married count Conrad I of Oldenburg. After the death in 1350 of her only brother, Count Gerhard V of Holstein-Itzehoe-Plön, Ingeborg and her issue were the heirs of her own grandmother Ingeborg of Sweden (d. ca. 1290, first wife of Gerhard II of Plön-Itzehoe), the eldest daughter of King Valdemar of Sweden and Queen Sophia, who herself was the eldest daughter of the sonless King Eric IV of Denmark and his wife Jutta of Saxony. Since other legitimate descent from King Valdemar apparently was extinct by this time, Dietrich was considered the heir general of Kings Valdemar I of Sweden and Eric IV of Denmark.
Dietrich succeeded his father as head of the House of Oldenburg in 1423."
Dietrich = son of
Generation 22
0.1101110110111111010111 Count Christian V of Oldenburg, became count 1398 (b. before 1347 d. 1423) md. 0.1101110110111111010110 Agnes of Honstein, Family of Holstein-Ploen
Christian = son of
Generation 23
0.1101110110111111010111
Count Conrad I of Oldenberg (d. appox. 1368) md. 0.1101110110111111010110
Ingeborg von Braunschweig
Conrad = son of
Generation 24
0.11011101101111110101111
Count John II of Oldenburg md.
0.11011101101111110101110
Hedwig of Diepholz
John = son of
Generation 25
0.110111011011111101011111
Count Christian III of Oldenburg md. 0.110111011011111101011110
Hedwig of Oldenburg
Christian = son of
Generation 26
0.1101110110111111010111111
Count John I of Oldenburg (1204-1270) md. 0.1101110110111111010111110 Richeza
of Hoya-Stumpenhausen
John = son of
Generation 27
0.11011101101111110101111111
Count Christian II of Oldenburg (d. 1233) md. 0.11011101101111110101111110 Agnes
of Altena-Isenburg
Christian = son of
Generation 28
0.110111011011111101011111111
Count Maurice of Oldenburg (1145-1211) md. 0.110111011011111101011111110
Salome Wickerode
Maurice = son of
Generation 29
0.1101110110111111010111111111
Count Christian I of Oldenburg (d. 1167) md. 0.1101110110111111010111111110
Kunigunde
Christian = son of
Generation 30
0.11011101101111110101111111111
Count Elimar II of Oldenburg ruled
1108-1142 md. 0.11011101101111110101111111110
Eilika von Werl-Rietberg, daughter of 0.110111011011111101011111111101 Count
Heinrich von Rietberg
Elimar = son of
0.110111011011111101011111111111
Count Elimar I of Oldenburg (1040-1112) md. 1102, 0.110111011011111101011111111110
Richenza daughter of Henry, Count of Rietberg, daughter of 0.1101110110111111010111111111100
Dedi or Adalger
According to
Wikipedia: "The name of Elimar is found in a charter dating from 1108. His
wife claimed that he was descended from Wittekind, a notable defender of the
Saxons and the chief opponent of Charlemagne during the Saxon Wars of 777 to
785, but there is no other evidence for this."
0.110111011011111101010
Hedvig of Schauenburg (1398-1436)
AKA Helvig of Schauenburg md.
0.110111011011111101011 Count Dietrich of Oldenburg (1398-1440) AKA Derrick
of Oldenburg and Theoderic of Oldenburg and Theoderic the Lucky, Count of
Delmenhorst and Oldenburg Oldenburg Family
According to Wikipedia: "Helvig of Schauenburg (1398–1436), also known as Hedwig of Schauenburg, was a duchess of Schleswig and a countess of Holstein from the family of Schauenburg, and ancestor of the Danish Royal houses of Oldenburg and Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. She was a daughter of Count Gerhard VI of Holstein and his wife Elisabeth of Brunswick. Her brother was Adolf VIII/I, Count of Holstein/Duke of Schleswig. Through their father, Helvig and Adolf were Cognatic descendants of the King Eric V of Denmark. On 18 April 1417 Helvig was married to Prince Balthasar of Mecklenburg, who died of the plague in 1421. In 1423 she was married to Count Dietrich of Oldenburg."
Hedvig = daughter of
Generation 22
0.1101110110111111010101 Count Gerhard VI of Holstein md. 0.1101110110111111010100 Katharina Elisabeth of Brunswick (1385 - after 1423) Brunswick Family
According to Wikipedia: "Elisabeth of Brunswick and Lunenburg was born in 1385 and died after 1423, was Duchess consort of Sønderjylland and Schleswig and Countess consort of Holstein-Rendsburg. She was the regent of some of the fiefs of her son during his minority 1404-1415. She was a daughter of Magnus II Torquatus, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, Prince of Wolfenbüttel, and his consort Catherine of Anhalt-Bernburg, daughter of Bernhard III, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg. Elisabeth was the grandmother of Christian I of Denmark and six times great-granddaughter of Henry II of England." [her line continues below]
Gerhard = son of
Generation 23
0.11011101101111110101011 Henry II of Holstein-Rendsburg, Duke of Schleswig md. 0.11011101101111110101010 Ingeborg of Mecklenburg
Henry = son of
Generation 24
0.110111011011111101010111 Gerhard III of Holsetin-Rendsburg, Duck of Schleswig md. 0.110111011011111101010110 Sofie of Mecklengrg-Werle
Gerhard = son of Henry I, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg md. Heilwig of Bronckhorst
Janet = daughter of
Generation 21
0.1101110110111101101 William Keith 2nd Earl Marischal md. 0.1101110110111101100 Lady Elizabeth or Eliza Gordon Gordon Family
[Cary-Estes p. 85 Eliza Gordon md. William Keith]
0.11011101101101111001 John Beaufort, first Earl of Someset (1371-1410) md. 0.11011101101101111000 Margaret Holland (1385-1439) daughter of 0.110111011011011110001 Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, who was the son of 0.1101110110110111100010 Joan "the Fair Maid of Kent", granddaughter of Edward I of England, wife of Edward the Black Prince and mother of Richard II of England) Holland Family
[Cary-Estes p. 85 Margaret Holland md. John Beaufort, Marquis of Dorsett, Earl of Somerset, Knight of the Garter]
John = son of
Generation 22
0.110111011011011110011 John of Gaunt (Plantagenet), First Duke of Lancaster (1340-1399) md. 0.110111011011011110010 Katherine Swynford (1350-1403) daughter of 0.1101110110110111100101 Payne de Roet a Flemish herald from Hainault [John was born before they were married]
Richard II was
his nephew
King Henry IV was his son
John = son of
Generation 23
0.1101110110110111100111 King Edward III of England (Nov. 13, 1312 - June 21, 1377) reigned 1327-1377 md. 0.1101110110110111100110 Philippa of Hainault (1314-1369) Hainault Family
Edward = son of
Generation 24
0.11011101101101111001111 King Edward II of England (April 25, 1284- Sept. 21, 1327?) reigned 1307-1327 md. 0.11011101101101111001110 Isabella of France AKA She-Wolf of France (c. 1295- Aug. 22, 1358), daughter of King Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre
Edward = son of
Generation 25
0.110111011011011110011111
Edward I, King of England (Plantagenet) (1239-1307) reigned (1272-1304) md. (f) 0.110111011011011110011110 Eleanor of Castile (1241-1290) daughter of 0.1101110110110111100111101 Fernando III, King of Castile and Leon and his second wife, 0.1101110110110111100111100 Jeanne, Countess of Ponthieu Family
of Castile
[Overlapping line, also descended from Edward by way of his first wife,
Isabella of Angouleme, Plantagenet family]
Edward = son of
Generation 26
0.1101110110110111100111111 Henry III, King of England (Plantagenet) (1207-1272) reigned 1216-1272) md. 0.1101110110110111100111110 Eleanor of Provence (c. 1223-1291) daughter of 0.11011101101101111001111101 Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence (1198-1245) and 0.11011101101101111001111100 Beatrice of Savoy (1206-1266)
Henry = son of
Generation 27
0.11011101101101111001111111 John I, "Lackland," King of England (Plantagenet) [Magna Carta] (1166-1216) reigned 1199-1216) md. 0.11011101101101111001111110 Isabella of Angoulême (1187-1246) daughter of 0.110111011011011110011111101 Aymer Taillefer, Count of Angouleme
John = son of
Generation 28
0.110111011011011110011111111
Henry II, King of England (Plantagenet) (1133-1189) reigned
1154-1189) md. 0.110111011011011110011111110
Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204) daughter of 0.110111011011011110011111110 1 William X, Duke of Aquitaine, and 0.110111011011011110011111110 Aenor de Châtellerault The Family of Aquitaine
The
Family of Normandy
Overlapping lines. We are also descended
from Eleanor's marriage to the King of France
Henry = son of
Generation 29
0.1101110110110111100111111111 Geoffrey V Count of Anjou and Maine by inheritance from 1129 later (from 1144) also Duke of Normandy by conquest (Plantagenet) AKA "the Handsome" (Aug. 24, 1113 - Sept. 7, 1151) md.0.1101110110110111100111111110 Empress Matilda (1102-1110), briefly the first female ruler of England in 1141 (widow of Henry V Holy Roman Emperor)
Geoffrey = son of
Generation 30
0.11011101101101111001111111111 Fulk V of Anjou AKA Fulk the Younger, (1089/1092 - Nov. 13, 1143) Count of Anjou 1109-1129 and King of Jerusalem 1131-1143 went on Crusade in 1120 and became a close friend of the Knights Templar md. 0.11011101101101111001111111110 Eremburga of La Fleche, daughter of 0.110111011011011110011111111101 Elias I of Maine and 0.110111011011011110011111111100 Matilda, daughter of 0.1101110110110111100111111111001 Gervais, Lord of Chateau-du-Loir
Fulk = son of
Generation 31
0.110111011011011110011111111111 Fulk IV AKA le Réchin (1043-1109) Count of Anjou 1068-1109 md. 0.110111011011011110011111111110 Bertrade de Monfort, who later deserted her husband and bigamously married King Philip I, she was the daughter of 0.1101110110110111100111111111101 Simon of Monfort
Fulk = son of
Generation 32
0.1101110110110111100111111111111 Geoffrey Count of Gatinais (AKA Aubri) md. 0.1101110110110111100111111111110 Ermengarde of Anjou, daughter of 0.11011101101101111001111111111101 Fulk the Black, Count of Anjou
Generation 21
0.110111011011111111101 Sir James Douglas,
7th Earl of Douglas (1394-1494) md. 0.110111011011111111100
Beatrice Sinclair (1398-1462)
James = son of
Generation 22
0.1101110110111111111011 Sir George Douglas (1376-1402) md. 0.1101110110111111111010 Steart Douglas Kennedy (1380-1465)
George = son of
Generation 23
0.11011101101111111110111 William de Douglas (1313-1384) md. 0.11011101101111111110110 Margaret Sewart (1325-1418)
[ancestry.com]
William = son of
Generation 24
0.110111011011111111101111 Archibald Douglas (b. 1297 in Douglas, Lanarkshire, Scotland
d. July 19, 1333 Haliden Hill, Nurthumberland, England) md. 0.110111011011111111101110 Beatrice De
Lindsay (1291-1352)
[ancestry.com]
According to Wikipedia: "Sir Archibald Douglas (The Tyneman- Old Scots "Loser") (before 1298 – 19 July 1333) was a Scottish noble, Guardian of Scotland and military leader. The younger son of Sir William "le Hardi" Douglas, the Governor of the castle at Berwick-upon-Tweed, and his wife Eleanor de Lovaine. Douglas was also half-brother of "the Good" Sir James Douglas, King Robert the Bruce's deputy.
"Douglas is first heard of in 1320 when he received a charter of land at Morebattle in Roxburghshire and Kirkandrews in Dumfriesshire from King Robert. In 1324 he was recorded as being granted the lands of Rattray and Crimond in Buchan, and the lands of Conveth, Kincardineshire, already being possession of Cavers in Roxburghshire, Drumlanrig and Terregles in Dumfriesshire, and the lands of West Calder in Midlothian. By the time of his death he was also in possession of Liddesdale.
"History then keeps quiet about Douglas except whilst serving under his older brother James in the 1327 campaign in Weardale, where his foragers "auoint curry apoi tot levesche de Doresme"- overran nearly all the Bishopric of Durham. (Scalacronica)
"Following the death of King Robert I and his brother's crusade with the dead king's heart, Douglas once again becomes of note. He was made guardian of the kingdom since he was "the principal adviser in...the confounding of the king" as much as he was heir to his brothers influence after Murray's capture. Archibald's success in local raids though, did not prepare him for full scale conflict.
"During the Second War of Scottish Independence, Edward Baliol, son of King John of Scotland, had invaded Scotland with the backing of Edward III of England, inflicting a defeat on the Scots at the Battle of Dupplin Moor. Douglas served under the dubious leadership of Patrick V, Earl of Dunbar leader of the second army that aimed to crush the smaller Balliol force. Following the rout of the Earl of Mar's force Dunbar did not engage the disinherited but retreated allowing Edward Balliol to be crowned at Scone. Following this battle, and as a sweetener to the English, Edward Baliol agreed to cede the county, town and castle of Berwick to England in perpetuity. However Douglas led a Bruce loyalist defeat on Balliol at the Battle of Annan, forcing him to flee back to England.
"Edward III himself came north to command his army, and laid siege to Berwick. However, a temporary truce was declared with the stipulation that if not relieved within a set time, Sir Alexander Seton, the governor, would deliver the castle to the English. Douglas raised an army to relieve the beleaguered defenders of Berwick. As a feint to draw the English away he invaded Northumberland, but was forced to return to Berwick when the English refused to be lured. On 19 July, Edward's army took positions at the summit of Halidon Hill, a summit some mile and a half north of the town with commanding views of the surrounding country. Douglas' numerically superior force was compelled to attack up the slope and were slaughtered by the English archers, a prelude, perhaps, to the battles of Crécy and Agincourt. The English won the field with little loss of life, however by the close of the fight, countless Scots common soldiery, five Scots Earls and the Guardian Douglas lay dead. The following day Berwick capitulated.
"Archibald was succeeded by his son, William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas."
see the historical novel Castle Dangerous by Sir Walter Scott
Archibald = son of
Generation 25
0.1101110110111111111011111 William
"le Hardi" Douglas (1255-1298) md. 0.1101110110111111111011110 Eleanor de Lovaine
According to Wikipedia: "Following the Battle of
Dunbar, a large section of the Scots nobility were languishing in prison in
England. The countryside was fomenting and there was talk of a new champion for
the Scots people, William Wallace of Elderslie had started his campaign. Douglas
was summoned to attend King Edward in London on 7 July 1297, with fifty other
barons to accompany him on an expedition to Flanders to aid Guy of Dampierre, Count of Flanders against Philip le
Bel King of France. Douglas refused and joined
company with Wallace. Most Scots magnates thought that Wallace was beneath
their dignity, but Douglas had no such compunction. He was the first nobleman
to join with Sir William Wallace in 1297 in
rebellion; combining forces at Sanquhar, Durisdeer and later Scone Abbey where the two liberated the English
treasury. With that booty Wallace financed further rebellion. Wallace joined
his forces with that of Sir Andrew Moray and together they led the patriot army
in the Battle at Stirling Bridge fought on 11
September 1297. They were joined by other patriots such as Robert Wishart Bishop of Glasgow, and the Morays of Bothwell, with a
contingent of Douglases at the national muster at Irvine, North Ayrshire.
"When Edward heard of Douglas' supposed treason he commanded the future
King of Scots Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick,
then governor of Carlisle for the English to take retribution. Bruce swept into
Douglasdale at the king's order. However, young Bruce, who was twenty-two years
old at the time, stated, "I must join my own people and the nation in
which I was born." He then was joined by the men of Douglas and Lady
Douglas, proceeding to join the rebels at Irvine.
"The third time Douglas was held a prisoner of Edward Plantagenet, was
after 9 July 1297 when he was accused by Sir Henry de Percy of breaking his
covenant of peace with Edward that was agreed to in the document known as the Capitulation
at Irving Water, where Douglas was in the company of Robert Brus, Alexander
de Lindsay and John and James (the latter three his brothers in law). By the
time Sir Andrew de Moray and William Wallace won their great victory at
Stirling, Sir William the Hardy was again Edward's prisoner at Berwick Castle;
staying in what was now called 'Douglas Tower.
"Following
Wallace's success at Stirling Bridge the English fled Berwick on Tweed with
Douglas and another Scottish prisoner Thomas de Morham; both were later
committed to the Tower of London on 12 October 1297 with Douglas meeting his
end there in 1298 due to mistreatment. "
See the movie Braveheart with Mel Gibson.
William = son of
Generation 26
0.11011101101111111110111111 William Longleg, Lord of Douglas (1220- c. 1274 md. (2) 0.11011101101111111110111110 Constance Battail of Fawdon
According to Wikipedia: "The years of the minority of King Alexander III (1249–1262) featured an embittered struggle for the control of affairs between two rival parties, the one led by the nationalistic Walter Comyn, Earl of Menteith, the other by pro-English Alan Durward, Justiciar of Scotia. The former dominated the early years of Alexander's reign. In 1255 an interview between the English and Scottish kings at Kelso led to Menteith and his party losing to Durward's party. Later both parties called a Meeting of the great Magnates of the Realm to establish a regency until Alexander came of age. William Lord of Douglas was one of the magnates called to witness. Douglas was a partisan of Durward's party. This can be explained by the fact that although most of his territories lay in Douglasdale, through his wife, Constance, he had obtained the rich Manor of Fawdon in Northumberland and it would do well to keep English Royal favour"
William = son of
Generation 27
0.110111011011111111101111111 Archibald I, Lord of Douglas (before 1198 - c. 1238) md. 0.110111011011111111101111110 Margaret, daughter of 0.1101110110111111111011111101 Sir John Crawford of Crawfordjohn
According to Wikipedia: "The earliest attestation of his existence is in a charter of confirmation dated prior to 1198. This charter of Jocelin, Bishop of Glasgow, granted the rights of a toft in Glasgow to Melrose Abbey. Archibald's name appears between that of Alan, High Steward of Scotland and Robert de Montgomery. Also before 1198, Archibald appears in another document, again before 1198, in which he resigns the lands of Hailes held by him of the Abbey of Dunfermline, to Robert of Restalrig. Between 1214 and 1226, Archibald acquired the use of the lands of Hermiston and Livingston, with Maol Choluim I, Earl of Fife as his feudal superior.[1] Archibald of Douglas must have been knighted before 1226 as he appears in another charter of Melrose Abbey as 'Dominus de Douglas' witnessing William Purves of Mospennoc granting the Monks of Melrose rights to pass through his lands. Another witness is Andrew, Archibald's knight which highlights his influential position.[2] Archibald de Douglas appears as a signatory to several royal charters following 1226, and he appears to have spent a considerable time in Moray as episcopal charters of his brother Bricius de Douglas show. He was in the retinue of the King Alexander II, at Selkirk, in 1238 when the title Earl of Lennox was regranted to Maol Domhnaich of Lennox. Douglas disappears from historical record after 1239 and it is presumed that he died about this time.
Archibald = son of
Generation 28
0.110111011011111111101111111l William of Douglas (d. 1214) lived in Clydesdale, under the King of the Scots md. 0.110111011011111111101111110 Margaret, sister of Freskin of Kerdal, a Flemish laird from Moray
0.1101110110111101100 Lady
Elizabeth or Eliza Gordon md.
0.1101110110111101101 William Keith 2nd
Earl Marischal
Eliza = daughter of
Generation 22
0.11011101101111011011 George Gordon, Earl of Huntly (before 1455-1501), Chancellor of Scotland (1498-1501) (son of Alexander Gordon) md. 0.11011101101111011010 Annabella Stewart (1433-1471) Second Stewart Family
[Cary-Estes p. 85 Annabelle md. George Gordon, Earl of Huntly]
George = son of
Generation 23
0.110111011011110110111
Alexander Seton, later Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly,
Lord of Badenoch and Cluny, knighted 1439/40 (d. 1470) md. 0.110111011011110110110 Elizabeth
Crichton, daughter of 0.1101110110111101101101
William Crichton, Chancellor of Scotland after 1439
NB -- change of surname
Generation 24
Alexander = son of
0.1101110110111101101111 Alexander Seton (d. 1440) md. 0.1101110110111101101110 Elizabeth (d. 1439) daughter and heiress of 0.11011101101111011011101 Sir Adam Gordon
0.11011101101101111000 Margaret Holland (1385-1439) md. 0.11011101101101111001 John Beaufort, first Earl of Someset (1371-1410) Beaufort Family
According to Wikipedia: "Margaret Beaufort (née Holland), Countess of Somerset (1385–30 Dec 1439) was the daughter of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, who was the son of Joan "the Fair Maid of Kent" (granddaughter of Edward I of England, wife of Edward the Black Prince and mother of Richard II of England). Margaret married John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, son of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and his mistress Katherine Swynford. They had six children:"
According to Wikipedia: "John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (1373 – March 16, 1410) was the first of the four illegitimate children of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and his mistress Katherine Swynford, later his wife. Beaufort was born in about 1371 and his surname probably reflects his father's lordship of Beaufort in Champagne, France. The family emblem was the portcullis which is shown on the reverse of a modern British 1p coin. John of Gaunt had his nephew Richard II of England declare the Beaufort children legitimate in 1390, Gaunt married their mother in January 1396. Despite being the grandchildren of Edward III of England, and next in the line of succession after the Lancasters, their father's legitimate children, by agreement they were barred from the succession to the throne."
[Cary-Estes p. 85 Margaret Holland md. John Beaufort, Marquis of Dorsett, Earl of Somerset, Knight of the Garter]
Margaret = daughter of
Generation 22
0.110111011011011110001 Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (1350 - April 25, 1397), councillor of his half-brother King Richard II md. 0.110111011011011110000 Alice FitzAlan , daughter of 0.1101110110110111100001 Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and 0.1101110110110111100000 Eleanor of Lancaster
According to Wikipedia: "Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (1350–April 25, 1397) was an English nobleman and a councillor of his half-brother Richard II. Thomas was the son of Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent and Joan of Kent. His mother was a daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent and Margaret Wake. Edmund was in turn a son of Edward I of England and his second Queen consort Marguerite of France, and thus a younger half-brother of Edward II of England. When his father died in 1360 Thomas became Baron Holand. His mother was still Countess of Kent in her own right. At sixteen, in 1366, Holland was appointed captain of the English forces in Aquitaine. He fought in various campaigns over the following years, and was made a Knight of the Garter in 1375. Richard II became king in 1377, and soon Holland acquired great influence over his younger half-brother, which he used for his own enrichment. In 1381 he was created Earl of Kent. ... Holland married Alice FitzAlan, daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel, and Eleanor of Lancaster. They had eight children:"
[Cary-Estes p. 85 Thomas Holand md. Alice FitzAlan, daughter of Richard, Ninth Earl of Arundel]
Thomas = son of
Generation 23
0.1101110110110111100011 Thomas Holland, 1st Earl Earl of Kent (c. 1314 - Dec. 26, 1360) military commander during the Hundred Years' War md. 0.1101110110110111100010 Joan "the Fair Maid of Kent" (1328-1385), granddaughter of Edward I of England Plantagenet Family
According to
Wikipedia: "Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent (c. 1314 – 26 December 1360)
was an English nobleman and military commander during the Hundred Years' War.
He was from a gentry family in Holland, Lancashire. He was a son of Robert
Holland and Maud De La Zouche. In his early military career, he fought in
Flanders. He was engaged, in 1340, in the English expedition into Flanders and
sent, two years later, with Sir John D'Artevelle to Bayonne, to defend the
Gascon frontier against the French. In 1343, he was again on service in France;
and, in the following year, had the honour of being chosen one of the founders
of the Most Noble Order of the Garter. In 1346, he attended King Edward III
into Normandy in the immediate retinue of the Earl of Warwick; and, at the
taking of Caen, the Count of Eu and Guînes, Constable of France, and the Count
De Tancarville surrendered themselves to him as prisoners. At the Battle of
Crécy, he was one of the principal commanders in the van under the Prince of
Wales and he, afterwards, served at the Siege of Calais in 1346-7. Around the
same time as, or before, his first expedition, he secretly married the
12-year-old Joan of Kent, daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent and
Margaret Wake, granddaughter of Edward I and Marguerite of France. However,
during his absence on foreign service, Joan, under pressure from her family,
contracted another marriage with William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury (of
whose household Holland had been seneschal). This second marriage was annulled
in 1349, when Joan's previous marriage with Holland was proved to the
satisfaction of the papal commissioners. Joan was ordered by the Pope to return
to her husband and live with him as his lawful wife; this she did, thus
producing 4 children by him."
According to Wikipedia: "Joan, Countess of Kent (September 29, 1328 – August 7, 1385), known to history as The Fair Maid of Kent, was the first Princess of Wales. The French chronicler Froissart called her "the most beautiful woman in all the realm of England, and the most loving." The "fair maid of Kent" appellation does not appear to be contemporary.... Joan was daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, and Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake. Her paternal grandparents were Edward I of England and his second Queen consort Marguerite of France. Her maternal grandparents were John Wake, 1st Baron Wake of Liddell and Joan de Fiennes. Her father, Edmund, was a younger half-brother of Edward II of England. Edmund's support of the King placed him in conflict with the Queen, Isabella of France, and her lover Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March. Edmund was executed after Edward II's deposition, and Joan, her mother and her siblings were placed under house-arrest in Arundel Castle when Joan was only two years old"
[Cary-Estes p. 84 Joan of Kent md. Thomas Holland]
Thomas = son of
Generation 24
0.11011101101101111000111 Robert de Holland 1st Baron Holland (c. 1283 - 1328, beheaded for treason) = ancestor of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Louis XVI, and Winston Churchill, knighted 1305 md. about 1308 0.11011101101101111000110 Maud De La Zouche, daughter of 0.110111011011011110001101 Lord Alan la Zouche, 1st Baron la Zouche of Ashby md. 0.110111011011011110001100 Eleanor de Segrave
Robert = son of
0.110111011011011110001111
Sir Robert de Holland md. 0.110111011011011110001110
Eizabeth de Salmesbury
0.1101110110111101110 Annabella Drummond (1350-1401) md. 1367 0.1101110110111101111 King Robert III of Scotland (1340-1406) Stewart Family
[Overlapping line. We're also
descended from her brother Sir John Drummond, 12th of Lenox]
Annabella = daughter of
Generation 22
0.11011101101111011101 Sir John Drummond 11th of Lennox (1318-1373) and 0.11011101101111011100 Mary Montifex AKA Mary Montifichet (b. 1325), daughter of 0.110111011011110111001 William de Montifex
John = son of
Generation 23
0.110111011011110111011 Sir Malcolm Drummond 10th Thane of Lennox (b. after 1295 d. 1346) 0.110111011011110111010 Margaret de Graham Second Graham Family
Malcolm = son of
Generation 24
0.1101110110111101110111 Sir Malcolm Drummond 9th Thane of Lennox (b. after 1270 d. 1325) md. 0.1101110110111101110110 Margaret Graham (b. before 1279)
Malcolm = son of
Generation 25
0.11011101101111011101111 Sir John Drummond, 8th Thane of Lennox (b. after 1240 d. 1301) md.0.11011101101111011101110 Elena Stewart
John = son of
Generation 26
0.110111011011110111011111 Sir Malcolm Drummond, 7th Thane of Lennox (b. after 1209 d. 1278)
Malcolm = son of
0.1101110110111101110111111 Malcolm Beg Drummond, 6th Thane of Lennox (b. afater 1169 d. 1259) md. 0.1101110110111101110111110 Ada of Lennox
Malcolm = son of
0.11011101101111011101111111 Sir Malcolm Drummond, 5th Thane of Lennox (b. before 1153 d. 1200)
0.1101110110111111010110 Agnes of Holstein md.
0.1101110110111111010111 Count Christian V of Oldenburg, became count 1398
(b. before 1347 d. 1423)
Agnes = daughter of
Generation
23
0.11011101101111110101101 Gerhard IV, Count of
Holstein-Ploen (c. 1277 - 1323)md. 0.11011101101111110101100
Anastasia of Wittenberg
Gerhard = son of
Generation
24
0.110111011011111101011011 Gerhard II, Count of Holstein-Ploen) (1254 - Oct.
28,1312) md. 0.110111011011111101011010 Ingeborg of Sweden, Second Family of Sweden
_________________
0.1101110110111111010100 Katharina Elisabeth of Burnswick (1385 - after 1423) md. 0.1101110110111111010101 Count Gerhard VI of Holstein Schauenburg Family
Katharina = daughter of
Generation 23
0.11011101101111110101001 Magnus II, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg (1324-1373) md. 0.11011101101111110101000 Catherine of Anhalt-Bernburg
According to Wikipedia: "Magnus (1324–1373), called Magnus with the Necklace (Latin: Magnus Torquatus) or Magnus II, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruling the Brunswick-Lüneburg principalities of Wolfenbüttel (colloquially also called Brunswick) and, temporarily, Lüneburg. Magnus was the son of Magnus the Pious, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Wolfenbüttel). In 1362 Magnus and his brother Louis helped their brother Prince-Archbishop Albert II of Bremen to assert himself against the incumbent diocesan administrator Morris of Oldenburg, who claimed the see for himself. Magnus, Louis and the latter's father-in-law William II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Celle), and their troops beleaguered Morris in the prince-archiepiscopal castle in Vörde and forced him to sign his resignation.
"After the death of his brother Louis in 1367, Magnus became the designated heir of both ducal principalities, Wolfenbüttel and Celle (colloquially also Lüneburg). When both his father and William II, who ruled over Celle, died in 1369, Magnus gained both ducal principalities. But already in 1370, he lost Celle to the Ascanian dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg (Albert and his uncle Wenceslas, Elector of Saxe-Wittemberg), who had been given the principality by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, who had also banned Magnus. Several cities, including Lüneburg (Lunenburg), Uelzen, and Hanover switched allegiance to the Ascanians; Magnus managed to keep the City of Braunschweig (Brunswick) among his allies only with difficulties. The Lüneburg War of Succession continued for several years after Magnus died in the Battle of Leveste (a part of today's Gehrden), near the Deister, on 25 July 1373."
Magnus = son of
Generation 24
0.110111011011111101010011 Magnus the Pious, Duck of Brunswick-Luneburg (d. 1369) md. 0.110111011011111101010010 Sophie of Brandenburg
According to Wikipedia: "Magnus (died 1369), called the Pious (Latin Pius), was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. The son of Albert the Fat, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Magnus was still a minor when his father died in 1318; he and his brother Ernest were put under the guardianship of their elder brother Otto, who continued as sole ruler even after his brothers came of age. After marrying Sophie, a niece of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Magnus was appointed margrave of Landsberg and count palatine of Saxony by the Emperor in 1333. Magnus took residence at Sangerhausen. When Otto died in 1344, Magnus and Ernest jointly took over government of the state; but already on 17 April 1345, they agreed to divide the territory. Magnus received the Principality of Wolfenbüttel.
"In 1346, a border war between Wolfenbüttel and the Archbishop of Magdeburg broke out. In exchange for help in this conflict, Magnus sold the Margraviate of Landsberg to Frederick II, Margrave of Meißen. But the Archbishop conquered Schöningen in 1347, and Magnus had to cede Hötensleben and some other possessions to the Archbishop. Financially ruined by the war, Magnus could not stop the cities in the state from acquiring more and more rights; especially the City of Brunswick was becoming more powerful.
"In 1348, the Emperor gave Landsberg and the Palatinate of Saxony to Bernard, Prince of Anhalt. The ensuing conflict over these territories between Magnus and Bernard ended amicably with a marriage between Magnus' son Magnus and Catherine, daughter of Valdemar, Prince of Anhalt.
"Magnus attempted to secure the Principality of Lüneburg for his son Louis, so that it could be reunited with Wolfenbüttel. The prince of Lüneburg, William II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a member of the same house to which Magnus belonged, the House of Welf, did not have sons; however, he had already promised the principality to a son of his daughter, a relative of the Duke of Saxony, before he agreed to Magnus' plan. Louis then married William's daughter Matilda. A lengthy conflict broke out that culminated in the Lüneburg Succession War, which was resolved only in 1388.
"In 1367, Magnus joined Dietrich, Archbishop of Magdeburg, Albert, Bishop of Halberstadt, Valdemar, Prince of Anhalt, and others in a campaign against Gerhard of Berg, Bishop of Hildesheim; they were defeated by Hildesheim in a battle near Farmsen and Dinklar on 3 September. Magnus was taken prisoner, and had to buy his freedom. He died in Summer of 1369.
Magnus = son of
Generation 25
0.1101110110111111010100111 Albert II, "the Fat", Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg (c. 1268- Sept. 22, 1318) md. 0.1101110110111111010100110 Rixa of Mecklengurg-Werle
According to Wikipedia: "Albert (Latin Albertus; c. 1268 – 22 September 1318), called the Fat (pinguis), was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. The second son of Albert the Tall, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Albert was a boy when his father died in 1279. He was first under guardianship of his uncle, Conrad, Prince-Bishop of Verden, and then of his elder brother, Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In 1286 the three brothers divided their father's territory; Albert received the areas around Göttingen, Minden, Northeim, Calenberg, and Hanover. He made Göttingen his residence. In 1292, the third brother, William, died childless, and Albert and Henry quarrelled about William's share, the areas around Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel; Albert finally prevailed."
Albert = son of
Generation 26
0.11011101101111110101001111 Albert the Tall, Duke of Bruswick-Luneberg (1236-1279)
According to Wikipedia: "Albert the Tall (Latin: Albertus Longus, German: Albrecht der Große) (1236–1279), of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1252 to 1269 and the first ruler of the newly-created Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1269 until his death. Albert I of Brunswick was the second son of Otto the Child, the first Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. When his father died in 1252, he was the oldest surviving son, and took over the rule of the duchy; later his younger brother John joined him. In 1267, the brothers agreed to divide the duchy, which happened in 1269. Albert partitioned the territory while John obtained the right to choose his part. He took the northern half including the region of Lüneburg and the city of Hanover, while Albert received the southern part, including Calenberg, Helmstedt, the Harz mountains and Göttingen. The City of Brunswick was to remain common property of the brothers. Albert died on August 15, 1279 and is buried at Brunswick Cathedral. He was succeeded by his elder three sons, the younger three joined the Church."
Albert = son of
Generation 27
0.110111011011111101010011111 Otto the Child, first Duke of Bruswick-Luneburg (d. 1252)
According to Wikipedia: "Otto I of Brunswick-Lüneburg (about 1204 – 1252) was the first duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1235 until his death. He is called Otto the Child to distinguish him from his uncle, Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Otto was born around 1204 as the only son of William of Winchester, the youngest son of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony. He inherited his father's properties in Saxony in 1213. The death of the Prince Palatine, in 1214, may be said to have opened to him a more splendid succession than what belonged to the very circumscribed patrimony of his father; but as his uncle Henry hesitated between a desire to aggrandize his own children (daughters) and a sense of what was due to the male representative of his name and family, Otto reaped little advantage from these enlarged prospects.
"At last, in 1223, Henry executed a deed, by which he appointed his nephew his successor in all that remained of the allodial domains of the duchies of Saxony and Bavaria, and also in the private fiefs which he held as an individual in other parts of the empire. These states, however, constituted so small a portion of the former wealth of his illustrious house, that we should have thought there was scarcely a pretext for either envy or alarm in the breast of his enemy, yet when the Emperor, Frederick II, was made acquainted with the intentions of the Count Palatine, he began to intrigue with his daughters. That he might have a pretense for depriving Otto of the succession at his uncle's death, he purchased from Irmgard, the Margravine of Baden and Agnes, the Duchess of Bavaria their claims as the only issue of the Duke of Saxony; and no sooner was the death of Henry announced, than the King of the Romans was dispatched with an imperial force to take possession of the city and territory of Brunswick. But Otto had been regularly acknowledged by the states as their legitimate sovereign and had been received as such by the city and principality. They therefore joined him heartily in repelling this invasion, and the king and his array were compelled to retire, without being able to effect the object which the emperor had in view.
"To be prepared against any future attempt of the same kind, Otto judged it prudent at this time to enter into a treaty with his maternal uncle King Valdemar II of Denmark, by which they respectively bound themselves to support each other against all enemies whatsoever. This treaty was in the end most injurious to the states of Brunswick. Otto was made count of Garding and Thetesbüll by King Valdemar, and participated in the Battle of Mölln of 1225 and the Battle of Bornhöved of 1227 on the side of Denmark. After the last battle Otto was imprisoned in Rostock, the capital of Schwerin, where he was shut up in a fortress.
"The Emperor no sooner heard of Otto's confinement, than he again prepared to attack Brunswick. His son, the Roman king, was detached with a considerable force to seize upon the city; and that more weight might he given to the expedition, the Duke of Bavaria was prevailed upon to accompany him. But on their approach, they found the gates shut, and the citizens prepared to defend their liberties, while they learnt, at the same time, that the King of Denmark was advancing upon their rear. They were therefore compelled to sound a retreat; and luckily for the captive prince, the emperor had become involved in matters of higher importance, which we shall now briefly notice, and was under the necessity of withdrawing his attention from the conquest of Brunswick.
"It happened fortunately for the Duke of Brunswick, that the Count of Schwerin died in 1228, and that on his death-bed he had directed that he should be set at liberty. The Duke of Saxony, who claimed a joint right in his detention, refused at first to comply with the dying request of his friend, but when allowed to take possession of the Castle of Hardsacre and other states, as a security for the payment of his ransom, he was permitted to leave his prison. Otto reached Brunswick in September 1228, and was received by his vassals with every mark of respect and attachment. He renewed and confirmed the various charters granted by his ancestors to the city, and greatly enlarged its privileges; while his uncle, the King of Denmark, bestowed as a boon upon the citizens the liberty of trading in his dominions, without paying customs or any other dues.
"On his way from Rostock, Otho had spent some days at the court of the Margrave of Brandenburg, where he had seen and admired the Princess Matilda, the daughter of the margrave, and no sooner were his private affairs arranged, than he sent to demand the hand of this princess in marriage. It was an alliance too flattering for the House of Brandenburg to be rejected. Matters were speedily settled, and the marriage ceremony was performed with great splendor at Lüneburg.
"By 1227, his father's two brothers, Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine, and Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, had died without surviving children, and Otto was the only heir of the properties of his grandfather Henry the Lion. But Otto had to battle for his properties against the ruling Hohenstaufen family and against local nobles; he managed to strengthen his position through his marriage to Matilda.
"It is alleged by some that the Duke of Brunswick was well-inclined to enter into the views of the Pope, but that he found he could neither raise men nor money sufficient to warrant even a probability of success. This we are inclined to doubt, for had Otho been ambitious, he might have obtained the empire without much difficulty; and supported as he was by England and Denmark, it is not likely that he could have been at a loss for an army, or for the means of supporting it.
"As a proof that Otto had the full confidence and support of the King of England, we find that the moment he obtained his liberty, he wrote to communicate the same to Henry III, who was his cousin, and as Henry's answer dated 6 March 1229 has fortunately been preserved by Thomas Rymer, it becomes a valuable part of these annals, as it puts our conjecture beyond a doubt.
"Later Henry send a letter to the Pope, in which he repeats his thanks to Pope Gregory IX for the zealous part he had taken in procuring the freedom of his dear cousin the Duke of Brunswick, and adds, "that as Christian Princes may approach his Holiness with their petitions, he ventures to supplicate a continuance of his especial favor to his said cousin, which by reason of their near connexion in blood he would esteem as much as if shewn to himself." He implores Gregory to promote Otto's honor whenever it is in his power, and to recommend him to the princes of the empire, as often as he had an opportunity, adding, " that he most firmly believed and trusted in the Lord, that among all the princes of the empire he would be found the one most devoted to the interests of the church; and that as he considered his release from prison owing in a great measure to the influence of the Apostolic See, he would consequently be the more obsequious to that power.
"In 1235, Otto achieved an agreement with the Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II that ended the dispute between the Hohenstaufen House and the House of Welf, to which Otto belonged. This dispute had culminated when Henry the Lion was stripped of his duchies in 1180 by Frederick's grandfather, Frederick Barbarossa. According to this agreement, Otto transferred all of his private property to the Emperor, who immediately returned it to him as a hereditary imperial fief. In this way, Otto reacquired the status of a prince of the Holy Roman Empire that Henry the Lion had lost. However, the Duchy of Saxony, which Henry had held, had since then passed on to Ascanian dukes, so that the Emperor had to create a new duchy for Otto. This was the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, named after the two central cities around which Otto's former properties were located. Otto could substantially increase his territory by supporting King William, who married his daughter Elizabeth in January of 1252.
"King William had intimated to the princes of Germany his desire to meet them in a general diet at Frankfurt against the Feast of St. John the Baptist, 1252; he was preparing to leave Brunswick with his father-in-law for the purpose of being present at this assembly when Otto was suddenly taken unwell and expired on 9 June. Otto is buried in Brunswick Cathedral. He is the male-line ancestor of all later members of the House of Welf."
Otto = son of
Generation 28
0.1101110110111111010100111111 William of Winchester AKA William Longsword, AKA William of Luneburg (April 11, 1184 - Dec. 13, 1213) md. 0.1101110110111111010100111110 Helen daughter of 0.11011101101111110101001111101 King Vlademar I of Denmark Family of Denmark
According to Wikipedia: "William (11 April 1184, Winchester – 13 December 1213), called William of Winchester, William Longsword, or William of Lüneburg, was the youngest son of Duke Henry the Lion. William was born in England during his father's exile; he remained there when Henry returned to Saxony and was raised at Richard Lionheart's court. When Henry died in 1195, William inherited Henry's properties around Lüneburg, near Lauenburg, and in the eastern Harz. In 1202, William married Helen, daughter of King Valdemar I of Denmark. Their only child was Otto (1204-1252), who inherited his father's property."
William = son of
Generation 29
0.11011101101111110101001111111 Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Duke of Bavaria md. 0.11011101101111110101001111110 Matilda Duchess of Saxony First Family of Saxony
Henry = son of
Generation 30
0.110111011011111101010011111111 Henry X, Duke of Bavaria md. 0.110111011011111101010011111110 Gertrude of Supplinburg Family of Supplinburg
Henry = son of
Generation 31
0.1101110110111111010100111111111 Henry IX,
Duke of Bavaria md. 0.1101110110111111010100111111110
Wulfhild of Saxony
_________________________________________
0.110111011011110111010 Margaret de Graham md. 0.110111011011110111011
Sir Malcolm Drummond 10th Thane of Lennox (b. after 1295 d. 1346)
Margaret = daughter of
Generation
24
0.1101110110111101110101 Sir
Patrick de Graham (d. 1296) and 0.110111011011110111010 Annabelle Graham daughter of 0.1101110110111101110101
Robert
Graham, 4th Earl of Strathearn
(d. before 1244)
Patrick = son of
Generation 25
0.11011101101111011101011 David Graham (d. 1237) lived at Kincardine, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
md. 0.11011101101111011101010 Agnes (?)
David = son of
Generation 26
0.110111011011110111010111 Gilbert Graham, 3rd Earl of Strathearn (b. circa
1150 d. circa 1223) md. 0.110111011011110111010110
Maud d'Aubigny (d. after 1210) D'Aubigny Family
0.1101110110110111101110 Marjorie Bruce (1296-1316) nd. 0.1101110110110111101111 Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland (d. 1326) Second Stewart Family
According to Wikipedia: "Marjorie Bruce or Margaret de Bruce (December, 1296 – March 2, 1316) was the eldest daughter of Robert the Bruce, King of Scots by his first wife, Isabella of Mar. Her paternal grandparents were Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale and Marjorie of Carrick, 3rd Countess of Carrick. Her mother died giving birth to her. In 1302, her father was remarried to Elizabeth de Burgh. They were crowned King and Queen of Scots at Scone, Perthshire on March 27, 1306. The coronation occurred during the Wars of Scottish Independence in opposition to Edward I of England."
Marjorie =
daughter of
Generation 24
0.11011101101101111011101 King Robert I of Scotland AKA Robert the Bruce (July 11, 1274-June 7, 1329) reigned 1306-1329 md. 0.11011101101101111011100 Isabella of Mar (c. 1277-1296)
According to Wikipedia: "Robert I, King of Scots (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329) usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce (Medieval Gaelic: Roibert a Briuis; modern Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart Bruis; Norman French: Robert de Brus or Robert de Bruys; ) was King of the Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329. Although his paternal ancestors were of Scoto-Norman heritage (originating in Brieux, Normandy)[1], his maternal ancestors were Scottish-Gaels. He became one of Scotland's greatest kings, as well as one of the most famous warriors of his generation, eventually leading Scotland during the Wars of Scottish Independence against the Kingdom of England. He claimed the Scottish throne as a fourth great-grandson of David I of Scotland."
Robert = son of
Generation 25
0.110111011011011110111011 Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale and Earl of Carrick (July 1243 - March 1304) participated in the Ninth Crusade md. 0.110111011011011110111010 Marjorie, Countess of Carrick
According to Wikipedia: "Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale and jure uxoris Earl of Carrick[1] (July 1243 - March 1304 [2]), was a feudal lord in both Scotland and England prior to and during the Second Barons' War, Welsh Wars, and First War of Scottish Independence. He was the son and heir of Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale and Isobel de Calre, daughter of the Earl of Gloucester and Hertford."
Robert = son of
Generation 26
0.1101110110110111101110111 Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale (c. 1215-1295) md. 0.1101110110110111101110110 Isobel de Calre, daughter of 0.11011101101101111011101101 the Earl of Gloucester and Hertford
According to Wikipedia: "Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale (Robert de Brus) (c1215 – 31 March 1295[1])), 5th Lord of Annandale, was a feudal lord, Justice and Constable of Scotland and England, a Regent of Scotland, and a leading Competitor to be King of Scotland in 1290-92 in the Great Cause. Robert was son of Robert Bruce, 4th Lord of Annandale and Isobel of Huntingdon, the second daughter of David of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon and Matilda de Kevilloc of Chester. David in turn was the son of Henry of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon and Northumberland and Ada de Warenne; Henry's parents were King David I of Scotland and Maud of Northumberland."
Robert = son of
Generation 27
0.11011101101101111011101111 Robert Bruce, 4th Lord of Annandale (d. between 1226 and 1233) md. 0.11011101101101111011101110 Isabella or Isobel of Huntingdon (1199-1251) Huntingdon Family
According to Wikipedia:
"Robert IV de Brus(? 1226 x 1233) was a 13th century Lord of Annandale.He
was the son of William de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandale and Christina or Beatrice
de Teyden. Robert IV married Isabella, the second daughter of David of
Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon, by which marriage he acquired the manors of
Writtle and Hatfield Broadoak, Essex in England. They had his heir and
successor: Robert V de Brus.
He died sometime between 1226 and 1233, and was buried in Guisborough
Priory."
Robert = son of
Generation 28
0.110111011011011110111011111 Willam de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandale (d. 1212) md. 0.110111011011011110111011110 Christina or Beatrice de Teyden
According to Wikipedia:
"William de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandale (d. July 16, 1212) was the second
but eldest surviving son of Robert de Brus, 2nd Lord of Annandale. His elder
brother, Robert III de Brus, predeceased their father and never held the
lordship of Annandale. William de Brus thus succeeded his father when the
latter died in 1194.
William de Brus possessed large estates in the north of England. He obtained
from King John, the grant of a weekly market at Hartlepool, and granted lands
to the canons of Gisburn.[1] Very little else is known about William's
activities. He makes a few appearances in the English government records and
witnessed a charter of King William of Scotland. He married a woman called
Christina, and had by her at least two sons, Robert (his successor),
William."
William = son of
Generation 29
0.1101110110110111101110111111 Robert de Brus, 2nd Lord of Annandale (d. 1194) md. 0.1101110110110111101110111110 Euphemia, daughter of 0.11011101101101111011101111101 William le Gros, 1st Earl of Albermarle
According to Wikipedia: "Robert II de Brus, The Cadet, (died 1194) was a 12th century Norman noble and Lord of Annandale. He was the son, perhaps the second son,[1] of Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale. The elder de Brus' allegiances were compromised when David invaded England in the later 1130s, and he had renounced his fealty to David before the Battle of the Standard in 1138. The younger Robert however remained loyal and took over his father's land in Scotland, whilst the English territories remained with the elder Robert and passed to the latter's elder son Adam. Bruce family tradition has it that Robert II was captured by his father at the battle and given over to King Stephen of England. A legend tells that in the 1140s, Robert II was visited at Annan by St Malachy. St Malachy asked Robert to pardon a thief, but Robert hung him anyway, and for this the River Annan destroyed part of his castle and the de Brus line received a curse from the holy man. Robert made Lochmaben the centre of his lordship and constructed a new caput there. Robert was buried at Guisborough Priory in North Riding, Yorkshire, a monastery founded by his father Robert I de Brus. As his eldest son, Robert, predeceased him, he was succeeded by his second son William. He married Euphemia, a daughter of William le Gros, 1st Earl of Albemarle, and had four known children,"
Robert = son of
Generation 30
0.11011101101101111011101111111 Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale (d. 1142)
According to Wikipedia: "Robert I de Brus (died 1142) was an early 12th century Norman baron and knight, the first of the Bruce dynasty of Scotland. A monastic patron, he is remembered as the founder of Gisborough Priory in Yorkshire in 1119. Nothing is known of Robert's father, except that he was a landowner in Normandy. Modern historians contend that Robert may have come from Brix, Manche, near Cherbourg in the Cotentin Peninsula, and came to Britain after King Henry I of England's conquest of Normandy (i.e: at the same time as Alan fitzFlaad, ancestor of the Stewart Royal Family). David fitz Malcolm (after 1124 King David I of Scotland), was present in France with King Henry and was granted much of the Cotentin Peninsula. It is suggested that Robert de Brus's presences and absences at Henry's court seem to coincide with David's. Whatever his immediate ancestry, what is known beyond doubt is that he went to Scotland, where the new King, David, made Robert Lord of Annandale in 1124,[2]. although there is scant evidence that this Robert took up residence on his Scottish estates."
0.1101110110110111100010 Joan "the
Fair Maid of Kent", (1328-1385) granddaughter of Edward I of
England, wife of Edward the Black Prince and
mother of Richard II of England md. 0.1101110110110111100011 Thomas Holland, 1st Earl Earl of Kent
(c. 1314 - Dec. 26, 1360) military commander during the Hundred Years' War .
[Cary-Estes p. 84 Joan of Kent md. Thomas Holand]
Joan = daughter of
Generation 24
0.11011101101101111000111 Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent (Plantagenet) (Aug. 5, 1301 - March 19, 1330 executed for treason) md. 0.11011101101101111000110 Margaret Wake, (c. 1297 - Sept. 29, 1349) 3rd Baroness Wake, descendant of Llywelyn the Great, Prince of Gwynedd Wake Family
[Cary-Estes p. 84 Edward of Woodstock md. Margaret Wake (d. 1330)]
Edmund = son of
Generation 25
0.110111011011011110001111 King Edward I of England "Longshanks" (June 14, 1229 - July 7, 1307) reigned 1272-1307) md.1299 0.1101110110110111100110 Margaret of France (1282 - Feb. 14, 1317), daughter of 0.11011101101101111001101 King Philip III of France md. 0.11011101101101111001100 Maria of Brabant Capet Family
[Cary-Estes p. 84 Margaret md. Edward I King of England]
Edward = son of
Generation 26
0.1101110110110111100011111 Henry III, King of England (Plantagenet) (1207-1272) reigned 1216-1272) md. 0.1101110110110111100011110 Eleanor of Provence (c. 1223-1291) daughter of 0.11011101101101111000111101 Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence (1198-1245) and 0.11011101101101111000111100 Beatrice of Savoy (1206-1266))
Henry = son of
Generation 27
0.11011101101101111000111111 John I, "Lackland," King of England (Plantagenet) [Magna Carta] (1166-1216) reigned 1199-1216) md. 0.11011101101101111000111110 Isabella of Angoulême (1187-1246) daughter of 0.110111011011011110001111101 Aymer Taillefer, Count of Angouleme
John = son of
Generation 28
0.110111011011011110001111111 Henry II, King of England (Plantagenet) (1133-1189) reigned 1154-1189) md. 0.110111011011011110001111110 Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204) daughter of 0.1101110110110111100011111101 William X, Duke of Aquitaine and 0.1101110110110111100011111100 Aenor de Châtellerault
Henry = son of
Generation 29
0.1101110110110111100011111111 Geoffrey V Count of Anjou and Maine by inheritance, and Duke of Normandy by conquest 1144 the Handsome (Plantagenet) (Aug. 24, 1113 - Sept. 7 1151) md. 0.1101110110110111100011111110 Empress Matilda (1102-1110), briefly (contested) the first female ruler of England in 1141 (widow of Henry V Holy Roman Emperor) Family of Normandy
Geoffrey = son of
Generation 30
0.11011101101101111000111111111 Fulk V of Anjou AKA Fulk the Younger, (1089/1092 - Nov. 13, 1143) Count of Anjou 1109-1129 and King of Jerusalem 1131-1143 went on Crusade in 1120 and became a close friend of the Knights Templar md. (1) Eremburga of La Fleche, daughter of Elias I of Maine md. (2) 0.11011101101101111000111111110 Matilda, daughter of 0.110111011011011110001111111101 Gervais, Lord of Chateau-du-Loir
Fulk = son of
0.110111011011011110001111111111 Fulk IV AKA le Réchin (1043-1109) Count of Anjou 1068-1109 md. 0.1101110110110111100011111111110 Bertrade de Monfort, who later deserted her husband and bigamously married King Philip I, she was the daughter of 0.11011101101101111000111111111101 Simon of Monfort
Fulk = son of
0.1101110110110111100011111111111 Geoffrey Count of Gatinais (AKA Aubri) md. 0.1101110110110111100011111111110 Ermengarde of Anjou, daughter of 0.11011101101101111000111111111101 Fulk the Black, Count of Anjou
Philippa = daughter of
Generation 24
0.11011101101101111001101 William I Count of Hainault (1286-1337) md. 1305 0.11011101101101111001100 Jeanne of Valois (1292-1342) Valois Family
William = son of
Generation 25
0.110111011011011110011011 John II of Avesnes, Count of Holland (1247 - Aug. 22, 1304) md. 0.110111011011011110011010 Philippa of Luxembourg (1252-1311)
John = son of
Generation 26
0.1101110110110111100110111 John I of Avesnes, Count of Hainaut (May 1, 1218 - Dec. 24, 1257) md. 0.1101110110110111100110110 Adelaide of Holland AKA Aleide (Aleidis) van Holland (c. 1230 - April 9, 1284)
John = son of
Generation 27
0.11011101101101111001101111 Bouchard IV of
Avesnes md. 0.11011101101101111001101110 Margaret II
Countess of Flanders and Countess of Hainault (1202-1280) Family of Baldwin of
Constantinople
Bouchard = son of
0.110111011011011110011011111
James of Avesnes (1152 - Sept. 7, 1191) lord of Avesnes, Conde and Leuze;
participated in the Third Crusade as leader of a detachment of French,
Flemish, and Frisian soldiers which arrived in the Holy Land in 1189; died
there at the Battle of Arsuf in 1191 md. 0.1101110110110111100110111110
Adela of
Guise (d. 1185), daughter of 0.11011101101101111001101111101
Bernard
of Guise
James = son of
0.1101110110110111100110111111 Nicholas d'Oisy, lord
of Avesnes md. 0.11011101101101111001101111110 Matilda de la Roche
Jeanne = daughter of
Generation 25
0.110111011011011110011001 Charles of Valois (1270-1325) md. 0.110111011011011110011000 Marguerite of Anjou and Maine (1273-1299)
their son became
Philip VI King of France
their nephews became Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV, kings of France
Charles = son of
Generation 26
0.110111011011011110011001 King Philip
III "the Bold" of France (Capet) (1245-1285), reigned 1270-1285
md. 0.110111011011011110011000 Isabella of Aragon (1247-1271) Family of Aragon
Philip appears in Dante's Divine Comedy, According to Wikipedia "In the Divine Comedy, Dante sees Philip's spirit outside the gates of Purgatory with a number of other contemporary European rulers. Dante does not name Philip directly, but refers to him as 'the small-nosed' and 'the father of the Pest of France.'"
Philip = son of
Generation 27
0.1101110110110111100110011 King Louis IX of France (Capet) "Saint Louis" of the Crusades (1214-1270), reigned 1226-1270 md. 1234 0.1101110110110111100110010 Marguerite of Provence (1221-1295) (sister of Eleanor, wife of Henry III King of England)
Louis = son of
Generation 28
0.11011101101101111001100111 King Louis VIII of France (Capet) (1187-1226) reigned 1223-1226) md. 0.11011101101101111001100110 Blanche of Castile (1188-1252) Family of Castile
Louis = son of
Generation 29
0.110111011011011110011001111 King Philip II Augustus of France (Capet) (1165-1223) reigned 1180-1223) md. 0.110111011011011110011001110 Isabelle of Hainaut (1170-1190)
Philip = son of
Generation 30
0.1101110110110111100110011111 King Louis VII King of France AKA "the Younger" (Capet) (1120-1180) md. 0.1101110110110111100110011110 Adela of Champagne (1140-1206) daughter of 0.11011101101101111001100111101 Theobald II of Champagne and 0.11011101101101111001100111100 Matilda of Carinthnia (= third wife)
Louis = son of
Generation 31
0.11011101101101111001100111111 King Louis VI of France (Capet) (1081-1127) md. 1115 0.11011101101101111001100111110 Adelaide of Savoy AKA Adelaide of Maurienne (1092-1154) daughter of 0.110111011011011110011001111101 Humbert II of Savoy and 0.110111011011011110011001111100 Gisela of Burgundy
Louis = son of
Generation 32
0.110111011011011110011001111111 King Philip I of France (Capet) (1053-1108) reigned 1060-1108) md. 0.110111011011011110011001111110 Bertha of Holland (1055-1094), daughter of 0.1101110110110111100110011111101 Floris I, Count of Holland, by his wife 0.1101110110110111100110011111100 Gertrude of Saxony, the daughter of 0.11011101101101111001100111111001 Bernard II, Duke of Saxony, Family of Antioch
Philip = son of
Generation 33
0.1110110110111100110011111111 King Henry I of France (Capet) (1008-1060) reigned 1031-1060) md. 0.1101110110110111100110011111110 Anne of Kiev AKA Anna Yaroslavna (between 1024 and 1032 – 1075) daughter of 0.11011101101101111001100111111101 Yaroslav I King of Kiev and his wife 0.11011101101101111001100111111100 Ingegerd Olofsdotter Family of Kiev
Henry = son of
Generation 34
0.11101101101111001100111111111
King Robert
II of France (Capet) (972–1031) (Capet) reigned 996-1031 md. 0.11101101101111001100111111110
Constance of Arles (973–1032) daughter of 0.111011011011110011001111111101
William I, count of Provence
Robert = son of
Generation 35
0.111011011011110011001111111111 King Hugh Capet of France (940-996) reigned 987-996 md. 0.111011011011110011001111111110 Adele AKA Adelaide of Aquitaine AKA Adelaide of Poitiers (c. 945 or 952 – 1004) daughter of 0.1110110110111100110011111111101 William III of Aquitaine md. 935 0.1110110110111100110011111111100 Adele of Normandy b. 912
Hugh = son of
Generation 36
0.1110110110111100110011111111111 Hugh the Great, Duke of France (d. 956) md. 0.1110110110111100110011111111110 Hedwige of Saxony (c. 910 - 965) daughter of 11101101101111001100111111111101 Henry I the Fowler, Duke of Saxony md. 11101101101111001100111111111100 Matilda of Ringelheim AKA Saint Matilda or Saint Mathilda
In the Divine Comedy Dante meets the soul of Duke Hugh in Purgatory, lamenting the avarice of his descendants.
Hugh = son of
Generation 37
0.11101101101111001100111111111111 Robert I (after September 866 – June 15, 923), king of West Francia (922 – 923) md. 895 (= second wife) 0.11101101101111001100111111111110 Béatrice of Vermandois (c. 880 – after March 26, 931) daughter of 0.111011011011110011001111111111101 Herbert I of Vermandois (c. 848/850 – 907)) Family of Vermandois
Robert = son of
Generation 38
0.111011011011110011001111111111111 Robert IV "the Strong" AKA Rupert d. 866, Margrave in Neustria (now central France) md. 0.111011011011110011001111111111110 Adelaide or Adalais daughter of 0.1110110110111100110011111111111101 Hugh or Hugo, Count of Tours and Sens (780-837) during the reign of Charlemagne; he was probably a son of Count Haicho of the House of the Etichonen.
Robert = son of
Generation 39
0.1110110110111100110011111111111111 Robert III (died 822), Count of Worms and Rheingau
Robert = son of
Generation 40
0.11101101101111001100111111111111111 Robert, Rodbert or Chrodobert, a Frank and duke of Hesbaye.
0.11011101101111110100 Dorothea of Brandenburg (1430/1431-1495), AKA Dorothea of Hohensollern and Dorothy Achilles. md. 0.11011101101111110101 King Christian I (1426-1481) King of Denmark 1448-1481, Norway 1450-1481 and Sweden 1457-1464, also Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst Oldenburg Family
Dorothea = daughter of
Generation 25
0.110111011011111101001 John Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, nicknamed The Alchemist (1406-1464) md. 0.110111011011111101000 Barbara of Saxe-Wittenberg (1405-1465), daughter of 0.1101110110111111010001 Rudolf III Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg
John = son of
Generation 26
0.1101110110111111010011 Frederick I Margrave of Brandenburg and Burgrave of Nuremberg (1371-1440) md. 0.1101110110111111010010 Elisabeth of Bavaria-Landshut (1383-1442) Family of Bavaria-Landshut
Frederick = son of
Generation 27
0.11011101101111110100111 Burgrave Frederick V of Nuremberg (b. before 1333 d. Jan. 1398) md. 0.11011101101111110100110 Elisabeth of Meissen (1329-1375)
Frederick = son of
Generation 28
0.110111011011111101001111 John II Burgrave of Nuremberg (c. 1309-1357) md. 0.110111011011111101001110 Elisabeth of Henneberg-Schleusingen
Frederick = son of
Generation 29
0.1101110110111111010011111 Frederick IV Brugrave of Nuremberg (1287-1332) md. 0.1101110110111111010011110 Margarete of Gorz
Frederick = son of
Generation 30
0.11011101101111110100111111 Frederick III Brugrave of Nuremberg (c. 1220-1297) md. 0.11011101101111110100111110 Helene of Saxony, daugther of 0.110111011011111101001111101 Albert II Duke of Saxony and 0.110111011011111101001111100 Helene of Braunschweig
Frederick = son of
Generation 31
0.110111011011111101001111111 Conrad I Burgrave of Nuremberg and Count of Zollern of the House of Hohenzollern (c. 1186-1261) md. 0.110111011011111101001111110 Adelheid of Frontenhausen
Conrad = son of
Generation 32
0.1101110110111111010011111111 Frederick I of Nuremberg Burgrave of Nuremberg and Count of Zollern (b. before 1139 d. after 1200) md. 0.1101110110111111010011111110 Sofie of Raabs
Frederick = son of
Generation 33
0.11011101101111110100111111111
Count Frederick II of Zollern
____________
0.110111011011111101011010 Ingeborg
of Sweden
(1263-1292) md. 0.110111011011111101011011
Gerhard
II, Count of Holstein-Ploen (1254 - Oct. 28, 1312)
Ingeborg = daughter of
Generation 25
0.1101110110111111010110101
Valdemar I, King of Sweden (1239
- 1302) md. 0.1101110110111111010110100
Sophia of Denmark, daughter of 0.11011101101111110101101001 Eric IV,
King of Denmark Second Family of Denmark
Valdemar
= son of
Generation 26
0.11011101101111110101101011 Birger
Magnusson AKA Birger Jarl, founder of
Stockholm (1210 - 1266) md. 0.11011101101111110101101010
Ingeborg Eriksdotter of Sweden, daughter of 0.110111011011111101011010111 King Eric X of Sweden md. 0.110111011011111101011010110 Ricvheza of
Denmark
According to Wikipedia "was a Swedish statesman, Jarl of Sweden and a member of the House of Bjelbo, who played a pivotal role in the consolidation of Sweden. Birger also led the Second Swedish Crusade, which established Swedish rule in Finland. Additionally, he is traditionally attributed to have founded the Swedish capital, Stockholm around 1250.
Birger = son of
0.110111011011111101011010110 Lady Ingrid Ylva, "The White Witch" (1180 - 1250) md. 0.110111011011111101011010111 Magnus Minneskold (d. 1210)
Lady
Ingrid Ylva, a Swedish noblewoman was renowned as a "white witch" --
a master of magic used for good -- and for her ability to foretell the future.
During insecure times (which were common around 1200), she lived in a church
tower on her estates in Bjalbo.
Legend has it that when Bjalbo was attacked by enemies of the family, she rushed to the top of the church tower, ripped open a pillow full of feathers, and turned those feathers into knights in amor, who fought off the invaders.
_____________________________________________
0.11011101101101111000110 Margaret
Wake, (c. 1297 - Sept. 29, 1349) 3rd Baroness Wake,
descendant of Llywelyn the Great, Prince of Gwynedd md. 0.11011101101101111000111 Edmund of Woodstock, 1st
Earl of Kent (Plantagenet) (Aug. 5, 1301 - March 19, 1330 executed
for treason) Plantagenet Family
According to Wikipedia: "Margaret Wake
(c. 1297 – 29 September 1349) was the wife of Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of
Kent. She was the daughter of John Wake, 1st Baron Wake of Liddell, and was
descended directly from Llywelyn the Great, Prince of Gwynedd. Her mother was
Joan de Fiennes, making her a cousin of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March.
Margaret married John Comyn (c. 1294-1314) around 1312, son of the John Comyn
who was murdered by Robert the Bruce in 1306. Her husband John died at the
Battle of Bannockburn, and their only child, Aymer Comyn (1314-1316) died as a
toddler. She married for a second time, to Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of
Kent. They received a dispensation in October 1325, and the wedding probably
took place at Christmas.
Through her marriage to Edmund (who was
executed for treason in 1330), she was the mother of two short-lived Earls of
Kent, of Margaret and Joan of Kent (wife of Edward, the Black Prince). The
pregnant Margaret and her children were confined to Salisbury Castle, and her
brother Thomas Wake was accused of treason but later pardoned. When King Edward
III of England reached his majority and overthrew the regents, he took in
Margaret and her children and treated them as his own family. She succeeded
briefly as Baroness Wake of Liddell in 1349, but died during an outbreak of the
plague that autumn."
Margaret = daughter of
Generation
24
0.110111011011011110001101 John
Wake, First Baron Wake of Liddell (d. 1300) md. 0.110111011011011110001100 Joan de
Fiennes
According to ThePeerage, "John Wake, 1st
Baron Wake of Liddell was the son of Baldwin Wake, Lord of Bourne and Hawise de
Quincy. He married Joan de Fenes, daughter of William de Fiennes, Baron of
Tingry and Blanche de Brienne, Dame de La Loupelande, before 24 August 1291. He
died circa 10 March 1300. John Wake, 1st Baron Wake of Liddell gained the
title of 1st Baron Wake of Liddell.1"
According to ThePeerage, "Joan de Fenes
is the daughter of William de Fiennes, Baron of Tingry and Blanche de Brienne,
Dame de La Loupelande.1 She married John Wake, 1st Baron Wake of Liddell, son
of Baldwin Wake, Lord of Bourne and Hawise de Quincy, before 24 August 1291.
She died before 26 October 1309. Joan de Fenes was also known as Joan de
Fiennes. From before 24 August 1291, her married name became Wake."
John = son of
Generation
25
0.1101110110110111100011011
Baldwin Wake, Lord of Bourne (d. 1281-1282) md. 0.1101110110110111100011010 Hawise
de Quincy
According to ThePeerage, "Baldwin Wake,
Lord of Bourne was born between 1238 and 1258. He married, secondly, Hawise de
Quincy, daughter of Robert de Quincy, Lord of Ware and Helen ap Llywelyn, circa
1268. He died between 4 February 1281 and 1282. Baldwin Wake, Lord of
Bourne gained the title of Lord of Bourne."
According to ThePeerage, "Hawise de
Quincy was born circa 1250.1 She was the daughter of Robert de Quincy, Lord of
Ware and Helen ap Llywelyn.1 She married Baldwin Wake, Lord of Bourne circa
1268. She died circa 1295.1 She was also reported to have died before 27 March
1285. Her married name became Wake."
Hawise de Quincy = daughter of
Generation
26
0.11011101101101111000110111 Robert
de Quincy, Lord of Ware md. 0.11011101101101111000110110 Helen
ap Llywelyn AKA Helen of North Wales (b. c. 1207 d. 1253)
According to ThePeerage, " Robert de
Quincy, Lord of Ware was the son of Saher de Quency, 1st Earl of Winchester.1
He married Helen ap Llywelyn, daughter of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of North
Wales and Joan (?), before 5 December 1237.2 He died in August 1257, without
male issue.1 Robert de Quincy, Lord of Ware gained the title of Lord of
Ware."
According to ThePeerage, "Helen ap
Llywelyn was born circa 1207.2 She was the daughter of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth,
Prince of North Wales and Joan (?).1 She married, firstly, John the Scot, 10th
Earl of Huntingdon, son of David of Scotland, 9th Earl of Huntingdon and
Matilda of Chester, in 1222.1,3 She married, secondly, Robert de Quincy, Lord
of Ware, son of Saher de Quency, 1st Earl of Winchester, before 5 December
1237.1 She died between 1 January 1253 and 24 October 1253.3,4 An inquest post
mortem was held for her on 10 November 1253.4 Helen ap Llywelyn was also
known as Helen of North Wales.5"
Helen = daughter of
Generation
27
0.110111011011011110001101111 Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of North Wales
AKA Llywelyn the Great (c. 1173
- April 1240) reigned 1218-1240 md. 0.110111011011011110001101110 Joan,
Lady of Wales, daughter of 0.1101110110110111100011011101 King
John of England Plantagenet Family
According to Wikipedia: "Llywelyn the
Great (full name Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, (c. 1173 – 11 April 1240) was a Prince
of Gwynedd in north Wales and eventually de facto ruler over most of Wales. He
is occasionally called Llywelyn I of Wales.[1] By a combination of war and
diplomacy he dominated Wales for forty years, and was one of only two Welsh
rulers to be called 'the Great'.
Llywelyn's main home and court throughout his
reign was at Garth Celyn on the north coast of Gwynedd, between Bangor and
Conwy, overlooking the port of Llanfaes; he also had a hunting lodge in the
uplands at Trefriw.[2] Throughout the thirteenth century, up to the Edwardian
conquest, Garth Celyn, Aber Garth Celyn, was in effect the capital of Wales.
(Garth Celyn is now known as Pen y Bryn, Bryn Llywelyn, Abergwyngregyn and
parts of the medieval buildings still remain).[3]
During Llywelyn's boyhood Gwynedd was ruled by
two of his uncles, who had agreed to split the kingdom between them following
the death of Llywelyn's grandfather, Owain Gwynedd, in 1170. Llywelyn had a
strong claim to be the legitimate ruler and began a campaign to win power at an
early age. He was sole ruler of Gwynedd by 1200, and made a treaty with King
John of England the same year. Llywelyn's relations with John remained good for
the next ten years. He married John's natural daughter Joan, in 1205, and when
John arrested Gwenwynwyn ab Owain of Powys in 1208 Llywelyn took the opportunity
to annex southern Powys. In 1210 relations deteriorated and John invaded
Gwynedd in 1211. Llywelyn was forced to seek terms and to give up all his lands
east of the River Conwy, but was able to recover these lands the following year
in alliance with the other Welsh princes. He allied himself with the barons who
forced John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215. By 1216 he was the dominant power
in Wales, holding a council at Aberdyfi that year to apportion lands to the
other princes.
Following King John's death, Llywelyn
concluded the Treaty of Worcester with his successor Henry III in 1218. During
the next fifteen years Llywelyn was frequently involved in fighting with
Marcher lords and sometimes with the king, but also made alliances with several
of the major powers in the Marches. The Peace of Middle in 1234 marked the end
of Llywelyn's military career as the agreed truce of two years was extended
year by year for the remainder of his reign. He maintained his position in
Wales until his death in 1240, and was succeeded by his son Dafydd ap Llywelyn.
Llywelyn was born about 1173, the son of
Iorwerth ap Owain and the grandson of Owain Gwynedd, who had been ruler of
Gwynedd until his death in 1170. Llywelyn was a descendant of the senior line
of Rhodri Mawr and therefore a member of the princely house of Gwynedd. [4] He
was probably born at Dolwyddelan though not in the present Dolwyddelan castle,
which was built by Llywelyn himself. He may have been born in the old castle
which occupied a rocky knoll on the valley floor.[5] Little is known about his
father, Iorwerth Drwyndwn, who died when Llywelyn was an infant. There is no
record of Iorwerth having taken part in the power struggle between some of
Owain Gwynedd's other sons following Owain's death, although he was the eldest
surviving son. There is a tradition that he was disabled or disfigured in some
way that excluded him from power.[6]
By 1175 Gwynedd had been divided between two
of Llywelyn's uncles. Dafydd ab Owain held the area east of the River Conwy and
Rhodri ab Owain held the west. Dafydd and Rhodri were the sons of Owain by his
second marriage to Cristin ferch Goronwy. This marriage was not considered
valid by the church as Cristin was Owain's first cousin, a degree of
relationship which according to Canon law prohibited marriage. Giraldus
Cambrensis refers to Iorwerth Drwyndwn as the only legitimate son of Owain
Gwynedd.[7] Following Iorwerth's death, Llywelyn was, at least in the eyes of
the church, the legitimate claimant to the throne of Gwynedd.[8]
Llywelyn's mother was Marared, sometimes
anglicised to Margaret, daughter of Madog ap Maredudd, prince of Powys. There
is evidence that, after her first husband Iorwerth's death, Marared married in
the summer of 1197, Gwion, the nephew of Roger Powys of Whittington Castle. She
seems to have pre-deceased her husband, after bearing him a son, David ap
Gwion, and therefore there can be no truth in the story that she later married
into the Corbet family of Caus Castle (near Westbury, Shropshire) and later, Moreton
Corbet Castle.[9]
[edit] Rise to power 1188–1199
The arms of the royal house of Gwynedd were traditionally first used by
Llywelyn's father, Iorwerth Drwyndwn
In his account of his journey around Wales in
1188 Giraldus Cambrensis mentions that the young Llywelyn was already in arms
against his uncles Dafydd and Rhodri;
"Owen, son of
Gruffyth, prince of North Wales, had many sons, but only one legitimate,
namely, Jorwerth Drwyndwn, which in Welsh means flat-nosed, who had a son named
Lhewelyn. This young man, being only twelve years of age, began, during the
period of our journey, to molest his uncles David and Roderic, the sons of Owen
by Christiana, his cousin-german; and although they had divided amongst
themselves all North Wales, except the land of Conan, and although David,
having married the sister of king Henry II, by whom he had one son, was
powerfully supported by the English, yet within a few years the legitimate son,
destitute of lands or money (by the aid of divine vengeance), bravely expelled
from North Wales those who were born in public incest, though supported by
their own wealth and by that of others, leaving them nothing but what the
liberality of his own mind and the counsel of good men from pity suggested: a
proof that adulterous and incestuous persons are displeasing to God." [10]
In 1194, with the aid of his cousins Gruffudd
ap Cynan and Maredudd ap Cynan, he defeated Dafydd at the battle of Aberconwy
at the mouth of the River Conwy. Rhodri died in 1195, and his lands west of the
Conwy were taken over by Gruffudd and Maredudd while Llywelyn ruled the
territories taken from Dafydd east of the Conwy.[12] In 1197 Llywelyn captured
Dafydd and imprisoned him. A year later Hubert Walter, Archbishop of
Canterbury, persuaded Llywelyn to release him, and Dafydd retired to England
where he died in May 1203.
Wales was divided into Pura Wallia, the areas
ruled by the Welsh princes, and Marchia Wallia, ruled by the Anglo-Norman barons.
Since the death of Owain Gwynedd in 1170, Rhys ap Gruffydd had made the
southern kingdom of Deheubarth the strongest of the Welsh kingdoms, and had
established himself as the leader of Pura Wallia. After Rhys died in 1197,
fighting between his sons led to the splitting of Deheubarth between warring
factions. Gwenwynwyn ab Owain, prince of Powys Wenwynwyn, tried to take over as
leader of the Welsh princes, and in 1198 raised a great army to besiege
Painscastle, which was held by the troops of William de Braose, Lord of
Bramber. Llywelyn sent troops to help Gwenwynwyn, but in August Gwenwynwyn's
force was attacked by an army led by the Justiciar, Geoffrey Fitz Peter, and
heavily defeated.[13] Gwenwynwyn's defeat gave Llywelyn the opportunity to
establish himself as the leader of the Welsh. In 1199 he captured the important
castle of Mold and was apparently using the title "prince of the whole of
North Wales" (Latin: tocius norwallie princeps). Llywelyn was probably not
in fact master of all Gwynedd at this time since it was his cousin Gruffudd ap
Cynan who promised homage to King John for Gwynedd in 1199.[15]
[edit] Early reign
[edit] Consolidation 1200–1209
By 1200 Llywelyn was the undisputed ruler of
Gwynedd. In 1201 he took Eifionydd and Ll?n from Maredudd ap Cynan on a charge
of treachery.[15] In July the same year Llywelyn concluded a treaty with King
John of England. This is the earliest surviving written agreement between an
English king and a Welsh ruler, and under its terms Llywelyn was to swear
fealty and do homage to the king. In return, it confirmed Llywelyn's possession
of his conquests and allowed cases relating to lands claimed by Llywelyn to be
heard under Welsh law.[16]
Llywelyn made his first move beyond the
borders of Gwynedd in August 1202 when he raised a force to attack Gwenwynwyn
ab Owain of Powys, who was now his main rival in Wales. The clergy intervened
to make peace between Llywelyn and Gwenwynwyn and the invasion was called off.
Elise ap Madog, lord of Penllyn, had refused to respond to Llywelyn's summons
to arms and was stripped of almost all his lands by Llywelyn as punishment.
Llywelyn consolidated his position in 1205 by
marrying Joan, the natural daughter of King John. He had previously been
negotiating with Pope Innocent III for leave to marry his uncle Rhodri's widow,
daughter of Ragnald, King of Mann and the Isles. However this proposal was
dropped.[18]
In 1208 Gwenwynwyn of Powys fell out with King
John who summoned him to Shrewsbury in October and then arrested him and
stripped him of his lands. Llywelyn took the opportunity to annex southern
Powys and northern Ceredigion and rebuild Aberystwyth castle.[19] In the summer
of 1209 he accompanied John on a campaign against King William I of
Scotland.[20]
[edit] Setback and recovery 1210–1217
In 1210 relations between Llywelyn and King
John deteriorated. J.E. Lloyd suggests that the rupture may have been due to
Llywelyn forming an alliance with William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber, who
had fallen out with the king and had been deprived of his lands.[21] While John
led a campaign against de Braose and his allies in Ireland, an army led by Earl
Ranulph of Chester and Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester, invaded Gwynedd.
Llywelyn destroyed his own castle at Deganwy and retreated west of the River
Conwy. The Earl of Chester rebuilt Deganwy, and Llywelyn retaliated by ravaging
the earl's lands.[22] John sent troops to help restore Gwenwynwyn to the rule
of southern Powys. In 1211 John invaded Gwynedd with the aid of almost all the
other Welsh princes, planning according to Brut y Tywysogion "to
dispossess Llywelyn and destroy him utterly".[23] The first invasion was
forced to retreat, but in August that year John invaded again with a larger
army, crossed the River Conwy and penetrated Snowdonia.[24] Bangor was burnt by
a detachment of the royal army and the Bishop of Bangor captured. Llywelyn was
forced to come to terms, and by the advice of his council sent his wife Joan to
negotiate with the king, her father.[25] Joan was able to persuade her father
not to dispossess her husband completely, but Llywelyn lost all his lands east
of the River Conwy. He also had to pay a large tribute in cattle and horses and
to hand over hostages, including his illegitimate son Gruffydd, and was forced
to agree that if he died without a legitimate heir by Joan all his lands would
revert to the king.[26]
Statue of Llywelyn the Great, Conwy
This was the low point of Llywelyn's reign,
but he quickly recovered his position. The other Welsh princes, who had
supported King John against Llywelyn, soon became disillusioned with John's
rule and changed sides. Llywelyn formed an alliance with Gwenwynwyn of Powys
and the two main rulers of Deheubarth, Maelgwn ap Rhys and Rhys Gryg, and rose
against John. They had the support of Pope Innocent III, who had been engaged
in a dispute with John for several years and had placed his kingdom under an
interdict. Innocent released Llywelyn, Gwenwynwyn and Maelgwn from all oaths of
loyalty to John and lifted the interdict in the territories which they
controlled. Llywelyn was able to recover all Gwynedd apart from the castles of
Deganwy and Rhuddlan within two months in 1212.[27]
John planned another invasion of Gwynedd in
August 1212. According to one account, he had just commenced by hanging some of
the Welsh hostages given the previous year when he received two letters. One
was from his daughter Joan, Llywelyn's wife, the other from William I of
Scotland, and both warned him in similar terms that if he invaded Wales his
magnates would seize the opportunity to kill him or hand him over to his
enemies.[28] The invasion was abandoned, and in 1213 Llywelyn took the castles
of Deganwy and Rhuddlan.[29] Llywelyn made an alliance with Philip II Augustus
of France,[30] then allied himself with the barons who were in rebellion
against John, marching on Shrewsbury and capturing it without resistance in
1215.[31] When John was forced to sign Magna Carta, Llywelyn was rewarded with
several favourable provisions relating to Wales, including the release of his
son Gruffydd who had been a hostage since 1211.[32] The same year Ednyfed
Fychan was appointed sensechal of Gwynedd and was to work closely with Llywelyn
for the remainder of his reign.
Wales c. 1217. Yellow: areas directly ruled by Llywelyn; Grey: areas ruled by
Llywelyn's client princes; Green: Anglo-Norman lordships.
Llywelyn had now established himself as the
leader of the independent princes of Wales, and in December 1215 led an army
which included all the lesser princes to capture the castles of Carmarthen,
Kidwelly, Llanstephan, Cardigan and Cilgerran. Another indication of his
growing power was that he was able to insist on the consecration of Welshmen to
two vacant sees that year, Iorwerth as Bishop of St. David's and Cadwgan as
Bishop of Bangor.[33]
In 1216, Llywelyn held a council at Aberdyfi
to adjudicate on the territorial claims of the lesser princes, who affirmed
their homage and allegiance to Llywelyn. Beverley Smith comments,
"Henceforth, the leader would be lord, and the allies would be
subjects".[34] Gwenwynwyn of Powys changed sides again that year and
allied himself with King John. Llywelyn called up the other princes for a
campaign against him and drove him out of southern Powys once more. Gwenwynwyn
died in England later that year, leaving an underage heir. King John also died
that year, and he also left an underage heir in King Henry III with a minority
government set up in England.[35]
In 1217
Reginald de Braose of Brecon and Abergavenny, who had been allied to Llywelyn
and had married his daughter Gwladus Ddu, was induced by the English crown to
change sides. Llywelyn responded by invading his lands, first threatening
Brecon, where the burgesses offered hostages for the payment of 100 marks, then
heading for Swansea where Reginald de Braose met him to offer submission and to
surrender the town. He then continued westwards to threaten Haverfordwest where
the burgesses offered hostages for their submission to his rule or the payment
of a fine of 1,000 marks.[36]
Treaty
of Worcester and border campaigns 1218–1229
Following
King John's death Llywelyn concluded the Treaty of Worcester with his successor
Henry III in 1218. This treaty confirmed him in possession of all his recent
conquests. From then until his death Llywelyn was the dominant force in Wales,
though there were further outbreaks of hostilities with marcher lords,
particularly the Marshall family and Hubert de Burgh, and sometimes with the
king. Llywelyn built up marriage alliances with several of the Marcher
families. One daughter, Gwladus Ddu, was already married to Reginald de Braose
of Brecon and Abergavenny, but with Reginald an unreliable ally Llywelyn
married another daughter, Marared, to John de Braose of Gower, Reginald's
nephew. He found a loyal ally in Ranulph, Earl of Chester, whose nephew and
heir, John the Scot, married Llywelyn's daughter Elen in about 1222. Following
Reginald de Braose's death, Llywelyn also made an alliance with the powerful
Mortimer family of Wigmore when Gwladus Ddu married Ralph de Mortimer.[37]
Criccieth Castle is one of a number built by Llywelyn
Llywelyn was careful not to provoke
unnecessary hostilities with the crown or the Marcher lords; for example in
1220 he compelled Rhys Gryg to return four commotes in South Wales to their
previous Anglo-Norman owners.[38] He built a number of castles to defend his
borders, most thought to have been built between 1220 and 1230. These were the
first sophisticated stone castles in Wales; his castles at Criccieth, Deganwy,
Dolbadarn, Dolwyddelan and Castell y Bere are among the best examples.[39]
Llywelyn also appears to have fostered the development of quasi-urban
settlements in Gwynedd to act as centres of trade.[40]
Hostilities broke out with William Marshal,
Earl of Pembroke, in 1220. Llywelyn destroyed the castles of Narberth and
Wiston, burnt the town of Haverfordwest and threatened Pembroke Castle, but
agreed to abandon the attack on payment of £100. In early 1223 Llywelyn crossed
the border into Shropshire and captured Kinnerley and Whittington castles. The
Marshalls took advantage of Llywelyn's involvement here to land near St David's
in April with an army raised in Ireland and recaptured Cardigan and Carmarthen
without opposition. The Marshalls' campaign was supported by a royal army which
took possession of Montgomery. Llywelyn came to an agreement with the king at
Montgomery in October that year. Llywelyn's allies in south Wales were given
back lands taken from them by the Marshalls and Llywelyn himself gave up his
conquests in Shropshire.
In 1228 Llywelyn was engaged in a campaign
against Hubert de Burgh, who was Justiciar of England and Ireland and one of
the most powerful men in the kingdom. Hubert had been given the lordship and
castle of Montgomery by the king and was encroaching on Llywelyn's lands
nearby. The king raised an army to help Hubert, who began to build another
castle in the commote of Ceri. However in October the royal army was obliged to
retreat and Henry agreed to destroy the half-built castle in exchange for the
payment of £2,000 by Llywelyn. Llywelyn raised the money by demanding the same
sum as the ransom of William de Braose, Lord of Abergavenny, whom he had
captured in the fighting.
Marital problems 1230
Following his capture, William de Braose, 10th
Baron Abergavenny decided to ally himself to Llywelyn, and a marriage was
arranged between his daughter Isabella and Llywelyn's heir, Dafydd ap Llywelyn.
At Easter 1230 William visited Llywelyn's court. During this visit he was found
in Llywelyn's chamber together with Llywelyn's wife Joan. On 2 May, De Braose
was hanged at the foot of Garth Celyn, the spot known in local tradition as
'gwern y grog'; Joan was placed under house arrest for a year. The Brut y
Tywysogion chronicler commented: "that year William de Breos the Younger,
lord of Brycheiniog, was hanged by the lord Llywelyn in Gwynedd, after he had
been caught in Llywelyn's chamber with the king of England's daughter,
Llywelyn's wife."[43].
A letter from Llywelyn to William's wife, Eva
de Braose, written shortly after the execution enquires whether she still
wishes the marriage between Dafydd and Isabella to take place.[44] The marriage
did go ahead, and the following year Joan was forgiven and restored to her
position as princess.
Until 1230 Llywelyn had used the title
princeps Norwalliæ 'Prince of North Wales', but from that year he changed his
title to 'Prince of North Wales and Lord of Snowdonia', possibly to underline
his supremacy over the other Welsh princes.[45] He did not formally style
himself 'Prince of Wales' although as J.E. Lloyd comments "he had much of
the power which such a title might imply".[46]
[edit] Final campaigns and the Peace of Middle 1231–1240
In 1231 there was further fighting. Llywelyn
was becoming concerned about the growing power of Hubert de Burgh. Some of his
men had been taken prisoner by the garrison of Montgomery and beheaded, and
Llywelyn responded by burning Montgomery, Powys, New Radnor, Hay and Brecon
before turning west to capture the castles of Neath and Kidwelly. He completed
the campaign by recapturing Cardigan castle.[47] King Henry retaliated by
launching an invasion and built a new castle at Painscastle, but was unable to
penetrate far into Wales.
Negotiations continued into 1232, when Hubert
was removed from office and later imprisoned. Much of his power passed to Peter
de Rivaux, including control of several castles in south Wales. William Marshal
had died in 1231, and his brother Richard had succeeded him as Earl of
Pembroke. In 1233 hostilities broke out between Richard Marshal and Peter de
Rivaux, who was supported by the king. Llywelyn made an alliance with Richard,
and in January 1234 the earl and Llywelyn seized Shrewsbury. Richard was killed
in Ireland in April, but the king agreed to make peace with the insurgents.[49]
The Peace of Middle, agreed on 21 June, established a truce of two years with
Llywelyn, who was allowed to retain Cardigan and Builth. This truce was renewed
year by year for the remainder of Llywelyn's reign.[50]
In his later years Llywelyn devoted much
effort to ensuring that his only legitimate son Dafydd would follow him as
ruler of Gwynedd. Dafydd's older but illegitimate brother, Gruffydd, was
excluded from the succession. This was a departure from Welsh custom, not as is
often stated because the kingdom was not divided between Dafydd and Gruffydd
but because Gruffydd was excluded from consideration as a potential heir owing
to his illegitimacy. This was contrary to Welsh law which stipulated that
illegitimate sons had equal rights with legitimate sons, provided they had been
acknowledged by the father.[51]
Strata Florida Abbey was the site of the council of 1238.
In 1220 Llywelyn induced the minority
government of King Henry to acknowledge Dafydd as his heir.[52] In 1222 he
petitioned Pope Honorius III to have Dafydd's succession confirmed. The
original petition has not been preserved but the Pope's reply refers to the
"detestable custom... in his land whereby the son of the handmaiden was
equally heir with the son of the free woman and illegitimate sons obtained an
inheritance as if they were legitimate". The Pope welcomed the fact that
Llywelyn was abolishing this custom.[53] In 1226 Llywelyn persuaded the Pope to
declare his wife Joan, Dafydd's mother, to be a legitimate daughter of King
John, again in order to strengthen Dafydd's position, and in 1229 the English
crown accepted Dafydd's homage for the lands he would inherit from his
father.[52] In 1238 Llywelyn held a council at Strata Florida Abbey where the other
Welsh princes swore fealty to Dafydd.[52] Llywelyn's original intention had
been that they should do homage to Dafydd, but the king wrote to the other
rulers forbidding them to do homage.[54]
Gruffydd was given an appanage in Meirionnydd
and Ardudwy but his rule was said to be oppressive, and in 1221 Llywelyn
stripped him of these territories.[55] In 1228 Llywelyn imprisoned him, and he
was not released until 1234. On his release he was given part of Ll?n to rule.
His performance this time was apparently more satisfactory and by 1238 he had
been given the remainder of Ll?n and a substantial part of Powys.[56]
[edit] Death and the transfer of power
Joan died in 1237 and Llywelyn appears to have
suffered a paralytic stroke the same year.[57] From this time on, his heir
Dafydd took an increasing part in the rule of the principality. Dafydd deprived
his brother Gruffydd of the lands given him by Llywelyn, and later seized him
and his eldest son Owain and held them in Criccieth Castle. In 1240 the chronicler
of Brut y Tywysogion records: "the lord Llywelyn ap Iorwerth son of Owain
Gwynedd, Prince of Wales, a second Achilles, died having taken on the habit of
religion at Aberconwy, and was buried honourably."[58]
Llywelyn's stone coffin is now in Llanrwst parish church
Llywelyn died at the Cistercian abbey of
Aberconwy, which he had founded, and was buried there. This abbey was later
moved to Maenan near Llanrwst, and Llywelyn's stone coffin can now be seen in
Llanrwst parish church. Among the poets who lamented his passing was Einion
Wan:
True lord of the land – how
strange that today
He rules not o'er Gwynedd;
Lord of nought but the piled up stones of his tomb,
Of the seven-foot grave in which he lies.[59]
Dafydd succeeded Llywelyn as prince of
Gwynedd, but King Henry was not prepared to allow him to inherit his father's
position in the remainder of Wales. Dafydd was forced to agree to a treaty
greatly restricting his power and was also obliged to hand his brother Gruffydd
over to the king, who now had the option of using him against Dafydd. Gruffydd
was killed attempting to escape from the Tower of London in 1244. This left the
field clear for Dafydd, but Dafydd himself died without issue in 1246 and was
eventually succeeded by his nephew, Gruffydd's son, Llywelyn the Last.
[edit] Historical assessment
Llywelyn dominated Wales for over forty years,
and was one of only two Welsh rulers to be called 'the Great', the other being
his ancestor Rhodri the Great. The first person to give Llywelyn the title 'the
Great' seems to have been his near-contemporary, the English chronicler Matthew
Paris.[60]
John Edward Lloyd gave the following assessment
of Llywelyn:
Among the chieftains who battled against the
Anglo-Norman power his place will always be high, if not indeed the highest of
all, for no man ever made better or more judicious use of the native force of
the Welsh people for adequate national ends; his patriotic statemanship will
always entitle him to wear the proud style of Llywelyn the Great.[61]
David Moore gives a different view:
When Llywelyn died in 1240 his principatus of
Wales rested on shaky foundations. Although he had dominated Wales, exacted
unprecedented submissions and raised the status of the prince of Gwynedd to new
heights, his three major ambitions - a permanent hegemony, its recognition by
the king, and its inheritance in its entirety by his heir - remained unfulfilled.
His supremacy, like that of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, had been merely personal in
nature, and there was no institutional framework to maintain it either during
his lifetime or after his death.[62]
The identity of the mother of some of
Llywelyn's children is uncertain. He was survived by nine children. Elen ferch
Llywelyn (c. 1207–1253) first married John de Scotia, Earl of Chester. This
marriage was childless, and after John's death Elen married Sir Robert de
Quincy, the brother of Roger de Quincy, Earl of Winchester. Dafydd ap Llywelyn
(c. 1215–1246), his son by Lady Joan, married Isabella de Braose, daughter of
William de Braose, 10th Baron Abergavenny, Lord of Abergavenny. William was the
son of Reginald de Braose and Gracia Briwere. After Gracia's death Reginald
married Gwladus Ddu, another of Llywelyn's daughters. D
Another daughter was Gwladus Ddu (c.
1206–1251). Adam of Usk in the fifteenth century states that she was a daughter
by Joan, although most sources claim that her mother was Llywelyn's mistress,
Tangwystl Goch.[63] She first married Reginald de Braose of Brecon and
Abergavenny in November 1215, but had no children by him. After Reginald's
death in 1228 she married Ralph de Mortimer of Wigmore in 1230 and had five
sons and a daughter.
Little is known of Llywelyn's mistress,
Tangwystl Goch except that she was the daughter of Llywarch "Goch" of
Rhos.[64] Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (c. 1196–1244) was Llywelyn's eldest son and is
known to be the son of Tangwystl. He married Senena, daughter of Caradoc ap
Thomas of Anglesey. Their four sons included Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, who for a
period occupied a position in Wales comparable to that of his grandfather, and
Dafydd ap Gruffydd who ruled Gwynedd briefly after his brother's death.
Llywelyn had another son, Tegwared ap Llywelyn, by a woman known only as
Crysten.
Marared ferch Llywelyn (c. 1198–after 1263)
married John de Braose of Bramber and Gower, a nephew of Reginald de Braose, by
whom she had at least three sons. After his death in 1232 she married Walter
III de Clifford of Bronllys and Clifford Castle with whom she had a single
daughter, Matilda Clifford. Other daughters were Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn, who
married William de Lacy, and Angharad ferch Llywelyn, who married Maelgwn
Fychan. Susanna ferch Llywelyn was sent to England as a hostage in 1228, and
married Maol Choluim II, Earl of Fife in 1237 by whom she had at least two
sons.
A number of Welsh poems addressed to Llywelyn
by contemporary poets such as Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr, Dafydd Benfras and Llywarch
ap Llywelyn (better known under the nickname Prydydd y Moch) have survived.
Very little of this poetry has been published in English translation.[65]
Llywelyn has continued to figure in modern
Welsh literature. The play Siwan (1956, English translation 1960) by Saunders
Lewis deals with the finding of William de Braose in Joan's chamber and his
execution by Llywelyn. Another well-known Welsh play about Llywelyn is Llywelyn
Fawr by Thomas Parry.
Llywelyn is the main character or one of the
main characters in several English-language novels:
* Raymond Foxall (1959)
Song for a Prince: The Story of Llywelyn the Great covers the period from King
John's invasion in 1211 to the execution of William de Braose.
* Sharon Kay Penman (1985) Here be Dragons is centred on the
marriage of Llywelyn and Joan. Dragon's lair (2004) by the same author features
the young Llywelyn before he gained power in Gwynedd.
* Edith Pargeter (1960-63) "The Heaven Tree
Trilogy" features Llywelyn, Joan, William de Braose, and several of
Llywelyn's sons as major characters.
* Gaius Demetrius (2006) Ascent of an Eagle tells the story
of the early part of Llywelyn's reign.
The story of the faithful hound Gelert, owned
by Llywelyn and mistakenly killed by him, is also considered to be fiction.
"Gelert's grave" is a popular tourist attraction in Beddgelert but is
thought to have been created by an eighteenth century innkeeper to boost the
tourist trade. The tale itself is a variation on a common folktale motif."
According to Wikipedia: "Joan was a
natural daughter of King John of England and Agatha de Ferrers. She should not
be confused with her half-sister Joan, Queen Consort of Scotland. Little is
known about her early life. Her mother's name is known only from Joan's obituary
in the Tewkesbury Annals, where she is called "Regina Clementina"
(Queen Clemence). Joan seems to have spent part of her childhood in France, as
King John had her brought to the Kingdom of England from Normandy in December
1203 in preparation for her wedding to prince Llywelyn ab Iorwerth... Joan was
a natural daughter of King John of England and Agatha de Ferrers. She should
not be confused with her half-sister Joan, Queen Consort of Scotland. Little is
known about her early life. Her mother's name is known only from Joan's
obituary in the Tewkesbury Annals, where she is called "Regina
Clementina" (Queen Clemence). Joan seems to have spent part of her
childhood in France, as King John had her brought to the Kingdom of England
from Normandy in December 1203 in preparation for her wedding to prince
Llywelyn ab Iorwerth.
At Easter 1230, William de Braose, 10th Baron
Abergavenny, who was Llywelyn's prisoner at the time, was discovered with Joan
in Llywelyn's bedchamber. William de Braose was hanged at Aber Garth Celyn on 2
May 1230; the place was known as 'Gwern y Grog' and the incident remembered
down the generations by the local community. A recent suggestion that the
execution might have taken place at Crogen near Bala rests on the suggestion
that 'Crogen' and 'Crokein' are one and the same: there is however no further
eveidence in the area to lend this substance.
Joan was placed under house arrest for twelve
months after the incident. She was then, according to the Chronicle of Chester,
forgiven by Llywelyn, and restored to favour. She may have given birth to a
daughter early in 1231. Joan was never called Princess of Wales, but, in Welsh,
"Lady of Wales". She died at the royal home, Garth Celyn, Aber Garth
Celyn, on the north coast of Gwynedd in 1237. Llywelyn's great grief at her
death is recorded; he founded a Franciscan friary on the seashore at Llanfaes,
opposite the royal home, in her honour. The friary was consecrated in 1240,
shortly before Llywelyn died. It was destroyed in 1537 by Henry VIII of England
during the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
Joan's stone coffin can be seen in Beaumaris
parish church, Anglesey. Above the empty coffin is a slate panel inscribed:
"This plain sarcophagus, (once dignified as having contained the remains
of JOAN, daughter of King JOHN, and consort of LLEWELYN ap IOWERTH, Prince of
North Wales, who died in the year 1237), having been conveyed from the Friary
of Llanfaes, and alas, used for many years as a horsewatering trough, was
rescued from such an indignity and placed here for preseravation as well as to
excite serious meditation on the transitory nature of all sublunary
distinctions. By THOMAS JAMES WARREN BULKELEY, Viscount BULKELEY, Oct
1808"
Llywelyn = son of
Generation
28
0.1101110110110111100011011111 Iorwerth
ab Owain Gwynedd or Iorwerth Drwyndwn (1145-1174)
According to Wikipedia: "Iorwerth ab
Owain Gwynedd or Iorwerth Drwyndwn (1145-1174), meaning "the
broken-nosed", was the eldest legitimate son of Owain Gwynedd (the king of
Gwynedd) and his first wife Gwladys (Gladys) ferch Llywarch. He married Marared
ferch Madog. His son Llywelyn the Great eventually united the realm and became
known as Llywelyn Fawr and is one of Wales's most famous monarchs. Iorwerth was
killed in battle at Pennant Melangell, in Powys, during the wars deciding the
succession following the death of his father."
Iowerth = son of
Generation
29
0.11011101101101111000110111111 Owain Gwynedd, King of Gwynedd (c. 1100 - Nov. 28, 1170) md. 0.11011101101101111000110111110 Gladys
ferch Llywarch, daughter of 0.110111011011011110001101111101 Llywarch
ap Trahaeran
According to ThePeerage: "
Gwladus ferch Llywarch is the daughter of Llywarch ap Trahaearn.1 She married
Owain ap Gruffyd, King of Gwynedd, son of Gruffydd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd
and Angharad ferch Owain.1"
According to Wikipedia: "Owain Gwynedd
(in English, "Owen") (c. 1100–November 28, 1170), alternatively known
by the patronymic "Owain ap Gruffydd". He is occasionally referred to
as Owain I of Gwynedd, or Owain I of Wales on account of his claim to be King
of Wales. He is considered to be the most successful of all the north Welsh
princes prior to his grandson, Llywelyn the Great. He was known as Owain
Gwynedd to distinguish him from another contemporary Owain ap Gruffydd, ruler
of part of Powys who was known as Owain Cyfeiliog. Owain Gwynedd was a member
of the House of Aberffraw, a descendant of the senior branch from Rhodri Mawr.
Owain's father, Gruffydd ap Cynan, was a
strong and long-lived ruler who had made the principality of Gwynedd the most
influential in Wales during the sixty-two years of his reign, using the island
of Anglesey as his power base. His mother, Angharad ferch Owain, was the
daughter of Owain ab Edwin. Owain was the second of three sons of Gruffydd and
Angharad.
Owain is thought to have been born on Anglesey
about the year 1100. By about 1120 Gruffydd had grown too old to lead his
forces in battle and Owain and his brothers Cadwallon and later Cadwaladr led
the forces of Gwynedd against the Normans and against other Welsh princes with
great success. His elder brother Cadwallon was killed in a battle against the
forces of Powys in 1132, leaving Owain as his father's heir. Owain and Cadwaladr,
in alliance with Gruffydd ap Rhys of Deheubarth, won a major victory over the
Normans at Crug Mawr near Cardigan in 1136 and annexed Ceredigion to their
father's realm.
On Gruffydd's death in 1137, therefore, Owain
inherited a portion of a well-established kingdom, but had to share it with
Cadwaladr. In 1143 Cadwaladr was implicated in the murder of Anarawd ap
Gruffydd of Deheubarth, and Owain responded by sending his son Hywel ab Owain
Gwynedd to strip him of his lands in the north of Ceredigion. Though Owain was
later reconciled with Cadwaladr, from 1143, Owain ruled alone over most of
north Wales. In 1155 Cadwaladr was driven into exile.
Owain took advantage of the civil war in
England between King Stephen and the Empress Matilda to push Gwynedd's boundaries
further east than ever before. In 1146 he captured the castle of Mold and about
1150 captured Rhuddlan and encroached on the borders of Powys. The prince of
Powys, Madog ap Maredudd, with assistance from Earl Ranulf of Chester, gave
battle at Coleshill, but Owain was victorious.
All went well until the accession of King
Henry II of England in 1154. Henry invaded Gwynedd in 1157 with the support of
Madog ap Maredudd of Powys and Owain's brother Cadwaladr. The invasion met with
mixed fortunes. King Henry was nearly killed at the Battle of Ewloe near
Basingwerk and the fleet accompanying the invasion made a landing on Anglesey
where it was defeated. Owain was however forced to come to terms with Henry,
being obliged to surrender Rhuddlan and other conquests in the east.
Madog ap Maredudd died in 1160, enabling Owain
to regain territory in the east. In 1163 he formed an alliance with Rhys ap
Gruffydd of Deheubarth to challenge English rule. King Henry again invaded
Gwynedd in 1165, but instead of taking the usual route along the northern
coastal plain, the king's army invaded from Oswestry and took a route over the
Berwyn hills. The invasion was met by an alliance of all the Welsh princes,
with Owain as the undisputed leader. However, apart from a small melee at the
Battle of Crogen there was little fighting, for the Welsh weather came to
Owain's assistance as torrential rain forced Henry to retreat in disorder. The
infuriated Henry mutilated a number of Welsh hostages, including two of Owain's
sons.
Henry did not invade Gwynedd again and Owain
was able to regain his eastern conquests, recapturing Rhuddlan castle in 1167
after a siege of three months.
The last years of Owain's life were spent in
disputes with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, over the appointment
of a new Bishop of Bangor. When the see became vacant Owain had his nominee,
Arthur of Bardsey, elected. The archbishop refused to accept this, so Owain had
Arthur consecrated in Ireland. The dispute continued, and the see remained officially
vacant until well after Owain's death. He was also put under pressure by the
Archbishop and the Pope to put aside his second wife, Cristin, who was his
first cousin, this relationship making the marriage invalid under church law.
Despite being excommunicated for his defiance, Owain steadfastly refused to put
Cristin aside. Owain died in 1170, and despite having been excommunicated was
buried in Bangor Cathedral by the local clergy. The annalist writing Brut y
Tywysogion recorded his death "after innumerable victories, and
unconquered from his youth".
He is believed to have commissioned the
propaganda text, The Life of Gruffydd ap Cynan, an account of his father's
life. Following his death, civil war broke out between his sons. Owain was
married twice, first to Gwladus ferch Llywarch ap Trahaearn, by whom he had two
sons, Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd and Iorwerth Drwyndwn, the father of Llywelyn
the Great, then to Cristin, by whom he had three sons including Dafydd ab Owain
Gwynedd and Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd. He also had a number of illegitimate sons,
who by Welsh law had an equal claim on the inheritance if acknowledged by their
father.
Owain had originally designated Rhun ab Owain
Gwynedd as his successor. Rhun was Owain's favourite son, and his premature
death in 1147 plunged his father into a deep melancholy, from which he was only
roused by the news that his forces had captured Mold castle. Owain then
designated Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd as his successor, but after his death Hywel
was first driven to seek refuge in Ireland by Cristin's sons, Dafydd and
Rhodri, then killed at the battle of Pentraeth when he returned with an Irish
army. Dafydd and Rhodri split Gwynedd between them, but a generation passed
before Gwynedd was restored to its former glory under Owain's grandson Llywelyn
the Great.
According to legend, one of Owain's sons was
Prince Madoc, who is popularly supposed to have fled across the Atlantic and
colonised America."
Owain = son of
Generation
30
0.110111011011011110001101111111
Gruffydd ap Cynan (1055 - 1137)
md. 0.110111011011011110001101111110 Angharad
ferch Owain, daughter of 0.1101110110110111100011011111101 Owain ab
Edwin
According to Wikipedia: "Gruffydd ap
Cynan (standard Welsh: Gruffydd ap Cynan) (c. 1055 – 1137) was a King of
Gwynedd. In the course of a long and eventful life, he became a key figure in
Welsh resistance to Norman rule, and was remembered as King of all Wales. As a
descendant of Rhodri Mawr, Gruffydd ap Cynan was a senior member of the
princely house of Aberffraw.
Through his mother Gruffydd had close family
connections with the Danish settlement around Dublin and he frequently used
Ireland as a refuge and as a source of troops. He three times gained the throne
of Gwynedd and then lost it again before regaining it once more in 1099 and
this time keeping power until his death. Gruffydd laid the foundations which
were built upon by his son Owain Gwynedd and his great-grandson Llywelyn the
Great.
Unusually for a Welsh king or prince, a
near-contemporary biography of Gruffydd, The history of Gruffydd ap Cynan, has
survived. Much of our knowledge of Gruffydd comes from this source, though
allowance has to be made for the fact that it appears to have been written as dynastic
propaganda for one of Gruffydd's descendants. The traditional view among
scholars was that it was written during the third quarter of the 12th century
during the reign of Gruffydd's son, Owain Gwynedd, but it has recently been
suggested that it may date to the early reign of Llywelyn the Great, around
1200. The name of the author Is not known.
Most of the existing manuscripts of the
history are in Welsh but these are clearly translations of a Latin original. It
is usually considered that the original Latin version has been lost, and that
existing Latin versions are re-translations from the Welsh. However Russell
(2006) has suggested that the Latin version in Peniarth MS 434E incorporates
the original Latin version, later emended to bring it into line with the Welsh
text.
According to the Life of Gruffydd ap Cynan,
Gruffydd was born in Dublin and reared near Swords, County Dublin in Ireland.
He was the son of a Welsh Prince, Cynan ap Iago, who was a claimant to the
Kingship of Gwynedd but was probably never king of Gwynedd, though his father,
Gruffydd's grandfather, Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig had ruled Gwynedd from 1023 to
1039. When Gruffydd first appeared on the scene in Wales the Welsh annals
several times refer to him as "grandson of Iago" rather than the more
usual "son of Cynan", indicating that his father was little known in
Wales. Cynan ap Iago seems to have died while Gruffydd was still young, since
the History describes his mother telling him who his father was.
Gruffydd's mother Ragnhild was the daughter of
Olaf of Dublin, son of King Sigtrygg Silkbeard and a member of the
Hiberno-Norse Uí Ímhair dynasty. Through his mother, who appears in the list of
the fair women of Ireland in the Book of Leinster, Gruffydd claimed
relationships with many of the leading septs in Ireland. His great-great
grandparents on his mother's side include the 10th century High King of
Ireland, Brian Boru, the 9th century King of Dublin, Olaf Cuarán, and
Gormflaith.
During his many struggles to gain the kingship
of Gwynedd, Gruffydd received considerable aid from Ireland, both from the
Hiberno-Norse at Dublin, but also those at Wexford, and also from Muircheartach
Ua Briain.
Gruffydd made his first attempt to take over
the rule of Gwynedd in 1075, following the death of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn.
Trahaearn ap Caradog had seized control of Gwynedd but had not yet firmly
established himself. Gruffydd landed on Anglesey with an Irish force, and with
the assistance of troops provided by the Norman Robert of Rhuddlan first
defeated and killed Cynwrig ap Rhiwallon, an ally of Trahaearn who held Ll?n,
then defeated Trahaearn himself in the battle of Gwaed Erw in Meirionnydd and
gained control of Gwynedd.
Gruffydd then led his forces eastwards to
reclaim territories taken over by the Normans, and despite the assistance
previously given by Robert of Rhuddlan attacked and destroyed Rhuddlan castle.
However tension between Gruffydd's Danish-Irish bodyguard and the local Welsh
led to a rebellion in Ll?n and Trahaearn took the opportunity to counter
attack, defeating Gruffydd at the battle of Bron yr Erw above Clynnog Fawr the
same year.
Gruffydd fled to Ireland but in 1081 returned
and made an alliance with Rhys ap Tewdwr prince of Deheubarth. Rhys had been
attacked by Caradog ap Gruffydd of Gwent and Morgannwg, and had been forced to
flee to the St David's Cathedral. Gruffydd this time embarked from Waterford
with a force composed of Danes and Irish and landed near St David's, presumably
by prior arrangement with Rhys. He was joined here by a force of his supporters
from Gwynedd, and he and Rhys marched north to seek Trahaearn ap Caradog and
Caradog ap Gruffydd who had themselves made an alliance and been joined by
Meilyr ap Rhiwallon of Powys. The armies of the two confederacies met at the Battle
of Mynydd Carn, with Gruffydd and Rhys victorious and Trahaearn, Caradog and
Meilyr all being killed. Gruffydd was thus able to seize power in Gwynedd for
the second time.
He was soon faced with a new enemy, as the
Normans were now encroaching on Gwynedd. Gruffydd had not been king very long
when he was enticed to a meeting with Hugh Earl of Chester and Hugh Earl of
Shrewsbury at Rug, near Corwen. At the meeting Gruffydd was seized and taken
prisoner. According to his biographer this was by the treachery of one of his
own men, Meirion Goch. Gruffydd was imprisoned in Earl Hugh's castle at Chester
for many years while Earl Hugh and Robert of Rhuddlan went on to take
possession of Gwynedd, building castles at Bangor, Wales Bangor, Caernarfon and
Aberlleiniog.
Gruffydd reappeared on the scene years later,
having escaped from captivity. According to his biography he was in fetters in
the market-place at Chester when Cynwrig the Tall on a visit to the city saw
his opportunity when the burgesses were at dinner. He picked Gruffydd up,
fetters and all, and carried him out of the city on his shoulders. There is
debate among historians as to the year of Gruffydd's escape. Ordericus Vitalis
mentions a "Grifridus" attacking the Normans in 1088. The History in
one place states that Gruffydd was imprisoned for twelve years, in another that
he was imprisoned for sixteen years. Since he was captured in 1081, that would
date his release to 1093 or 1097. J.E. Lloyd favours 1093, considering that
Gruffydd was involved at the beginning of the Welsh uprising in 1094. K.L.
Maund on the other hand favours 1097, pointing out that there is no reference
to Gruffydd in the contemporary annals until 1098. D. Simon Evans inclines to
the view that Ordericus Vitalis' date of 1088 could be correct, suggesting that
an argument based on the silence of the annals is unsafe.
Gruffydd again took refuge in Ireland but
returned to Gwynedd to lead the assaults on Norman castles such as Aber
Lleiniog. The Welsh revolt had begun in 1094 and by late 1095 had spread to
many parts of Wales. This induced William II of England (William Rufus) to
intervene, invading northern Wales in 1095. However his army was unable to
bring the Welsh to battle and returned to Chester without having achieved very
much. King Willam mounted a second invasion in 1097, but again without much
success. The History only mentions one invasion by Rufus, which could indicate
that Gruffydd did not feature in the resistance to the first invasion. At this time
Cadwgan ap Bleddyn of Powys led the Welsh resistance.
In the summer of 1098 Earl Hugh of Chester
joined with Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury in another attempt to recover his losses in
Gwynedd. Gruffydd and his ally Cadwgan ap Bleddyn retreated to Anglesey, but
then were forced to flee to Ireland in a skiff when a fleet he had hired from
the Danish settlement in Ireland accepted a better offer from the Normans and
changed sides.
The situation was changed by the arrival of a
Norwegian fleet under the command of King Magnus III of Norway, also known as
Magnus Barefoot, who attacked the Norman forces near the eastern end of the
Menai Straits. Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury was killed by an arrow said to have been
shot by Magnus himself. The Normans were obliged to evacuate Anglesey, and the
following year Gruffydd returned from Ireland to take possession again, having
apparently come to an agreement with Earl Hugh of Chester.
With the death of Hugh of Chester in 1101
Gruffydd was able to consolidate his position in Gwynedd, as much by diplomacy
as by force. He met King Henry I of England who granted him the rule of Ll?n,
Eifionydd, Ardudwy and Arllechwedd, considerably extending his kingdom. By 1114
he had gained enough power to induce King Henry to invade Gwynedd in a three-pronged
attack, one detachment led by King Alexander I of Scotland. Faced by
overwhelming force, Gruffydd was obliged to pay homage to Henry and to pay a
heavy fine, but lost no territory. By about 1118 Gruffydd's advancing years
meant that most of the fighting which pushed Gwynedd's borders eastward and
southwards was done by his three sons by his wife Angharad, daughter of Owain
ab Edwin: Cadwallon, Owain Gwynedd and later Cadwaladr. The cantrefs of Rhos
and Rhufoniog were annexed in 1118, Meirionnydd captured from Powys in 1123 and
Dyffryn Clwyd in 1124. Another invasion by the king of England in 1121 was a
military failure. The king had to come to terms with Gruffydd and made no
further attempt to invade Gwynedd during Gruffydd's reign. The death of
Cadwallon in a battle against the forces of Powys near Llangollen in 1132
checked further expansion for the time being.
Gruffydd was now powerful enough to ensure
that his nominee, David the Scot was consecrated as Bishop of Bangor in 1120.
The see had been effectively vacant since Bishop Hervey le Breton had been
forced to flee by the Welsh almost twenty years before, since Gruffydd and King
Henry could not agree on a candidate. David went on to rebuild Bangor Cathedral
with a large financial contribution from Gruffydd.
Owain and Cadwaladr in alliance with Gruffydd
ap Rhys of Deheubarth gained a crushing victory over the Normans at Crug Mawr
near Cardigan in 1136 and took possession of Ceredigion. The latter part of
Guffydd's reign was considered to be a "Golden Age"; according to the
Life of Gruffydd ap Cynan Gwynedd was "bespangled with lime-washed
churches like the stars in the firmament".
Gruffydd died in his bed, old and blind, in
1137 and was mourned by the annalist of Brut y Tywysogion as the head and king
and defender and pacifier of all Wales. He was buried by the high altar in
Bangor Cathedral which he had been involved in rebuilding. He also made
bequests to many other churches, including one to Christ Church Cathedral,
Dublin where he had worshipped as a boy. He was succeeded as king of Gwynedd by
his son Owain Gwynedd. His daughter, Gwenllian, who married Gruffydd ap Rhys of
Deheubarth, son of his old ally Rhys ap Tewdwr, is also notable for her
resistance to English rule."
Gruffydd = son of
Generation
31
0.1101110110110111100011011111111 Cynan
ab Iago (1014-1063) md. 0.1101110110110111100011011111110 Raignaillt, daughter of 0.11011101101101111000110111111101 Olaf of
Dublin, son of 0.110111011011011110001101111111011 King
Sigtrygg Silkbeard King of Dublin
According to Wikipedia: "Cynan ab Iago
(1014-1063) was a Welsh Prince, the son of Iago ab Idwal, King of Gwynedd and
father of Gruffydd ap Cynan who also became king of Gwynedd.
Iago ab Idwal was king of Gwynedd from 1023 to
1039, but in the latter year he was killed by one of his own men and the throne
was seized by Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. Cynan was forced to flee to Ireland and
took refuge at the Danish settlement of Dublin. He married Ragnaillt daughter
of Olaf of Dublin, son of King Sigtrygg Silkbeard and a member of the
Hiberno-Norse dynasty. Ragnaillt, who appears in the list of the fair women of
Ireland in the Book of Leinster, was also a descendant of Brian Boru.
Cynan may have died fairly soon after the
birth of their son Gruffydd ap Cynan, for the near-contemporary biography of
Gruffydd details Cynan's ancestry but does not refer to him in its account of
Gruffydd's youth; describing Gruffydd's mother telling him who his father was
and what patrimony he could claim. Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was killed in 1063, by
his own men according to Brut y Tywysogion. The Ulster Chronicle however states
that it was Cynan ap Iago who killed him.
As his son Gruffydd was supposedly born c.
1055, the date of death "1039" is doubtful (Gruffydd died 1137).
Cynan's claim to the throne of Gwynedd was
passed on to his son. When Gruffydd first appeared on the scene in Wales the
Welsh annals several times refer to him as "grandson of Iago" rather
than the more usual "son of Cynan", indicating that his father was
little known in Wales."
Cyan = son of
Generation
32
0.11011101101101111000110111111111 Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig, King of Gwynedd (d. 1039)
According to Wikipedia: "Iago ab Idwal ap
Meurig (died 1039) was a Prince of Gwynedd. On the death of Llywelyn ap Seisyll
in 1023, the rule of Gwynedd returned to the ancient dynasty with the accession
of Iago, who was a great-grandson of Idwal Foel. Very little is known about the
reign of Iago. He was killed by his own men in 1039 and replaced by Llywelyn ap
Seisyll's son, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. Iago's grandson Gruffydd ap Cynan later
won the throne of Gwynedd, and because his father, Cynan ap Iago, was little
known in Wales, Gruffydd was styled "grandson of Iago" rather than
the usual "son of Cynan"
According to T
hePeerage: "Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig, King of Gwynedd was the son of Idwal ap Meurig. He died in 1039.1 Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig, King of Gwynedd succeeded to the title of King of Gwynedd in 1023.1"Iago = son of
Generation
33
0.110111011011011110001101111111111 Idwal
ap Meurig (d. 996)
Idwal = son of
Generation
34
0.1101110110110111100011011111111111 Meurig
ab Idwal (d. 986)
Meurig = son of
Generation
35
0.11011101101101111000110111111111111 Idwal
Foel ap Anarawd King of Gwynedd (d. 942)
According to Wikipedia: "Idwal Foel ap
Anarawd (English: Idwal the Bald) (died 942) was a King of Gwynedd, referred to
as King of the Britons by William of Malmesbury, in whose Gesta Regum Anglorum.
William spells his name as Judwalum in the original Latin (anglicized Jothwel);
the Annales Cambriae spell it Iudgual. Idwal inherited the throne of Gwynedd on
the death of his father, Anarawd ap Rhodri in 916. He was obliged to
acknowledge Athelstan of England as overlord. Following Athelstan's death,
Idwal and his brother Elisedd took to arms against the English, but both were
killed in battle in 942. The rule of Gwynedd should now have passed to his
sons, Iago ab Idwal and Idwal, usually called Ieuaf ab Idwal. However Hywel Dda
of Deheubarth, already ruler of most of south Wales, invaded Gwynedd and forced
them into exile, adding Gwynedd to his realm. After Hywel's death in 950,
Idwal's sons were able to claim the kingdom.
Idwal = son of
Generation
36
0.110111011011011110001101111111111111 Anarawd
ap Rhodri, King of Gwynedd (d. 916)
According to Wikipedia: "Anarawd ap
Rhodri (died 916) was a King of Gwynedd, also referred to as "King of the
Britons" by the Annals of Wales.
Anarawd's father Rhodri the Great had
eventually become ruler of most of Wales, but on his death in 878 his kingdom
was shared out between his sons, with Anarawd inheriting the throne of Gwynedd.
Anarawd and his brothers Cadell and Merfyn are recorded as cooperating closely
against the rulers of the remaining lesser kingdoms of Wales. Earl Aethelred of
Mercia invaded Gwynedd in 881, but Anarawd was able to defeat him with much
slaughter in a battle at the mouth of the River Conwy, hailed in the annals as
"God's vengeance for Rhodri", Rhodri having been killed in battle
against the Mercians.
Anarawd then made an alliance with the Danish
king of York in an attempt to guard himself against further Mercian attacks.
When this alliance proved unsatisfactory, he came to an agreement with Alfred
the Great of Wessex, visiting Alfred at his court. In exchange for Alfred's
protection Anarawd recognised the supremacy of Alfred. This was the first time
a ruler of Gwynedd had accepted the supremacy of an English king, and formed
the basis for the homage which was demanded by the English crown from then on.
In 894 Anarawd was able to repel a raid by a
Danish host on North Wales, and the following year raided Ceredigion and Ystrad
Tywi in southern Wales. He is reported as having some English troops under his
command for these raids. In 902 an attack on Ynys Môn (Anglesey) by some of the
Danes of Dublin under Ingimund was repulsed. Anarawd died in 916 and was
succeeded by his son Idwal Foel (Idwal the Bald).
Anarawd would establish the princely house of
Aberffraw, taking the name from his principal seat of government on Ynys Môn.
His descendants would rule Gwynedd until the Edwardian conquest of the late
13th century."
Anarawd = son of
Generation
37
0.1101110110110111100011011111111111111 Rhodri or Roderick the Great (820-878)
According to Wikipedia: "Rhodri the Great
(in Welsh, Rhodri Mawr; occasionally in English, Roderick the Great) (c.
820–878) was the first ruler of Wales to be called 'Great', and the first to
rule most of present-day Wales. He is referred to as "King of the
Britons" by the Annals of Ulster. In some later histories, he is referred
to as "King of Wales" but he did not rule all of Wales nor was this
term used contemporaneously to describe him.
The son of Merfyn Frych, King of Gwynedd, and
Nest ferch Cadell of the Royal line of Powys, he inherited the Kingdom of
Gwynedd on his father's death in 844.
When his maternal uncle Cyngen ap Cadell ruler
of Powys died on a pilgrimage to Rome in 855 Rhodri inherited Powys. In 872
Gwgon, ruler of Seisyllwg in southern Wales, was accidentally drowned, and
Rhodri added his Kingdom to his domains by virtue of his marriage to Angharad,
Gwgon's sister. This made him the ruler of the larger part of Wales.
Rhodri faced pressure both from the English
and increasingly from the Danes, who were recorded as ravaging Anglesey in 854.
In 856 Rhodri won a notable victory over the Danes, killing their leader Gorm
(sometimes given as Horm). Two poems by Sedulius Scotus written at the court of
Charles the Bald, King of the Western Franks, celebrate the victory of
"Roricus" over the Norsemen.
In 876 Rhodri fought another battle against
the Norse invaders on Anglesey, after which he had to flee to Ireland.
On his return the following year, he and his
son Gwriad were said to have been killed by the English under Alfred the Great,
though the precise manner of his death is unknown. When his son, Anarawd ap
Rhodri won a victory over the Mercians a few years later, it was hailed in the
annals as "God's vengeance for Rhodri".
Rhodri died leaving three sons:
His heir, Anarawd ap Rhodri, who became the
king of Gwynedd;
His son Cadell ap Rhodri, who conquered Dyfed,
which was later joined with Seisyllwg by Rhodri's grandson Hywel Dda to become
Deheubarth. Like his grandfather, Hywel would come to rule most of Wales; and
His son Merfyn ap Rhodri, who became the king
of the Powys."
Rhodri = son of
Generation
38
0.11011101101101111000110111111111111111 Merfyn
Frych, King of Gwynedd (reigned 825 -
844) md. 0.11011101101101111000110111111111111110 Nest
ferch Cadell daughter of 0.110111011011011110001101111111111111101 Cadell
ap Elisedd, King of Powys
According to Wikipedia: "Nest ferch
Cadell was the daughter of Cadell ap Elisedd a late 8th century King of Powys,
wife of Merfyn Frych King of Gwynedd and mother to Rhodri the Great, King of
both Powys and Gwynedd.
On the death of her brother Cyngen ap Cadell
in 855, authority over the Kingdom of Powys passed to her son Rhodri the Great
who had previously inherited the Kingdom of Gwynedd on the death of his father
in 844, thereby uniting the Kingdoms of Powys and Gwynedd.
It is unclear why the inheritance of Powys
passed through Nest to her son, and not to one of the sons of Cyngen: Elisedd
ap Cyngen, Ieuaf ap Cyngen, Aeddan ap Cyngen, and Gruffudd ap Cyngen. The texts
of Welsh laws which survive to us were written down no earlier than the 12th
century, but they provide no evidence that women were capable of transmitting
legal title of kingship or lordship. Equally, although the pedigree in a
manuscript in Jesus College Oxford states Nest as the mother of Rhodri the
Great, another pedigree in a fourteenth century manuscript in the National
Library of Wales records his mother as Essyllt ferch Cynan. There are no strong
grounds to accept either manuscript as reliable, but it is reasonable to
believe that the royal house of Gwynedd promoted the view that the Kingdom of
Powys had passed to Rhodri the Great through his mother in order to legitimise
their control over it.[3] Either way, this possible genealogical manipulation
became part of the accepted story of the unification of the two kingdoms."
According to Wikipedia: "Merfyn Frych or
Merfyn Frych ap Gwriad (English: Merfyn the Freckled, son of Gwriad) was King of
Gwynedd (reigned 825 – 844), the first king not descended from the male line of
Maelgwn Gwynedd. Little is known of his reign, and his primary notability is as
the father of Rhodri the Great. Merfyn came to the throne in the aftermath of a
bloody dynastic struggle between brothers Cynan (reigned 798 – 816) and Hywel
(reigned 816 – 825), at a time when the kingdom had been under pressure from
Mercia. The Annales Cambriae says that he died in 844, the same year in which a
battle occurred at Ketill (or Cetyll), but it does not make clear whether there
is a connection, or whether it is referring to two unrelated events.
The times leading up to Merfyn's reign were
unsettled for both Gwynedd and neighbouring Powys. Both kingdoms were beset by
internal dynastic strife, external pressure from Mercia, and bad luck from
nature's whims. In 810 there was a bovine plague that killed many cattle
throughout Wales. The next year Deganwy, the ancient fortified llys (English:
royal court) of Maelgwn Gwynedd and built of wood, was struck by lightning. A
destructive dynastic war raged in Gwynedd between 812 and 816, particularly on
Anglesey, while in Powys a son of the king was killed by his brother
"through treachery". In 818 there was a notable battle at Llanfaes on
Anglesey. The combatants are not identified, but the site had been the llys of
King Cynan.
Coenwulf of Mercia took advantage of the
situation in 817, occupying Rhufoniog (see map) and laying waste to the
mountains of Eryri (English: Snowdonia), the defensive stronghold of Gwynedd.
Coastal Wales along the Dee Estuary was still in Mercian hands in 821, as it is
known that Coenwulf died peacefully at Basingwerk in that year. In 823 Mercia
laid waste to Powys and returned to Gwynedd to burn down Deganwy.
Gwynedd and Powys then gained a respite when
Mercia's attention turned elsewhere and its fortunes waned. King Beornwulf was
killed fighting the East Anglians in 826, his successor Ludeca suffered the
same fate the following year, and Mercia was conquered and occupied by Ecgberht
of Wessex in 829. Though Mercia managed to throw off Ecgberht's rule in 830, it
was thereafter beset by dynastic strife, and never regained its dominance,
either in Wales or eastern England.
It was just as Mercian power was on the verge
of breaking that Merfyn Frych came to the throne, certainly a case of
fortuitous timing.
Merfyn was linked to the earlier dynasty
through his mother Ethyllt (or Etthil or Essyllt, Esyllt), the daughter of King
Cynan (d. 816), rather than through his father Gwriad.[7][note 1] As his
father's origins are obscure, so is the basis of his claim to the throne (see
below).
Merfyn allied his own royal family with that
of Powys by marrying Nest, daughter or sister of King Cadell ap Brochwel.
Precious little is known of Merfyn's reign.
Thornton suggests that Merfyn was probably among the Welsh kings who were
defeated by Ecgberht, king of Wessex, in the year 830, but it is unknown how
this affected Merfyn's rule.
Merfyn is mentioned as a king of the Britons
in a copyist's addition to the Historia Brittonum and in the Bamberg
Cryptogram, but as both sources are traced to people working in Merfyn's own
court during his reign, it should not be considered more significant than
someone's respectful reference to his patron while working in his service.
In the literary sources, Merfyn's name appears
in the Dialogue between Myrddin and his sister Gwenddydd (Welsh: Cyfoesi
Myrddin a Gwenddydd ei chwaer), found in the mid-13th-century manuscript known
as the Red Book of Hergest. The dialogue is a prophecy of the future kings, and
lists among them Merfyn in the passage "meruin vrych o dir manaw"
(English: Merfyn Frych of the land of Manau).
Extremely little is known of Merfyn's father
Gwriad. Merfyn claimed descent from Llywarch Hen through him, and the royal
pedigree in Jesus College MS. 20 says that Gwriad was the son of Elidyr, who
bears the same name as his ancestor, the father of Llywarch Hen, Elidyr
lydanwyn. Supporting the veracity of the pedigree is an entry in the Annales Cambriae,
which states that Gwriad, the brother of Rhodri the Great, was slain on
Anglesey by the Saxons. That is to say, Merfyn named one of his sons after his
father Gwriad.
The discovery of a cross inscribed Crux Guriat
(English: Cross of Gwriad) on the Isle of Man and dated to the 8th or 9th
century raised the question of whether Gwriad's possible connection to
"Manaw" was to that of the Gododdin, once active in North Britain, or
to the Isle of Man (Welsh: Ynys Manaw). John Rhys suggested that Gwriad might
well have taken refuge on the Isle of Man during the bloody dynastic struggle
between Cynan and Hywel prior to Merfyn's accession to the throne, and that the
cross perhaps does refer to the refugee Gwriad, father of Merfyn. He goes on to
note that the Welsh Triads mention a 'Gwryat son of Gwryan in the North'. Other
locations for "Manaw" have been suggested, including Ireland,
Galloway and Powys.
While Rhys' suggestion is not implausible, his
reference to Gwriad's father Gwrian contradicts the royal pedigree, which says
that Gwriad's father was Elidir, so this may be a confusion of two different
people named Gwriad. Gwriad's name does appear with northern origins in the
Welsh Triads as one of the "Three kings, who were of the sons of
strangers" (sometimes referred to as the "Three Peasant Kings"),
where he is identified as the son of "Gwrian in the North".
The other literary references to Gwriad and
his father Gwrian also suggest that this Gwriad is a different person with the
same name as Merfyn's father. For example, Gwrian's name also appears in The
Verses of the Graves (Welsh: Englynion y Beddau) in the Black Book of
Carmarthen, as does Gwriad's name, which also appears in the Gododdin"
Merfyn = son of
Generation
39
0.110111011011011110001101111111111111111 Gwriad md. 0.110111011011011110001101111111111111110 Ethyllt
Gwriad = son of
Generation
40
0.1101110110110111100011011111111111111111 Elidyr
Elidyr = descendant of
? Llywarch Hen
According to Wikipedia: "Llywarch Hen
(meaning 'Llywarch the Old') was a 6th-century prince of the Brythonic kingdom
of Rheged, a ruling family in the Hen Ogledd or 'Old North' of Britain (modern
southern Scotland and northern England). He was first cousin to King Urien
Rheged and may possibly have been a monarch himself in the same region.
His life was the subject of a presumed lost
saga of which only the poetry, a series of englynion, survives. The words are
put into the mouth of Llywarch himself, although they were clearly composed
somewhat later, possibly in the 9th century. He bemoans the death of Urien and
returns to Rheged with his severed head. Other Brythons make war on Llywarch
and he is soon found living in poverty. He is advised to flee to Powys and this
he does. He is also sometimes associated with Llanfor, near Llyn Tegid in
Gwynedd.
In the poems about Llywarch, known as Canu
Llywarch Hen, it is said he had twenty-four sons, but various sources list as
many as thirty-nine, plus a few daughters. The Canu Heledd, concerning the fall
of the kings of the Pengwern region, and the elegy Geraint son of Erbin,
concerning the Battle of Llongborth, are also associated indirectly with
Llywarch."
= first cousin of Urien Rheged
According to Wikipedia: "Urien, often
referred to as Urien Rheged, was a late 6th century king of Rheged, an early
British kingdom of the Hen Ogledd (northern England and southern Scotland). His
power and his victories, including the battles of Gwen Ystrad and Alt Clut
Ford, are celebrated in the praise poems to him by Taliesin, preserved in the
Book of Taliesin. He had four sons, named Owain, Rhiwallon, Rhun and Pasgen,
the eldest of which succeeded him. He became the 'King Urien of Gore' of later
Arthurian legend and his son Owain mab Urien was later known as Ywain.
According to the genealogies, Urien was the
son of Cynfarch Oer, son of Meirchion Gul, son of Gorwst, son of Cenau, son of
Coel Hen (King Cole), the first recorded post-Roman military leader in the area
of Hadrian's Wall. He fought against the rulers of the Anglian kingdom of
Bernicia (modern Northumbria). An Anglian noble, Ida, had occupied Metcauld
around the middle of the sixth century and begun to raid the mainland. Urien
joined with other northern kings, Rhydderch Hael "the Generous" of
Strathclyde and two other descendants of Coel, Gwallog mab Llaenog and Morgant
Bwlch. They defeated the Angles and besieged them on Lindisfarne but, according
to the Historia Brittonum, Urien was assassinated at the command of Morgant
Bwlch who was jealous of his power. Shortly afterwards the Angles united with
the Scots of Ulster to inflict the decisive defeat of Dagsestone which broke
the power of the north British kingdoms. One of the Welsh Triads calls the
death of Urien one of the "Three Unfortunate Assassinations" and
another lists him as one of the "Three Great Battle-leaders of
Britain".
Urien remained a popular figure in Wales over
the centuries, and he and his son Owain were incorporated into Arthurian legend
as it spread from Britain to continental Europe. His kingdom was eventually
transferred to the mythical land of Gore, and Kings Lot of Lothian and
Auguselus of Scotland are sometimes said to be his brothers. During the reign
of Uther Pendragon he marries Arthur?s sister (often Morgan le Fay, but
sometimes another sister is named). He, like the kings of several other lands,
initially opposes Arthur?s ascendance to the throne after Uther?s death. Urien
and the others rebel against the young monarch, but upon their defeat, the
rebels become Arthur?s allies and vassals.
In the legends his marriage to Morgan is not
portrayed as a happy one, however, as in one story Morgan plots to take
Excalibur, kill Urien and Arthur, and place herself and her lover Accolon on
the throne. He is always said to be the father of Ywain (Owain), and many texts
give him a second son, Ywain the Bastard, fathered on his seneschal's wife.
Welsh tradition attributes to him a daughter named Morfydd.
Thomas Malory sometimes spells his name
"Urience", which has led some (e.g. Alfred Tennyson) to identify him
with King Rience."
Llywarch = son of
? 0.110111011011011110001101111111111111111111 Elidyr
Iydanwyn
________________
0.110111011011111101011010010 Princess
Berengária of Portugal md. 0.110111011011111101011010011 King
Valdemar II of Denmark, Valdemar the Conqueror or Valdemar the Victorious (May 9 June 28 1170 - March 28, 1241)
Berengaria of Portugal was a Portuguese
infanta, later Queen
consort of Denmark. She was the fifth daughter
of Portuguese King Sancho I and Dulce of Aragon. She married Danish King Valdemar II and was
the mother of Danish kings Eric IV, Abel and Christopher I.
Berengaria was the tenth of eleven children born to her parents. By the age of
seventeen in 1212, Berengaria was an orphan, her father died in 1212 and her
mother had died in 1198.
Old folk ballads says that on her deathbed, Dagmar of Bohemia
, Valdemar's first wife, begged the king to marry Kirsten, the daughter of Karl von Rise and not the "beautiful flower" Berengaria. In other words she predicted Berengaria's sons' fight over the throne would bring trouble to Denmark.Berengaria was introduced to King Valdemar
through his sister, Ingeborg, the wife of
King Philip II of France,
another of her cousins.
Berengaria = daughter of
Generation
28
0.1101110110111111010110100101 Sancho I King of
Portugal (Nov. 11, 1154 -
March 26, 1212) md. 0.1101110110111111010110100100
Dulce of Aragon, daughter of 0.11011101101111110101101001001 Ramon
Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona Family of Aragon
According to Wikipedia: "Sancho I nicknamed
the Populator , second monarch of Portugal, was born on 11 November 1154 in Coimbra and died on 26 March 1212 in the same city. He was the
second but only surviving legitimate son and fourth child of Afonso I
Henriques of Portugal by his
wife, Maud of Savoy. Sancho succeeded his
father in 1185. He used the title King of the Algarve and/or King of Silves between
1189 and 1191
"In 1170, Sancho was knighted by his
father, King Afonso I, and from then on he became his second in command, both
administratively and militarily. At this time, the independence of Portugal
(declared in 1139) was not firmly established. The kings of León and Castile
were trying to re-annex the country and the Roman Catholic
Church was late in giving its blessing and
approval. Due to this situation Afonso I had to search for allies within the Iberian
Peninsula.
Portugal made an alliance with the Crown
of Aragon and together they fought Castile and
León. To secure the agreement, Infante Sancho of Portugal married, in 1174,
Infanta Dulce of Aragon,
younger sister of King Alfonso II of Aragon. Aragon was thus the first
Iberian kingdom to recognize the independence of Portugal.
"With the death of Afonso I in 1185,
Sancho I became the second king of Portugal. Coimbra
was the centre of his kingdom; Sancho terminated the exhausting and generally
pointless wars against his neighbours for control of the Galician borderlands. Instead, he turned all his
attentions to the south, towards the Moorish
small kingdoms (called taifas) that still thrived. With Crusader help he took Silves in 1191. Silves was an
important city of the South, an administrative and commercial town with
population estimates around 20,000 people. Sancho ordered the fortification of
the city and built a castle which is today an important monument of Portuguese
heritage. However, military attention soon had to be turned again to the North,
where León and Castile threatened again the Portuguese borders. Silves was
again lost to the Moors. The global Muslim population had climbed to about 6
per cent while the Christian population was 12 per cent by 1200.
"Sancho I dedicated much of his reign to
political and administrative organization of the new kingdom. He accumulated a
national treasure, supported new industries and the middle class of merchants.
Moreover, he created several new towns and villages (like Guarda in 1199) and took great care in populating remote areas in
the northern Christian regions of Portugal, notably with Flemings and Burgundians – hence
the nickname "the Populator". The king was also known for his love of
knowledge and literature. Sancho I wrote several books of poems and used the
royal treasure to send Portuguese students to European universities."
Sancho = son of
Generation
29
0.11011101101111110101101001011
Afonso I Henriques, King of Portugal (c, 1109 - Dec. 6, 1185) md. 0.11011101101111110101101001010 Maud of Savoy (1125-1158)
According to Wikipedia: "Afonso I (c. 1109 Guimarães or Viseu – 6 December 1185,
Coimbra), AKA Afonso Henriques nicknamed "the Conqueror" ,"the Founder", or "the Great" by the Portuguese" and "son of Henry", or "Henriques" by the Moors whom he fought, was the first King of Portugal. He achieved the independence of the southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia -County of Portugal- from the León, in 1139, doubling its area with the Reconquista, which he carried until his death, in 1185, after forty-six years of wars against the Moors."Afonso I was the son of Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal
and Teresa of León, the illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso VI of León. He was proclaimed King on 25 July 1139, immediately after the Battle of Ourique, and died on 6 December 1185 in Coimbra."At the end of the 11th century, the Iberian Peninsula
political agenda was mostly concerned with the Reconquista, the driving out of the Muslim successor-states to the Caliphate of Córdoba after its collapse. With European military aristocracies focused on the Crusades, Alfonso VI called for the help of the French nobility to deal with the Moors. In exchange, he was to give the hands of his daughters in wedlock to the leaders of the expedition and bestow royal privileges to the others. Thus, the royal heiress Urraca of León wedded Raymond of Burgundy, younger son of the Count of Burgundy, and her half-sister, princess Teresa of León, wedded his cousin, another French crusader, Henry of Burgundy, younger brother of the Duke of Burgundy. Henry was made Count of Portugal, a burdensome county south of Galicia, where Moorish incursions and attacks were to be expected. With his wife Teresa as co-ruler of Portugal, Henry withstood the ordeal and held the lands for his father-in-law."From this marriage several children were born, but only one son, Afonso Henriques (meaning "Afonso son of Henry") survived. The boy, born 1109, followed his father as Count of Portugal in 1112, under the tutelage of his mother. The relations between Teresa and her son Afonso proved difficult. Only eleven years old, Afonso already had his own political ideas, greatly different from his mother's. In 1120, the young prince took the side of the
archbishop of Braga, a political foe of Teresa, and both were exiled by her orders. Afonso spent the next years away from his own county, under the watch of the bishop. In 1122 Afonso became fourteen, the adult age in the 12th century. He made himself a knight on his own account in the Cathedral of Zamora, raised an army, and proceeded to take control of his lands. Near Guimarães, at the Battle of São Mamede (1128) he overcame the troops under his mother's lover and ally Count Fernando Peres de Trava of Galicia, making her his prisoner and exiling her forever to a monastery in León. Thus the possibility of re-incorporating Portugal (up to then Southern Galicia) into a Kingdom of Galicia was eliminated and Afonso became sole ruler (Duke of Portugal) after demands for independence from the county's church and nobles. He also vanquished Alfonso VII of León, another of his mother's allies, and thus freed the county from political dependence on the crown of León. On 6 April 1129, Afonso Henriques dictated the writ in which he proclaimed himself Prince of Portugal."Afonso then turned his arms against the persistent problem of the Moors
in the south. His campaigns were successful and, on 25 July 1139, he obtained an overwhelming victory in the Battle of Ourique, and straight after was unanimously proclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers. This meant that Portugal was no longer a vassal county of León, but an independent kingdom in its own right. The first assembly of the estates-general convened at Lamego (wherein he would have been given the crown from the Archbishop of Braga, to confirm the independence) is likely to be a 17th century embellishment of Portuguese history."Independence, however, was not a thing a land could choose on its own. Portugal still had to be acknowledged by the neighboring lands and, most importantly, by the
Roman Catholic Church and the Pope. Afonso wed Mafalda of Savoy, daughter of Count Amadeo III of Savoy, and sent Ambassadors to Rome to negotiate with the Pope. In Portugal, he built several monasteries and convents and bestowed important privileges to religious orders. In 1143, he wrote to Pope Innocent II to declare himself and the kingdom servants of the Church, swearing to pursue driving the Moors out of the Iberian peninsula. Bypassing any king of León, Afonso declared himself the direct liegeman of the Papacy. Thus, Afonso continued to distinguish himself by his exploits against the Moors, from whom he wrested Santarém and Lisbon in 1147. He also conquered an important part of the land south of the Tagus River, although this was lost again to the Moors in the following years."Meanwhile, King Alfonso VII of León (Afonso's cousin) regarded the independent ruler of Portugal as nothing but a rebel. Conflict between the two was constant and bitter in the following years. Afonso became involved in a war, taking the side of the Aragonese king, an enemy of Castile. To ensure the alliance, his son Sancho
was engaged to Dulce, sister of the Count of Barcelona, and princess of Aragon. Finally, in 1143, the Treaty of Zamora established peace between the cousins and the recognition by the Kingdom of León that Portugal was an independent kingdom."In 1169, Afonso was disabled in an engagement near Badajoz by a fall from his
horse, and made prisoner by the soldiers of the king of León. Portugal was obliged to surrender as his ransom almost all the conquests Afonso had made in Galicia (North of the Minho)in the previous years."In 1179 the privileges and favours given to the Roman Catholic Church were compensated. In the
papal bull Manifestis Probatum, Pope Alexander III acknowledged Afonso as King and Portugal as an independent land with the right to conquer lands from the Moors. With this papal blessing, Portugal was at last secured as a country and safe from any Leonese attempts at annexation."In 1184, in spite of his great age, he
still had sufficient energy to relieve his son Sancho, who was besieged in Santarém by the Moors. Afonso died shortly after, on 6 December 1185.
"The Portuguese revere him as a hero,
both on account of his personal character and as the founder of their nation. There are stories that it would take 10 men to carry his
sword, and that Afonso would want to engage other monarchs in personal combat,
but no one would dare accept his challenge.
"In July 2006, the tomb of the King (which is located in the Santa Cruz Monastery in Coimbra) was to be opened for scientific purposes by researchers from the University of Coimbra
(Portugal), and the University of Granada (Spain). The opening of the tomb provoked considerable concern among some sectors of Portuguese society and IPPAR – Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico (Portuguese State Agency for Architectural Patrimony). The government halted the opening, requesting more protocols from the scientific team because of the importance of the king in the nation's formation.Alfonso = son of
Generation
30
0.110111011011111101011010010111 Henry
of Burgundy, Count of Portugal md. 0.110111011011111101011010010110 Teresa
of Leon, Countess of Portugal daughter of 0.1101110110111111010110100101101 King Alfonso VI of León
Henry = son of
Generation
31
0.1101110110111111010110100101111 Henry
of Burgundy md. 0.1101110110111111010110100101110
Beatrix of Barcelona
Henry = son of
Generation
32
0.11011101101111110101101001011111 Robert
I, Duke of Burgundy md. 0.11011101101111110101101001011110 Helie of Semur
Robert = son of
0.110111011011111101011010010111111
Robert II, King of France (March 27, 972 - July 20, 1031) md. 0.110111011011111101011010010111110 Constance of Arles, Ancestors of Robert II (from another line)_______________
0.1101110110111111010110100100 Agnes of Thuringia (1205-1246) md. 0.1101110110111111010110100101 Albert I, Duke of Saxony
Agnes = daughter of
Generation 28
0.11011101101111110101101001001
Landgrave
Hermann I of Thuringia (d. April 25, 1217)
According to Wikipedia: "Hermann I (died 25 April 1217), was
the second son of Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia (the Hard), and Judith
of Hohenstaufen, the sister of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. The composition of
the Latin hymns Veni Sancte Spiritus and Salve palatine of Saxony
are attributed to him.
"Little is known of his early years, but in 1180 Hermann joined a coalition against Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, and with his brother, Landgrave Ludwig III of Thuringia, suffered a short imprisonment after his defeat at Weissensee by Henry. About this time he received from his brother Louis the Saxon
County Palatine, over which he strengthened his authority by marrying Sophia, daughter of Lutgard of Stade and Fredrick II of Sommerschenburg, a former count palatine."Louis II died in 1190. Emperor Henry VI
attempted to seize Thuringia as a vacant fief of the Holy Roman Empire, but
Hermann frustrated the plan and established himself as the landgrave. Having
joined a league against the emperor, he was accused, probably wrongly, of an
attempt to murder him. Henry VI was not only successful in detaching Hermann
from the hostile combination, but gained his support for the scheme to unite
Sicily with the Empire.
"Hermann went on crusade in 1197. When
Henry VI died in 1198, Hermann's support was purchased by the late emperor's
brother Duke Philip of Swabia, but as soon as Philip's cause appeared to be
weakening he transferred his allegiance to Otto of Brunswick, the later Emperor
Otto IV. Philip accordingly invaded Thuringia in 1204 and compelled Hermann to
come to terms by which he surrendered the lands he had obtained in 1198. After
the death of Philip and the recognition of Otto, Hermann was among the princes
who invited Frederick of Hohenstaufen, afterwards Emperor Frederick II, to come
to Germany and assume the crown. In consequence of this step the Saxons
attacked Thuringia, but the landgrave was saved by Frederick's arrival in
Germany in 1212.
"After the death of his first wife in
1195, Hermann married Sophia, daughter of Otto of Wittelsbach. By her he had
four sons, two of whom, Ludwig IV of Thuringia and Heinrich Raspe, succeeded
their father in turn as landgrave. Hermann died at Gotha in 1217 and was buried
at Reinhardsbrunn.
"Hermann was fond of the society of men of letters, and Walther von der Vogelweide and other
Minnesingers were welcomed to his castle, the Wartburg. In this connection he figures in Richard Wagner's Tannhäuser."Herman = son of
Generation
29
0.110111011011111101011010010011 Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia (the
Hard) md. 0.110111011011111101011010010010
Judith of Hohenstaufen, Second Family of
Hohenstaufen
Louis = son of
Generation
30
0.1101110110111111010110100100111 Louis
I, Landgrave of Thuringia md. 0.1101110110111111010110100100110 Hedwig
of Gudensberg
Louis = son of
Generation
31
0.11011101101111110101101001001111 Ludwig
der Springer md. 0.11011101101111110101101001001110
Adelhel
of Stade, daughter of 0.110111011011111101011010010011101 Lothair
Udo II, margrave of the
Nordmark md. 0.110111011011111101011010010011100
Oda
of Werl
Ludwig = son of
Generation
32
0.110111011011111101011010010011111 Ludwig
der Bartige (d. 1056 or 1080) md. 0.110111011011111101011010010011110 Cecilia
of Sangerhausen
_________________
0.1101110110110111100110001 Marie
of Montpellier (1182 - April 18, 1213) md. 0.11011101101101111001100011 Peter
II of Aragon (1174- Sept.
12, 1213) Family of Aragon
Marie = daughter of
Generation
28
0.110111011011011110011000111 William
VIII of Monpellier (d. 1202) md. 0.110111011011011110011000110 Eudokia Komnene (c. 1150 or 1152 - c. 1203 Komnene
Family
According to Wikipedia: "William VIII of
Montpellier (died 1202) was Lord of Montpellier, the son of William VII. He
married Eudoxie or Eudokia Komnene, niece of the Byzantine emperor Manuel I
Komnenos. A condition of the marriage was that the firstborn child, boy or
girl, would succeed to the lordship of Montpellier on William's death. Wiiliam
VIII was a patron of troubadours. Arnaut de Mareuil came to his court after
fleeing from the entourage of Azalais of Toulouse, and at least one of Arnaut's
poems is addressed to him. William died in 1202. He and Eudoxie had no sons,
and it was their daughter Marie of Montpellier who was to benefit from the
terms of the marriage agreement."
According to Wikipedia: "William VIII of
Montpellier (died 1202) was Lord of Montpellier, the son of William VII. He
married Eudoxie or Eudokia Komnene, niece of the Byzantine emperor Manuel I
Komnenos. A condition of the marriage was that the firstborn child, boy or
girl, would succeed to the lordship of Montpellier on William's death. Wiiliam
VIII was a patron of troubadours. Arnaut de Mareuil came to his court after
fleeing from the entourage of Azalais of Toulouse, and at least one of Arnaut's
poems is addressed to him. William died in 1202. He and Eudoxie had no sons,
and it was their daughter Marie of Montpellier who was to benefit from the
terms of the marriage agreement."
According to Wikipedia: "Eudocia
Comnena (c. 1150 or 1152 – c. 1203) was a niece of Byzantine Emperor
Manuel I Komnenos, and wife of William VIII of Montpellier.
"Eudokia was a daughter of the
sebastokrator Isaac Komnenos by his second wife, Irene Synadene. Her father was
a son of Emperor John II Komnenos and Piroska of Hungary, the daughter of King
Ladislaus I of Hungary. Her sister Theodora Komnene married King Baldwin III of
Jerusalem and was afterwards the lover of Andronikos I Komnenos. Her older
half-sister Maria Komnene married King Stephen IV of Hungary.
"Eudokia Komnene was sent to Provence by
Manuel in 1174 to be betrothed to King Alfonso II of Aragon, but, on her
arrival, she found that he had just married Sancha of Castile. As the
troubadour Peire Vidal put it, he had preferred a poor Castilian maid to the
emperor Manuel's golden camel. After much indecision she married William VIII
of Montpellier in 1179, having made it a condition (to which all male citizens
of Montpellier were required to swear) that their firstborn child, boy or girl,
would succeed him in the lordship of Montpellier.
"Eudokia was sometimes described by
contemporaries, including the troubadours Folquet de Marselha and Guiraut de
Bornelh, as an empress (Occitan emperairitz) and was commonly said to be a
daughter of the emperor Manuel, which has led to some confusion among modern
authors about her family links. Other sources, such as Guillaume de Puylaurens,
correctly identify her as Manuel's niece.
"William and Eudokia had one daughter,
Marie of Montpellier, born in 1181 or 1182. In 1187 William divorced her
(because she encouraged the advances of Folquet de Marselha, according to the
Biographies des Troubadours; because William wanted a male heir, according to
documents likely to be more reliable). Eudokia was thereafter held at the
monastery of Aniane. She died about 1203, shortly before her daughter's third
marriage to King Peter II of Aragon."
William = son of
Generation
29
0.1101110110110111100110001111 William VII of Monpellier (d. c. 1172)
md. 0.1101110110110111100110001110 Matilda
of Burgundy, daughter of 0.11011101101101111001100011101 Hugh
II, Duke of Burgundy reigned 1103-1143,
who was son of 0.110111011011011110011000111011 Eudes I of Burgundy (1058 - March 23, 1103)
reigned 1079 to 1103 Crusader, who
was son of 0.1101110110110111100110001110111
Henry of Burgundy (1035 - c. 1071),
who was son of 0.1101110110110111100110001110111
Robert I Duke of Burgundy (1011- March 21, 1076), son of 0.11011101101101111001100011101111 King
Robert II of France
According to Wikipedia: "William VII of
Montpellier was the eldest son of William VI and of his wife Sibylle. Aged
around 15, he inherited the lordship of Montpellier from his father in 1146
under the tutelage of his grandmother, Ermessende of Melgueil. In 1156 he
married Matilda of Burgundy, daughter of Hugh II, Duke of Burgundy. He fell ill
in 1171 and made his will on St Michael's day (29 September 1171), appointing
his brother Gui Guerrejat and John of Montlaur, bishop of Maguelonne, as joint
guardians of his young sons. He probably died in 1172."
According to Wikipedia: "Hugh II of
Burgundy (1084–1143) was duke of Burgundy between 1103 and 1143. Hugh was son
of Eudes I, Duke of Burgundy. He married about 1115 to Felicia-Matilda of
Mayenne, daughter of Gauthier, Count of Mayenne and Adelina de Presles."
According to Wikipedia: "Eudes I,
surnamed Borel and called the Red, (1058–23 March 1103) was Duke of Burgundy
between 1079 and 1103. Eudes was the second son of Henry of Burgundy and
grandson of Robert I. He became the duke following the abdication of his older
brother, Hugh I, who retired to become a Benedictine monk. Eudes married
Sibylla of Burgundy (1065 - 1101), daughter of William I, Count of Burgundy.
"They had:
* Florine of Burgundy 1083-1097
* Helie of Burgundy 1080-1141 wife of Bertrand of Toulouse
and William III of Ponthieu
* Hugh II of Burgundy
* Henry d.1131
"An interesting incident is reported of
this robber baron by an eyewitness, Eadmer, biographer of Anselm of Canterbury.
While Saint Anselm was progressing through Eudes's territory on his way to Rome
in 1097, the bandit, expecting great treasure in the archbishop's retinue,
prepared to ambush and loot it. Coming upon the prelate's train, the duke asked
for the archbishop, whom they had not found. Anselm promptly came forward and
took the duke by surprise, saying "My lord duke, suffer me to embrace
thee." The flabbergasted duke immediately allowed the bishop to embrace
him and offered himself as Anselm's humble servant.
"He was a participant in the ill-fated
Crusade of 1101."
According to Wikipedia: "Henry of
Burgundy (1035 – c. 1071) was the son and heir of Robert I, duke of Burgundy.
He died shortly before his father and failed to succeed in Burgundy. The name
of his wife is unknown (that it was Sibil has been discredited) as is her origin,
although a connection to the Counts of Barcelona has been hypothesized."
According to Wikipedia: "Robert I Capet
(1011 – March 21, 1076) was duke of Burgundy between 1032 to his death. Robert
was son of King Robert II of France and brother of Henry I.
"In 1025, with the death of his eldest
brother Hugh Magnus, he and Henry rebelled against their father and defeated
him, forcing him back to Paris. In 1031, after the death of his father the
king, Robert participated in a rebellion against his brother, in which he was
supported by his mother, Queen Constance d'Arles. Peace was only achieved when
Robert was given Burgundy (1032).
"Throughout his reign, he was little more
than a robber baron who had no control over his own vassals, whose estates he
often plundered, especially those of the Church. He seized the income of the
diocese of Autun and the wine of the canons of Dijon. He burgled the abbey of
St-Germain at Auxerre. In 1055, he repudiated his wife, Helie of Semur, and
assassinated her brother Joceran and murdered her father, his father-in-law,
Lord Dalmace I of Semur, with his own hands. In that same year, the bishop of
Langres, Harduoin, refused to dedicate the church of Sennecy so as not "to
be exposed to the violence of the duke."
"His first son, Hugh, died in battle at a
young age and his second son, Henry, also predeceased him. He was succeeded by
Henry's eldest son, his grandson, Hugh I."
William = son of
0.11011101101101111001100011111
William VI of Montpellier (d. after 1161) md. 0.11011101101101111001100011110 SibylleAccording to Wikipedia: "William VI of
Montpellier was the elder son of William V and his wife Ermessende (daughter of
Peter of Melgueil). William succeeded his father in the lordship of
Montpellier; he inherited it in 1120, while still a minor, under his mother's
guardianship. William of Aumelas was his brother.
William VI's wife was named Sibylle, but her
origin is uncertain. According to documents adduced at the annulment of the
marriage of Marie of Montpellier, her great-granddaughter, she was the daughter
of Boniface del Vasto and therefore the sister of Manfred I of Saluzzo, but
this cannot be confirmed.
Inconsolable at the recent death of Sibylle,
William VI made his will in 1146 and took holy orders, entering the Cistercian
monastery of Grandselve in the diocese of Toulouse[1] in early 1147. He died at
some date after 1161, having settled, in that year, an inheritance dispute
between his sons William (VII) and Gui.
William = son of
Generation
30
0.110111011011011110011000111111 William V of Montpellier (1075-1121) Crusader
md. 0.110111011011011110011000111110
Ermessende, daughter of 0.1101110110110111100110001111101
Peter Count of Mauguio
According to Wikipedia: "William V or
Guilhem V (1075 – 1121) was the Lord of Montpellier from an early age until his
death. He was the son of Bernard William IV.
"Soon after his father's death, his
mother, Ermengarde, quit Montpellier to marry the Lord of Anduze. William IV
had confided the tutelage of his son to the child's grandmother, Beliarde, and
to his nearest relatives: William Arnold, Raymond Stephen, and William Aymoin.
After a short conflict with the bishop of Maguelonne, William V rendered homage
to the bishop on 10 December 1090 and was recognised as lord of Montpellier.
"At the call of Pope Urban II, William
took up the cross of the First Crusade under the banner of Raymond IV of
Toulouse. He served notable at the capture of the small Syrian village of Maara
in 1098. After the fall of Jerusalem in 1099, William remained in the Holy Land
for a while. He remained at the side of Godfrey de Bouillon and accompanied him
to the Battle of Arsuf in December. He did not return to Montpellier until
1103, bringing with him a relic of Saint Cleopas.
"When William returned, he found that the
Aimoin brothers to whom he had confided the administration of the lordship in
his absence had usurped many seigniorial rights and that he was obligated to
recognise much of their newfound authority, which diminished his own, in order
to retain his position.
"William participated in the army of
Raymond Berengar III of Barcelona which captured Majorca from the Moors in
1114. The rest of his reign was marked by the important acquisition of nearby
territories, which greatly recouped his power: Montarnaud, Cournonsec,
Montferrier, Frontignan, Aumelas, Montbazin, Popian.
"By his marriage to Ermensenda, daughter
of the Peter, Count of Mauguio, he had six children."
William = son of
Generation
31
0.1101110110110111100110001111111 Bernard
William IV of Monpellier
__________________
0.1101110110111111010010 Elisabeth of
Bavaria-Landshut (1383-1442) md. 0.1101110110111111010011 Frederick I Margrave of Brandenburg and
Burgrave of Nuremberg (1371-1440)
Elizabeth = daughter of
Generation
27
0.11011101101111110100101 Frederick,
Duke of Bavaria (1339 - 1393) md. 0.11011101101111110100100 Maddelena Visconti
Frederick = son of
Generation
28
0.110111011011111101001011 Stephen
II, Duke of Bavaria md. 1328 0.110111011011111101001010 Elisabeth of Sicily
AKA Isabel of Aragon (1310 - 1349)
Elizabeth = daughter of
Generation
29
0.1101110110111111010010110 Eleanor of
Anjou AKA Eleanor of Naples (1289 - 1341) md. 0.1101110110111111010010111
Frederick III, King of Sicily
Eleanor = daughter of
Generation 30
0.11011101101111110100101101 Charles II,
"the Lame", King of Naples and
Sicily, King of Jerusalem, Prince of Salerno md. 0.11011101101111110100101100
Mary of Hungary (1257 - 1323) Second Family of Hungary
________________
0.11011101101101111011101110 Isabella or Isobel of Huntingdon
(1199-1251) md. 0.11011101101101111011101111
Robert Bruce, 4th Lord of Annandale (d. between 1226 and 1233)
According to Wikipedia: "Robert IV de Brus(? 1226
x 1233) was a 13th century Lord of Annandale.He was the son of William de Brus,
3rd Lord of Annandale and Christina or Beatrice de Teyden. Robert IV married
Isabella, the second daughter of David of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon, by
which marriage he acquired the manors of Writtle and Hatfield Broadoak, Essex
in England. They had his heir and successor: Robert V de Brus. He died sometime
between 1226 and 1233, and was buried in Guisborough Priory."
Isabella = daughter of
Generation
28
0.110111011011011110111011111 David
of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon (c. 1144 - June 17, 1219)
md. 0.110111011011011110111011110 Maud of Chester,
daughter of 0.1101110110110111101110111101 Hugh de Kevlioc, 3rd
Earl of Chester
David = son of
Generation
29
0.1101110110110111101110111111 Henry
of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon and Northamption and Earl of
Northumberland (1114 - June 12,
1152) md. 0.1101110110110111101110111110 Ada de Warenne,
daughter of 0.11011101101101111011101111101 William de Warenne,
2nd Earl of Surrey and 0.11011101101101111011101111100
Elizabeth de Vermandois
Henry = son of
Generation
30
0.11011101101101111011101111111 King David
I of Scotland, Prince of the Cumbrians and King of the Scots (Alpin
dynasty) reigned 1124-1153) md. 0.11011101101101111011101111110
Maud, 2nd countess of Huntingdon (1074-1130) daughter of 0.110111011011011110111011111101
Waltheof II, Earl of Northumbria and
Huntingdon (beheaded 1075) md.
0.110111011011011110111011111100 Judith of Lens
According to Wikipedia: "David I or Dabíd
mac Maíl Choluim (Modern: Daibhidh I mac [Mhaoil] Chaluim;[1] b. 1083 x 1085,
d. 24 May 1153) was a 12th century ruler who was in succession Prince of the
Cumbrians (x 1113–1124) and King of the Scots (1124–1153). The youngest son of
Máel Coluim mac Donnchada and Margaret, David spent most of his childhood in
Scotland, but was exiled to England in 1093. At some point, perhaps after 1100,
he became a hanger-on at the court of King Henry I and experienced long
exposure to Norman and Anglo-French culture."
David = son of
Generation
31
0.110111011011011110111011111111 Malcolm
III King of Scotland
(1031-1093) reigned 1058-1093 (defeated
Macbeth) md. 0.110111011011011110111011111110
Saint Margaret
(1045-1093) daughter of 0.1101110110110111101110111111101 Prince
Edward the Exile (1016-1057), who
was the son of 0.110111011011011110111011111110 11 Edmund Ironside
(988/993-1016) King of England reigned 1016, who unsuccessfully tried to fend
off the Danish invasion by King Canute
Malcolm = son of
Generation
32
0.1101110110110111101110111111111 Duncan I, King of Scotland (c. 1001-1040) reigned
1034-1040 (murdered by Macbeth)
Duncan = son of
Generation
33
0.11011101101101111011101111111111 Crinan
of Dunkeld AKA Grimus, Mormaer of Atholl,
Lay Abbot of Dunkeld (b. c. 975 in Athoil, Perthshire,Scotland killed in battle
in 1045 at Dunkeld) md. 0.11011101101101111011101111111110 Bethoc of Scone daughter of King Malcolm II
of Scotland (954-1034) Alpin
Family
0.110111011011011110001110 Marguerite of France (Capet) (1282 - Feb. 14, 1317) md.0.110111011011011110001111 King Edward I of England "Longshanks" (June 14, 1229 - July 7, 1307) reigned 1272-1307) Plantagenet Family
[Cary-Estes p. 84 Margaret md. Edward I King of England]
Marguerite = daughter of
Generation 25
0.1101110110110111100011101 King
Philip III "the Bold" of France (Capet) (1245-1285), reigned 1270-1285 md. Aug. 21, 1274 . 0.1101110110110111100011100 Maria of Brabant (May 13, 1254, Leuven - Jan. 10, 1321, Murel) Brabant
Family
He also married Isabella of Aragon
(1247-1271) and by that marriage had Charles of Valois from whom we are
also descended. Valois Family
[Cary-Estes p. 84 Marie of Brabant md. Philip III King of France]
Philip appears in Dante's
Divine Comedy, According to Wikipedia "In the
Divine Comedy, Dante sees Philip's spirit outside the gates of Purgatory with a
number of other contemporary European rulers. Dante does not name Philip
directly, but refers to him as 'the small-nosed' and 'the father of the Pest of
France.'"
_____________
0.110111011011011110011110 Eleanor
of Castile (1241-1290) md. 0.110111011011011110011111
Edward I, King of England (Plantagenet) (1239-1307) reigned (1272-1304)
Eleanor = daughter of
Generation 26
0.1101110110110111100111101 Fernando III, King of Castile and Leon md. 0.1101110110110111100111100 Jeanne, Countess of Ponthieu
Fernando = son of
Generation 27
0.11011101101101111001111011 Alfonso IX of Leon (Aug. 15, 1171 - Sept 23 or 24, 1230) md. 1197 0.11011101101101111001111010
Berengaria of Castile
Alfonso = son of
Generation 28
0.110111011011011110011110111 Ferdinand II of Leon (c. 1137 - Jan. 22, 1188) md. 0.110111011011011110011110110
Urraca of Portugal
Ferdinand = son of
Generation 29
0.1101110110110111100111101111
Alfonso VII of Leon and Castile (March 1, 1105 - Aug. 21, 1157) md. 0.1101110110110111100111101110
Berenguela of Barcelona
Alfonso = son of
Generation 30
0.11011101101101111001111011111
Raymond, Count of Galicia (c. 1070 - May 2, 1107) md. 0.11011101101101111001111011110 Urraca, Queen of Leon and
Castile
Raymond = son of
Generation 31
0.110111011011011110011110111111
William I, Count of Burgundy, the Great (1020 - Nov. 12, 1087) md. 0.110111011011011110011110111110 Stephanie
William = son of
Generation 32
0.1101110110110111100111101111111
Renaud I, Count of Burgundy (986 - 1057) md. 0.1101110110110111100111101111110 Alice of Normandy
Renaud = son of
Generation 33
0.11011101101101111001111011111111
Otto-William, Count of Burgundy (955/62 - Sept.
21, 1026) md. 0.11011101101101111001111011111110
Ermentrude de Roucy
Otto-William = son of
Generation 34
0.110111011011011110011110111111111
Adalbert II of Ivrea (932/936 - 971/975) md. 0.110111011011011110011110111111110
Gerberga
of Macon
Adalbert = son of
Geneation 35
0.1101110110110111100111101111111111
Berengar II (c. 900 - Aug. 4, 966) md. 0.1101110110110111100111101111111110 Willa of Tuscany
Berengar = son of
Generation 36
0.11011101101101111001111011111111111
Adalbert I Margrave of Ivrea (d. after Feb. 28,
929) md. 0.11011101101101111001111011111111110 Gisela of Friuli
Adalbert = son of
Generation 37
0.110111011011011110011110111111111111
Anscar I Margrave of Ivrea (860 - March 902)
Anscar = son of
Generation 38
0.1101110110110111100111101111111111111
Amadeus of Oscheret (c. 790 - 867)
_______________
0.1101110110111111010110100 Sophia of Denmark md. 0.1101110110111111010110101 Valdemar I, King of Sweden (1239 - 1302)
Sophia = daughter of
Generation 26
0.11011101101111110101101001 Eric IV, King of Denmark, AKA Eric Ploughpenny, king
from 1241 until his death (1216 - Aug. 9,
1250) md. 0.110111011011111101011010010
Jutta of Saxony (d. 1250) Second Family of Saxony
Eric =
son of
Generation
27
0.110111011011111101011010011
King Valdemar
II of Denmark, Valdemar the Conqueror or Valdemar the Victorious (May 9, 1170 or June 28 1170 - March
28, 1241) md. 0.110111011011111101011010010
Princess Berengária of Portugal, Family of Portugal
Valdemar
= son of
Generation 28
0.1101110110111111010110100111 King Valdemar
I of Denmark (Jan. 14, 1131 -
May 12, 1182) md. 0.1101110110111111010110100110 Sophia
Valadarsdattir, a Varangian princess
[see line of his daughter
Helen, also an ancestor]
Vlademar = son of
Generation
29
0.11011101101111110101101001111
Canute Lavard (c. 1090- Jan. 7, 1131) 0.11011101101111110101101001110 Ingeborg
of Kiev, Second Kiev Family
According to Wikipedia: "Canute
Lavard (meaning "Canute the Lord," was a Danish prince and Earl,
later Duke of Schleswig.
Canute = son of
Generation
30
0.110111011011111101011010011111 Eric I (Evergood) King of Denmark (c. 1060 - July 10, 1103)
md. 0.110111011011111101011010011110
Boedil Thurgotsdatter
Eric = son of
Generation
31
0.1101110110111111010110100111111 King
Sweyn II Estridsson md. 0.1101110110111111010110100111110 Gunhild Sveinsdotter
Sweyn = son of
Generation
32
0.11011101101111110101101001111111 Ulf
Thorgilsson md. 0.11011101101111110101101001111110 Estrid
Margarete Svendsdatter
Ulf = son of
0.1101110110111111010110100111111
11 Thorgil Styrbjornsson SparklingThorgil = son of
0.1101110110111111010110100111111
111 Styrbjorn the Strong (d. 985) md. 0.1101110110111111010110100111111110 Thyra Haraldsdotter of DenmarkAccording to Wikipedia: "Styrbjörn the Strong (died c. 985) was, according to late Norse sagas, the son of the
Swedish king Olof, and the nephew of Olof's co-ruler and successor Eric the Victorious, who defeated and killed Styrbjörn at the Battle of Fyrisvellir.As with many figures in the sagas, doubts have been cast on his existence, but he is mentioned in a roughly contemporary skaldic poem about the battle. According to legend, his original name was Björn (English : Beorn)."It is believed that there once was a full saga about Styrbjörn, but most of what is extant is found in the short Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa. Parts of his story are also retold in Eyrbyggja saga,
Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum (book 10), Knýtlinga saga and Hervarar saga. He is also mentioned in the Heimskringla (several times), and in Yngvars saga víðförla, where Ingvar the Far-Travelled is compared to his kinsman Styrbjörn. Oddr Snorrason also mentions him in Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar (c. 1190), writing that Styrbjörn was defeated with magic. In modern days, he is also the hero of a novel called Styrbiorn the Strong by the English author Eric Rücker Eddison (1926) and he figures in The Long Ships, by Frans G Bengtsson."Styrbjorn = son of
0.1101110110111111010110100111111
1111 King Olof II Bjornsson of Sweden (d. 975) md. 0.11011101101111110101101001111111110 Ingeborg Thrandsdotter_________________
0.110111011011111101011010010 Jutta of Saxony (d. 1250) md. 0.11011101101111110101101001 Eric IV, King of Denmark, AKA Eric
Ploughpenny, king from 1241 until his death (1216 - Aug. 9,
1250)
Jutta = daughter of
Generation 27
0.1101110110111111010110100101 Albert
I, Duke of Saxony (1175-1260) md. 0.1101110110111111010110100100
Agnes of Thuringia,
daughter of 0.11011101101111110101101001001
Landgrave Hermann I of Thuringia Family of Thuringia
Albert = son of
Generation
28
0.11011101101111110101101001011
Bernard III, Duke of Saxony (c. 1134 - Feb. 2, 1212) md. 0.11011101101111110101101001010 Brigitte
of Denmark
Bernard = son of
Generation
29
0.110111011011111101011010010111
Albert the Bear, First Margrave of Brandenburg (c.
1100 - Nov. 18, 1170) md. 0.110111011011111101011010010110 Sophie
Winzenburg
Albert = son of
Generation
30
0.1101110110111111010110100101111
Otto, Count of Ballenstedt (c. 1070 - Feb. 9, 1123) md. 0.1101110110111111010110100101110 Eilika
of Saxony
Otto = son of
Generation
31
0.11011101101111110101101001011111
Adalbert II, Count of Ballenstedt (c. 1030 - 1076/1083) md. 0.11011101101111110101101001011110 Adelaide
of Weimar-Orlamunde
Adalbert = son of
Generation
32
0.110111011011111101011010010111111
Esico of Ballenstedt (d. 1060) progenitor of the House of
Ascania) md. 0.110111011011111101011010010111110
Matilda of Swabia
Esico = son of
Generation
33
0.1101110110111111010110100101111111
Adalbert of Ballenstedt (?) md. 0.1101110110111111010110100101111110 Hidda (?)
Philip appears in Dante's Divine Comedy, According to Wikipedia "In the Divine Comedy, Dante sees Philip's spirit outside the gates of Purgatory with a number of other contemporary European rulers. Dante does not name Philip directly, but refers to him as 'the small-nosed' and 'the father of the Pest of France.'"
Maria = daughter of
Generation 26
0.11011101101101111000111001 Henry III, Duke of
Brabant (c. 1230- Feb. 28, 1261, Leuven) md. 0.11011101101101111000111000 Adelaide of Burgundy, daughter of 0.110111011011011110001110001 Hugh IV, Duke of Bugundy
[Cary-Estes p. 84 Henry III of
Brabant]
Henry = son of
Generation 27
0.110111011011011110001110011 Henry II, Duke of Brabant (1207 - Feb. 1, 1248, in Leuven) md. 0.110111011011011110001110010 Marie of Hohenstaufen (April 3, 1201 in Arezzo, Tascany, Italy -1235) First Hohenstaufen Family
[Cary-Estes p. 84 Marie
md. Henry II of Brabant]
Generation 28
Henry = son of
0.1101110110110111100011100111 Henry
I "the Courageous" Duke of Brabant (1165, Leuven - Sept. 5, 1235, Cologne) md.
1179 0.1101110110110111100011100110 Mathilde
of Boulogne (AKA
Mathilde of Flanders), daughter of 0.11011101101101111000111001101 Matthew
of Alsace md. 0.11011101101101111000111001100 Marie
of Boulogne, daughter of 0.110111011011011110001110011001 King
Stephen of England md. 0.110111011011011110001110011000 Matilda
I, Countess of Boulogne
Henry = son of
Generation
29
0.11011101101101111000111001111
Godfrey III of Leuven, Duke of Lower Lotharingia and Landgrave of Brabant md. 0.11011101101101111000111001110 Margaret
of Limbug
Godfrey = son of
Generation
30
0.110111011011011110001110011111
Godfrey II Count of Leuven and Landgrave of Brabant (c. 1110 - June 13, 1142) and 0.110111011011011110001110011110 Lutgarde
of Sulzbach
Godfrey = son of
Generation
31
0.1101110110110111100011100111111 Godfrey
I "the Bearded", "the Courageous" or "the Great" Landgrave of Brabant and Count of Burssels and
Leuven, Duke of Lower Lorraine, and Margrave of Antwerp (c. 1060 - Jan. 25,
1139) md. 0.1101110110110111100011100111110 Ida of
Chiny
Godfrey = son of
Generation
32
0.11011101101101111000111001111111 Henry II of Leuven md. 0.11011101101101111000111001111110 Countess Adela
___________________________
0.110111011011011110011000 Isabella
of Aragon (1247-1271) md. 0.110111011011011110011001 King Philip III "the Bold"
of France (Capet) (1245-1285), reigned 1270-1285
Philip
appears in Dante's Divine Comedy, According to Wikipedia "In the Divine Comedy, Dante sees
Philip's spirit outside the gates of Purgatory with a number of other
contemporary European rulers. Dante does not name Philip directly, but refers
to him as 'the small-nosed' and 'the father of the Pest of France.'"
According to Wikipedia: "Philip III (30
April 1245 – 5 October 1285), called the Bold (French: le Hardi), was the King
of France, succeeding his father, Louis IX, and reigning from 1270 to 1285. He
was a member of the House of Capet.
"Born in Poissy, to Louis IX (the later
Saint Louis) and Marguerite of Provence, Philip was prior to his accession
Count of Orleans. He accompanied his father on the Eighth Crusade to Tunisia in
1270. His father died at Tunis and there Philip was declared king at the age of
25. Philip was indecisive, soft in nature, timid, and apparently crushed by the
strong personalities of his parents and dominated by his father's policies. He
was called "the Bold" on the basis of his abilities in combat and on
horseback and not his character. He was pious, but not cultivated. He followed
the dictates of others, first of Pierre de la Broce and then of his uncle
Charles I of Sicily.
"After his succession, he quickly set his
uncle on negotiations with the emir to conclude the crusade, while he himself
returned to France. A ten-year truce was concluded and Philip was crowned in
France on 12 August 1271. On 21 August, his uncle, Alfonso, Count of Poitou,
Toulouse, and Auvergne, died returning from the crusade in Italy. Philip
inherited his counties and united them to the royal demesne. The portion of the
Auvergne which he inherited became the "Terre royale d'Auvergne,"
later the Duchy of Auvergne. In accordance with Alfonso's wishes, the Comtat
Venaissin was granted to the Pope Gregory X in 1274. Several years of
negotiations yielded the Treaty of Amiens with Edward I of England in 1279.
Thereby Philip restored to the English the Agenais which had fallen to him with
the death of Alfonso. In 1284, Philip also inherited the counties of Perche and
Alençon from his brother Pierre.
"Philip all the while supported his
uncle's policy in Italy. When, after the Sicilian Vespers of 1282, Peter III of
Aragon invaded and took the island of Sicily, the pope, Martin IV,
excommunicated the conqueror and declared his kingdom (put under the suzerainty
of the pope by Peter II in 1205) forfeit. He granted Aragon to Charles, Count
of Valois, Philip's son. Philip intervened in the Navarrese succession after
the death of Henry I of Navarre and married his son, Philip the Fair, to the
heiress of Navarre, Joan I.
"In 1284, Philip and his sons entered
Roussillon at the head of a large army. This war, called the Aragonese Crusade
from its papal sanction, has been labelled "perhaps the most unjust,
unnecessary and calamitous enterprise ever undertaken by the Capetian
monarchy."[1] On 26 June 1285, Philip the Bold entrenched himself before
Gerona in an attempt to besiege it. The resistance was strong, but the city was
taken on 7 September. Philip soon experienced a reversal, however, as the
French camp was hit hard by an epidemic of dysentery. Philip himself was
afflicted. The French retreated and were handily defeated at the Battle of the
Col de Panissars. The king of France himself died at Perpignan, the capital of
his ally James II of Majorca, and was buried in Narbonne. He currently lies
buried with his wife Isabella of Aragon in Saint Denis Basilica in Paris.
According to Wikipedia: "Isabella of
Aragon (1247 – 28 January 1271), infanta of Aragon, was, by marriage, Queen
consort of France in the Middle Ages from 1270 to 1271.
She was the daughter of King James I of
Aragon and his second wife Violant of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of
Hungary.
"In Clermont on 28 May 1262, she married
the future Philip III of France, son of king Louis IX and Marguerite of
Provence. They had four sons:
1. Louis (b. 1265 - d. 1276).
2. Philip IV "the Fair" (b. 1268 - d. 1314), King of
France.
3. Robert (b. 1269 - d. 1271).
4. Charles of Valois (b. 1270 - d. 1325).
"She accompanied her husband on the
Eighth Crusade against Tunis. On their way home, they stopped in Cosenza,
Calabria. Six months pregnant with her fifth child, on 11 January 1271 she
suffered a fall from her horse after they had resumed the trip back to France.
Isabella gave birth to a premature stillborn son.[1] She never recovered from
her injuries and the childbirth, and died seventeen days later, on 28 January.
Her husband took her body and their stillborn son and, when he finally returned
to France, buried her in Saint Denis Basilica. Her tomb, like many others, was
desecrated during the French Revolution in 1793."
Isabella = daughter of
Generation
27
0.1101110110110111100110001 King James I of Aragon, the Conqueror (Feb. 2, 1208 - July 1276) almost
a Crusader md. 0.1101110110110111100110000 Violant
or Yolanda (c. 1212 -
1253) daughter of 0.11011101101101111001100001
Andrew II of Hungary
According to Wikipedia: "James I the
Conqueror (Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor,
Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador, Occitan: Jacme lo Conquistaire; 2 February 1208
– 27 July 1276) was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of
Montpellier from 1213 to 1276. His long reign saw the expansion of the Crown of
Aragon on all sides: into Valencia to the south, Languedoc to the north, and
the Balearic Islands to the east. By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he
wrested the county of Barcelona from nominal French suzerainty and integrated
it into his crown. His part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean
Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia.
"As a legislator and organiser, he
occupies a high place among the Spanish kings. James compiled the Libre del
Consulat de Mar,[1] which governed maritime trade and helped establish
Aragonese supremacy in the western Mediterranean. He was an important figure in
the development of Catalan, sponsoring Catalan literature and writing a
quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the Llibre dels fets.
"James was born at Montpellier as the
only son of Peter II and Mary, heiress of William VIII of Montpellier and
Eudokia Komnene. As a child, James was a pawn in the power politics of
Provence, where his father was engaged in struggles helping the Cathar heretics
of Albi against the Albigensian Crusaders led by Simon IV de Montfort, Earl of
Leicester, who were trying to exterminate them. Peter endeavoured to placate
the northern crusaders by arranging a marriage between his son James and
Simon's daughter. He entrusted the boy to be educated in Montfort's care in
1211, but was soon forced to take up arms against him, dying at the Battle of
Muret on 12 September 1213. Montfort would willingly have used James as a means
of extending his own power had not the Aragonese and Catalans appealed to Pope
Innocent III, who insisted that Montfort surrender him. James was handed over,
at Carcassonne, in May or June 1214, to the papal legate Peter of Benevento.
"James was then sent to Monzón, where he
was entrusted to the care of William of Montredon, the head of the Knights
Templar in Spain and Provence; the regency meanwhile fell to his great uncle
Sancho, Count of Roussillon, and his son, the king's cousin, Nuño. The kingdom
was given over to confusion until, in 1217, the Templars and some of the more
loyal nobles brought the young king to Zaragoza.[2]
"In 1221, he was married to Eleanor,
daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. The next six years
of his reign were full of rebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of
Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms.[3]
"In 1228, James faced the sternest
opposition from a vassal yet. Guerau IV de Cabrera had occupied the County of
Urgell in opposition to Aurembiax, the heiress of Ermengol VIII, who had died
without sons in 1208. While Aurembiax' mother, Elvira, had made herself a protegée
of James' father, on her death (1220), Guerao had occupied the county and
displaced Aurembiax, claiming that a woman could not inherit.
"James intervened on behalf of Aurembiax,
whom he owed protection. He bought Guerau off and allowed Aurembiax to reclaim
her territory, which she did at Lleida, probably also becoming one of James'
earliest mistresses.[4] She surrendered Lleida to James and agreed to hold
Urgell in fief from him. On her death in 1231, James exchanged the Balearic
Islands for Urgell with her widower, Peter of Portugal.
"From 1230 to 1232, James negotiated with
Sancho VII of Navarre, who desired his help against his nephew and closest
living male relative, Theobald IV of Champagne. James and Sancho negotiated a
treaty whereby James would inherit Navarre on the old Sancho's death, but when
this did occur, the Navarrese nobless instead elevated Theobald to the throne
(1234), and James disputed it. Pope Gregory IX was required to intervene.[5] In
the end, James accepted Theobald's succession.
"James endeavoured to form a state
straddling the Pyrenees, to counterbalance the power of France north of the
Loire. As with the much earlier Visigothic attempt, this policy was victim to
physical, cultural, and political obstacles. As in the case of Navarre, he was
too wise to launch into perilous adventures. By the Treaty of Corbeil, signed
in May 1258, he frankly withdrew from conflict with Louis IX of France and was
content with the recognition of his position, and the surrender of antiquated and
illusory French claims to the overlordship of Catalonia.
"After his false start at uniting Aragon
with the Kingdom of Navarre through a scheme of mutual adoption, James turned
to the south and the Mediterranean Sea, where he conquered Majorca on 10 September
in 1229 and the rest of the Balearic Islands; Minorca 1232; Ibiza 1235) and
where Valencia capitulated 28 September 1238.
"During his remaining two decades after
Corbeil, James warred with the Moors in Murcia, on behalf of his son-in-law
Alfonso X of Castile. On 26 March 1244, the two monarchs signed the Treaty of
Almizra to determine the zones of their expansion into Andalusia so as to
prevent squabbling between them. Specifically, it defined the borders of the
newly-created Kingdom of Valencia. James signed it on that date, but Alfonso
did not affirm it until much later. According to the treaty, all lands south of
a line from Biar to Villajoyosa through Busot were reserved for Castile.
"Crusade of 1269
"The "khan of Tartary" (actually the Ilkhan) Abaqa corresponded
with James in early 1267, inviting him to join forces with the Mongols and go
on Crusade.[6] James sent an ambassador to Abaqa in the person of Jayme Alaric
de Perpignan, who returned with a Mongol embassy in 1269.[7] Pope Clement IV tried
to dissuade James from Crusading, regarding his moral character as sub-par, and
Alfonso X did the same. Nonetheless, James, who was then campaigning in Murcia,
made peace with Mohammed I ibn Nasr, the Sultan of Granada, and set about
collecting funds for a Crusade. After organising the government for his absence
and assembling a fleet at Barcelona in September 1269, he was ready to sail
east. The troubadour Olivier lo Templier composed a song praising the voyage
and hoping for its success. A storm, however, drove him off course and he
landed at Aigues-Mortes. According to the continuator of William of Tyre, he
returned via Montpellier por l'amor de sa dame Berenguiere ("for the love
his lady Berengaria") and abandoned any further effort at a Crusade. I
"James' bastard sons Pedro Fernández and
Fernán Sánchez, who had been given command of part of the fleet, did continue
on their way to Acre, where they arrived in December. They found that Baibars,
the Mameluke sultan of Egypt, had broken his truce with the Kingdom of
Jerusalem and was making a demonstration of his military power in front of
Acre. During the demonstration, Egyptian troops hidden in the bushes ambushed a
returning Frankish force which had been in Galilee. James' sons, initially
eager for a fight, changed their minds after this spectacle and returned home
via Sicily, where Fernán Sánchez was knighted by Charles of Anjou."
According to Wikipedia: "Violant of
Hungary (Esztergom, Kingdom of Hungary, c. 1216 – 1253) was Queen consort of
James I of Aragon. She is also called Jolánta in Hungarian, Iolanda or Violant
d'Hongria in Catalan and Yolanda or Violante de Hungría in Spanish. Violant was
a daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and Violant of Courtenay."
James = son of
Generation
28
0.11011101101101111001100011 Peter II of Aragon (1174- Sept. 12,
1213) md. 0.1101110110110111100110001 Marie of Montpellier (1182 - April 18, 1213) Montpellier
Family
According to Wikipedia: "Peter II of
Aragon (1174 – September 12, 1213), surnamed the Catholic, was the king of
Aragon (as Pedro II) and count of Barcelona (as Pere I) from 1196 to 1213.
"He was the son of Alfonso II of Aragon
and Sancha of Castile. In 1205 he acknowledged the feudal supremacy of the
Papacy and was crowned in Rome by Pope Innocent III, swearing to defend the
Catholic faith (hence his surname, "the Catholic"). He was the first
king of Aragon to be crowned by the Pope.
"On June 15, 1204 he married (as her
third husband) Marie of Montpellier, daughter and heiress of William VIII of
Montpellier by Eudocia Comnena. She gave him a son, James, but Peter soon
discarded her. Marie was popularly venerated as a saint for her piety and
marital suffering, but was never canonized; she died in Rome in 1213.
"He participated in the Battle of Las
Navas de Tolosa in 1212 that marked the turning point of Arab domination on the
Iberian peninsula.
"Peter returned from Las Navas in autumn
1212 to find that Simon de Montfort had conquered Toulouse, exiling Count
Raymond VI of Toulouse, who was Peter's brother-in-law and vassal. Peter
crossed the Pyrenees and arrived at Muret in September 1213 to confront
Montfort's army. He was accompanied by Raymond of Toulouse, who tried to
persuade Peter to avoid battle and instead starve out Montfort's forces. This
suggestion was rejected.
"The Battle of Muret began on September
12, 1213. The Aragonese forces were disorganized and disintegrated under the
assault of Montfort's squadrons. Peter himself was caught in the thick of
fighting, and died as a result of a foolhardy act of bravado. He was thrown to
the ground and killed. The Aragonese forces broke in panic when their king was
slain and the crusaders of Montfort won the day.
"Upon Peter's death the kingdom passed to
his only son by Marie of Montpellier, the future James the Conqueror."
According to Wikipedia: "Marie of
Montpellier (adapted from Occitan: Maria de Montpelhièr) (1182 – 18 April 1213)
was the daughter of William VIII of Montpellier and Eudokia Komnene. A
condition of the marriage was that the firstborn child, boy or girl, would
succeed to the lordship of Montpellier on William's death.
Marie married Barral of Marseille in 1192 or
shortly before, but was widowed in that year. Her second marriage, in 1197, was
to Bernard IV of Comminges, and her father now insisted on her giving up her
right to inherit Montpellier. Marie had two daughters by Bernard, Mathilde and
Petronille. The marriage was, however, notoriously polygamous, Bernard having
two other living wives. It was annulled (some say on Marie's insistence, some
say on that of Peter II of Aragon) and the annulment meant that she was once
more heir to Montpellier.
"William had died in 1202. Marie's
half-brother, William's son by Agnes of Castile, William, had taken control of
the city, but Marie asserted her right to it. On 15 June 1204 she married Peter
II and was recognised as Lady of Montpellier. Her son by Peter, James, the
future James the Conqueror, was born on 1 February 1208. Peter immediately
attempted to divorce her, hoping both to marry Maria of Montferrat, Queen of
Jerusalem, and to claim Montpellier for himself. Marie's last years were spent
in combating these political and matrimonial manoeuvres. Pope Innocent III
finally decided in her favour, refusing to permit the divorce. Both Marie and
Peter died in 1213; James inherited Aragon and Montpellier."
Peter = son of
Generation
29
0.110111011011011110011000111 Alfonso II of Aragon the Chaste or the
Troubadour (1157 -
1196) reigned 1162 to 1196 md. 0.110111011011011110011000110 Sancha
of Castile (Sept. 21, 1154 or
1155 - Nov. 9, 1208) daughter of 0.1101110110110111100110001101
King
Alfonso VII of Castile by his second queen, 0.1101110110110111100110001100
Richeza of Poland, who was the
daughter of 0.1101110110110111100110001100 1
Vladislav II, Duke of Silesia.
According to Wikipedia: "Alfonso II
(Aragon) or Alfons I (Provence and Barcelona) (Huesca, 1157 – Perpignan, 1196),
called the Chaste or the Troubadour, was the King of Aragon and Count of
Barcelona from 1162 until his death. He was the son of Ramon Berenguer IV of
Barcelona and Petronilla of Aragon and the first King of Aragon who was also
Count of Barcelona. He is thus sometimes called, like his successors,
especially by Catalan historians, the "count-king". He was also Count
of Provence from 1167, when he unchivalrously wrested it from the heiress Douce
II, until 1173, when he ceded it to his brother Berenguer. His reign has been
characterised by nationalistic and nostalgic Catalan historians, with little
following, as l'engrandiment occitànic or "the Pyrenean unity": a
great scheme to unite various lands on both sides of the Pyrenees under the rule
of the House of Barcelona.
"Born Raymond Berengar (Ramon Berenguer),
he ascended the united throne of Aragon and Barcelona as Alfonso, changing his
name in deference to the Aragonese, to honour Alfonso I.
"For most of his reign he was allied with
Alfonso VIII of Castile, both against Navarre and against the Moorish taifa
kingdoms of the south. In his Reconquista effort Alfonso pushed as far as
Teruel, conquering this important stronghold on the road to Valencia in 1171.
The same year saw him capturing Caspe.
"Apart from common interests, kings of
Aragon and Castile were united by a formal bond of vassalage the former owed to
the latter. Besides, on January 18, 1174 in Saragossa Alfonso married Infanta
Sancha of Castile, sister of the Castilian king.
"Another milestone in this alliance was
the Treaty of Cazorla the two kings in 1179, delineating zones of conquest in
the south along the watershed of rivers Júcar and Segura. Southern areas of
Valencia including Denia were thus secured to Aragon.
"During his reign Aragonese influence
north of the Pyrenees reached its zenith, a natural tendency given the affinity
between the Occitan and Catalan dominions of the Crown of Aragon. His realms
incorporated not only Provence, but also the counties of Cerdanya and Roussillon
(inherited in 1172). Béarn and Bigorre paid homage to him in 1187. Alfonso's
involvement in the affairs of Languedoc, which would cost the life of his
successor, Peter II of Aragon, for the moment proved highly beneficial,
strengthening Aragonese trade and stimulating emigration from the north to
colonise the newly reconquered lands in Aragon.
"In 1186, he helped establish Aragonese
influence in Sardinia when he supported his cousin Agalbursa, the widow of the
deceased Judge of Arborea, Barison II, in placing her grandson, the child of
her eldest daughter Ispella, Hugh, on the throne of Arborea in opposition to
Peter of Serra.
"Alfonso II provided the first land grant
to the Cistercian monks on the banks of the Ebro River in the Aragon region, which
would become the site of the first Cistercian monastery in this region. Real
Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda was founded in the year 1202 and utilized
some of the first hydrological technology in the region for harnessing water
power and river diversion for the purpose of building central heating.
"He was a noted poet of his time and a
close friend of King Richard the Lionheart. One tensó, apparently composed by
him and Giraut de Bornelh, forms part of the poetical debate as to whether a
lady is dishonoured by taking a lover who is richer than herself. The debate
had been begun by Guilhem de Saint-Leidier and was taken up by Azalais de
Porcairagues and Raimbaut of Orange; there was also a partimen on the topic
between Dalfi d'Alvernha and Perdigon.
"Alfonso and his love affairs are
mentioned in poems by many troubadours, including Guillem de Berguedà (who
criticized his dealings with Azalais of Toulouse) and Peire Vidal, who
commended Alfonso's decision to marry Sancha of Castile rather than Eudokia
Komnene that he had preferred a poor Castilian maid to the emperor Manuel's
golden camel."
According to Wikipedia: "Infanta Sancha
of Castile (September 21, 1154 or 1155 – November 9, 1208, Sijena) was the only
child of King Alfonso VII of Castile by his second queen, Richeza of Poland,
who was the daughter of Vladislav II, Duke of Silesia.
"On January 18, 1174 in Saragossa she
married King Alfonso II of Aragon. They had 9 children, but only seven would
survive into adulthood:
* Constance of Aragon married King Imre of Hungary and
later, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
* Leonor married Count Raymond VI of Toulouse
* Peter II of Aragon (I of Barcelona), b. 1174, killed at
the Battle of Muret, September 12, 1213
* Dolça (nun)
* Alfonso II, Count of Provence, b. 1180, d. 1209
* Fernando, Abbot of Montearagon, d. after 1227
* Ramon Berenguer, d. in the 1190s
"A patroness of troubadours such as
Giraud de Calanson and Peire Raymond, the queen became involved in a legal dispute
with her husband concerning properties which formed part of her dower estates.
In 1177 she entered the county of Ribagorza and took forcible possession of
various castles and fortresses which had belonged to the crown there.
"After her husband died at Perpignan in
1196, Sancha was relegated to the background of political affairs by her son
Pedro II, and she retired from court, withdrawing to the abbey of Nuestra
Senora, at Sijena, which she had founded. There she assumed the cross of the
Order of St John of Jerusalem which she wore till the end of her life. The
queen mother entertained her widowed daughter Queen Constanza of Hungary
(1179-1222) at Sijena prior to her leaving Aragon for her marriage with the
emperor Frederick II in 1208. She died soon afterwards, aged fifty-four, and
was interred before the high altar of the church at Sijena."
Alfonso = son of
Generation
30
0.1101110110110111100110001111 Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona (c. 1113 - Aug. 6, 1162) Crusader md.
0.1101110110110111100110001110
Peronila of Aragon (1135 - Oct. 17,
1174)
According to Wikipedia: "Ramon Berenguer
IV, Count of Barcelona also called Ramon the Holy (c. 1113 – 6 August 1162)
effected the union between Aragon and Catalonia.
"He inherited the county of Barcelona
from his father Ramon Berenguer III on August 19, 1131. On August 11, 1137 in
Huesca he was betrothed to the infant Petronila of Aragon, aged one at the
time. Her father, Ramiro II of Aragon the Monk, who sought Barcelona's aid
against Alfonso VII of Castile, abdicated on November 13 that same year,
leaving his kingdom to Ramon Berenguer. The latter essentially became ruler of
Aragon, although he was never king himself, but instead Count of Barcelona,
Prince of the Kingdom of Aragon. He was the last Catalan ruler to use the title
of Count as his first; starting with his son Alfonso II of Aragon the counts of
Barcelona styled themselves, in the first place, as kings of Aragon.
"The treaty between Ramon Berenguer and
his father-in-law stipulated that their descendants would rule jointly over
both realms. Even should Petronila die before the marriage could be
consummated, Berenguer would still inherit the title of King of Aragon. Both
realms would preserve their laws, institutions and autonomy, remaining legally
distinct but federated in a dynastic union under one ruling House. Historians
consider this arrangement the political masterstroke of the Hispanic Middle
Ages. Both realms gained greater strength and security and Aragon got its much
needed outlet to the sea. On the other hand, formation of a new political
entity in the north-east at a time when Portugal seceded from Leon in the west
gave more balance to the Christian kingdoms of the peninsula. Ramon Berenguer
successfully pulled Aragon out of its pledged submission to Castile, aided no
doubt by the beauty and charm of his sister Berenguela, wife of Alfonso the
Emperor, for which she was well-known in her time.
"In the middle years of his rule, his
attention turned to campaigns against the Moors. In October 1147, as part of
the Second Crusade, he helped Castile to conquer Almería. He then invaded the
lands of the Almoravid taifa kingdom of Valencia and Murcia. In December 1148,
he captured Tortosa after a five-month siege with the help of French and Genoese
crusaders.[1] The next year, Fraga, Lleida and Mequinenza in the confluence of
the Segre and Ebro rivers fell to his army. The reconquista of modern Catalonia
was completed.
"Ramon Berenger also campaigned in
Provence, helping his brother Berenguer Ramon and his infant nephew Ramon
Berenguer II against Counts of Toulouse. During the minority of Ramon Berenger
II the Count of Barcelona also acted as the regent of Provence (between 1144
and 1157). In 1151, Ramon signed the Treaty of Tudilén with Alfonso VII of
León. The treaty defined the zones of conquest in Andalusia in order to prevent
the two rulers from coming into conflict. Also in 1151, Ramon Berenguer founded
and endowed the royal monastery of Poblet. In 1154, he accepted the regency of
Gaston V of Béarn in return for the Bearnese nobles rendering him homage at
Canfranc, thus uniting that small principality with the growing Aragonese
empire.
"He died in 1162 in Borgo Sam Dalmazzo,
Piedmont, Italy, leaving the title of Count of Barcelona to his eldest son
Ramon Berenguer, who next year inherited the title of King of Aragon from her
mother's abdication Petronila of Aragon (Ramiro II was already dead), and, in
compliment to the Aragonese, changed his name to Alfonso and became Alfonso II
of Aragon. Ramon Berenguer's younger son Pedro inherited the county of Cerdanya
and lands north of the Pyrenees."
According to Wikipedia: "Petronila,
Petronilla, or Petronella (Aragonese and Catalan: Peronella; Spanish: Petronila
Ramírez) (1135 – October 17, 1174, Barcelona) was Queen of Aragon from 1137
until 1162. She was the daughter of Ramiro II, King of Aragon, and Agnes of
Aquitaine.
"Petronila came to the throne through
special circumstances. Her father, Ramiro, was bishop of Barbastro-Roda when
his brother, Alfonso I, died heirless in 1134. As king, Ramiro received a papal
dispensation to abdicate from his monastic vows in order to secure the
succession to the throne. King Ramiro the Monk, as he is known, married Agnes,
daughter of Duke Wiliam IX of Aquitaine and Gascony, and through her produced
an heiress, Petronila. At two years old, Petronila was bethrothed to Ramon
Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona and, immediately thereafter, Ramiro abdicated
in favour of the count and returned to monastic life.
"Petronila married Ramon Berenguer in
1150. Upon his death, Petronila renounced the crown of Aragon in favour of her
eldest son, Ramon, who, in compliment to the Aragonese, changed his name to
Alfonso. Her son was the first ruler of both Aragon and Catalonia (where he is
known as Alfons I) thereby establishing the dynastic union between the two
countries that lasted until the Crown of Aragon was dissolved in 1707."
Ramon = son of
Generation
31
0.11011101101101111001100011111 King
Ramiro II of Aragon (c. 1075 - Aug. 16, 1157) reigned 1134-1137
md. 0.11011101101101111001100011110 Agnes (d. c. 1160), daughter of 0.110111011011011110011000111101
Duke William IX of Aquitaine
According to Wikipedia: "Ramiro II
(c.1075–16 August 1157, Huesca), called the Monk, was King of Aragon from 1134
until 1137. He was the youngest son of Sancho Ramírez, King of Aragon and
Navarre, and Felicia of Roucy.
"He spent most of his early life as monk
in a French monastery and later as abbot of St. Peter at Huesca. In 1134, when
his brother Alfonso the Battler died heirless, Ramiro was bishop of
Barbastro-Roda. He temporarily gave up his monastic vows in order to secure the
succession to the crown of Aragon, while losing Navarre, which had formed part
of his late brother's dominions but in 1134 became independent under García
Ramírez. He fought off two other claimants to the throne, one, Pedro de Atarés,
descended from an illegitimate brother of king Sancho Ramírez, and the other,
Alfonso VII, king of Castile.
"The reign of Ramiro the Monk, as he is
known, was tumultuous. At the beginning of his reign he had problems with his
nobles, who thought he would be docile and easily steered to their wishes, but
discovered him to be inflexible. In order to produce an heir, he married Agnes,
daughter of Duke William IX of Aquitaine. Once wed, his wife bore a daughter,
Petronila, who was betrothed to Ramon Berenguer IV at the age of two. The
marriage contract, signed at Barbastro on 11 August 1137, made Petronila the
heiress to the crown of Aragon, which in event of her childless death would
pass to Ramon Berenguer and any children he might have by another wife. Ramon
accepted Ramiro as "King, Lord and Father", renounced his family name
in favor of the House of Aragon and united the County of Barcelona with the
Kingdom. This union, which came to be called the Confederacion
Catalanoaragonesa (Catalan-Aragonese Confederation), created the Crown of
Aragon, returning the 'pocket kingdom' of Aragon to the position of peninsular
power it had held prior to the loss of Navarre, as well as giving it a window
to the Western Mediterranean it would come to dominate.
"In the time between his accession and
the betrothal of his daughter, Ramiro II had already had to put down a
rebellion of the nobles, and knowing himself not to be a war king, he passed
royal authority to son-in-law Ramon Berenguer on 13 November 1137. Ramon became
the "Prince of the Aragonesse people" and effective chief of the
kingdom's armies. While Ramiro never formally resigned his royal rights and
kept aware of the business of the kingdom, he then withdrew from public life,
retiring to the San Pedro Monastery in Huesca. He later became known for the
famous and passionate legend of the Bell of Huesca. He died there 16 August
1157, the crown then formally passing to his daughter Petronila."
According to Wikipedia: "Agnes of
Aquitaine was a daughter of Duke William IX of Aquitaine.
She first married Aimery V of Thouars. In her second marriage, she bore
Petronila of Aragon, the daughter and heiress of Ramiro II of Aragon."
Ramiro = son of
Generation
32
0.110111011011011110011000111111 King Sancho
Ramirez of Aragon and Navarre (c. 1042 - June 4, 1094and Navarre md. 0.110111011011011110011000111110 Felicia of Roucy,
daugher of 0.110111011011011110011000111110
Count Hilduin III of Roucy
According to Wikipedia: "Sancho Ramírez
(c. 1042 – 4 June 1094, Huesca) was king of Aragon (1063-1094, not formally
until 1076) and king of Navarre (1076-1094, as Sancho V). He was the son of
Ramiro I of Aragon and Ermesinde of Bigorre, and he succeeded his father in
1063.
"Between 1067 and 1068, the War of the
Three Sanchos involved him in a conflict with his first cousins, both also named
Sancho: Sancho IV the king of Navarre and Sancho II the king of Castile,
respectively. The Castilian Sancho was trying to retake Bureba and Alta Rioja,
which his father had given away to king of Navarre and failed to retake. The
Navarrese Sancho begged the aid of the Aragonese Sancho to defend his kingdom.
Sancho of Castile defeated the two cousins and retook both Bureba and Alta
Rioja, as well as Álava.
"Sancho Ramírez followed his father's
practice, not using the royal title early in his reign even though his state
had become fully independent. This changed in 1076, when Sancho IV of Navarre
was murdered by his own siblings, thus prompting a succession crisis in this
neighboring kingdom that represented Aragon's nominal overlord. At first, the
murdered king's young son, García, who had fled to Castile, was recognized as
titular king by Alfonso VI, while Sancho Ramírez recruited to his side noblemen
of Navarre who resented their kingdom falling under Alfonso's influence. The
crisis was resolved by partition. Sancho Ramírez was elected King of Navarre,
while he ceded previously contested western provinces of the kingdom to
Alfonso. From this time, Sancho refers to himself as king not only of Navarre
but also Aragon.
"Sancho conquered Barbastro in 1064, Graus
in 1083, and Monzón in 1089.
"He married first in c.1065 (divorced
1071), Isabel of Urgel (d. c.1071), daughter of Count Armengol III of Urgel and
second in 1076, Felicie of Roucy (d May 3, 1123), daughter of Count Hilduin III
of Roucy. A third marriage - to Philippa of Toulouse - is sometimes given but
other evidence records him as still married to Felicie at the time of his
death.
"He perished in 1094 at the Siege of
Huesca.
"He was father of three sons: by Isabel,
he had Peter; by Felicie he had Alfonso and Ramiro. All three succeeded in turn
to the throne of Aragon."
Sancho = son of
Generation
33
0.1101110110110111100110001111111 King Ramiro I
of Aragon (b.
before 1007 d. May 8, 1063) md. Aug. 22, 1036 0.1101110110110111100110001111110
Gisberga AKA
Emesinde of Bigorre, daughter of 0.11011101101101111001100011111101
Bernard Roger of Bigorre (c. 962 - c. 1034) count of Couserans,
son of 0.110111011011011110011000111111011 Roger I of
Carcassonne
According to Wikipedia: "Ramiro I
(bef.1007 - 8 May 1063) is usually credited with being the first King of
Aragon. Apparently born before 1007, he was the natural son of Sancho III of
Navarre by his mistress Sancha de Aybar. Ramiro was reputed to have been
adopted by his father's wife Mayor after he was the only of his father's
children to come to her aid when needed, although there is no surviving record
of these events, and the story is probably apocryphal.
"During his father's reign, he appeared
as witness of royal charters starting in 1011, and was given numerous
properties in the county of Aragon, and by the division of Sancho's realm on
the latter's death in 1035, the county of Aragon fell to Ramiro with the title
of baiulus or steward. The foundation traditions of the Kingdom of Aragon would
make him the first king, (he is, on account of the small size of his Pyrenean
kingdom with its capital at Jaca, sometimes called a "petty king")
and he was called king by his vassals, neighbors, the church and even his sons,
yet he referred to himself always as simply Ranimiro Sancioni regis filio
(Ramiro, son of King Sancho). Likewise, in his wills, he refers to his lands as
simply having been given him in stewardship by his half-brother García and by
God. He is likewise called regulus (rather than rex used for García) and quasi
pro rege (acting as if king) in charters from Navarre.
"Ramiro sought to enlarge his lands at
the expense of both the Moors and his brother, García. Shortly after the death
of his father (the date variously placed from 1036 to 1043), he supported the
emir of Tudela in an invasion of the Kingdom of Navarre of his brother García.
He was defeated in the Battle of Tafalla, but out of the conflict gained lands,
including Sanguesa, and established a state of semi-autonomy. In 1043,
apparently with the approval of García, he annexed Sobrarbe and Ribagorza,
previously held by his youngest legitimate half-brother, Gonzalo.
"Before he was married, Ramiro had a
mistress named Amuña with whom he had a natural son, Sancho Ramírez, in whom he
confided the government of the county of Ribagorza.
"Ramiro wed his first wife, Gisberga,
daughter of Bernard Roger of Bigorre, on 22 August 1036. She changed her name
to Ermesinda on marrying him. Together the couple had five children:
* Sancho Ramírez, his successor
* García, Bishop of Jaca
* Sancha, married Armengol III of Urgel
* Urraca, nun in Santa Cruz de la Serós
* Theresa, married William Bertrand
"Ramiro's second wife was Agnes (Inés), a
daughter of the Duke of Aquitaine. Ramiro set the advance from Aragon toward
Huesca and Zaragossa, after annexation of Ribagorza and Sobrarbe. The first
charter for the royal town of Jaca is attributed to him, that will set the
example of an ideal community (included well defined laws of protection even to
non residents) for later urban rights until late in the Middle Ages.
"Ramiro died at the Battle of Graus in
1063 while trying to take the city."
According to Wikipedia: "Bernard Roger
(c.962 – c.1034) was the count of Couserans, in which capacity he was lord of
parts of Comminges and Foix.
He was the son of count Roger I of
Carcassonne. His elder brother, Raymond I of Carcassonne inherited the county
of Carcassonne and the remaining part of the lordship of Comminges. Bernard
Rogers comital status is attested in the donation to the Abbey of Saint-Hilaire
in 1011.
He is the founder of the House of Foix which
ruled that county for centuries. During his father's lifetime, he married
Arsinde, or Garsenda, the heiress of the county of Bigorre.
He built the square tower of the castle at
Foix in France and made it his capital, from which a town group up. He had
endowed the monastery at Foix and in it he was buried when he died at the ripe
old age of seventy-two."
Ramiro = son of
Generation
34
0.11011101101101111001100011111111 King Sancho III Garces of Navarre the
Great
(late 10th century = Oct. 18, 1035) mated with Sancha de Aybar
According to Wikipedia: "Sancho III
Garcés (late 10th century – 18 October 1035), called the Great (Spanish: el
Mayor or el Grande), was King of Navarre (which included the County of Aragon)
from 1004 until his death and claimed the overlordship of the County of Castile
from 1017 to his death, appearing in a charter as "king in Castile".
Between 1015 and 1019, he conquered Sobrarbe and Ribagorza.
"During his lifetime, he was the most
important Christian monarch of the Iberian Peninsula, bearing, in various
media, the title of rex Hispaniarum. Having gone further than any of his
predecessors in uniting the divided kingdoms of Iberia, his life's work was
undone when he divided his domains shortly before his death to provide for each
of his sons. The Kingdom of Navarre existed for almost six centuries after his
death, but was never as powerful again.
"Sancho was born around 985 (or even 992
or later) to García Sánchez II the Tremulous and Jimena Fernández, daughter of
the count of Cea on the Galician frontier. He was raised in Leyra. He became
king in 1004, inheriting the kingdom of Pamplona (later known as Navarre). He
was initially under a council of regency led by the bishops, his mother Jimena,
and grandmother Urraca Fernández.
Sancho aspired to unify the Christian
principalities in the face of the fragmentation Muslim Spain into the taifa
kingdoms following the Battle of Calatañazor. In about 1010 he married
Muniadona Mayor, daughter of Sancho García of Castile, and in 1015 he began a
policy of expansion. He displaced Muslim control in the depopulated former
county of Sobrarbe, and profited from the internal difficulties in Ribagorza to
annex that county between 1016 and 1019, a conquest initiated before the 1017
death of his brother-in-law left his wife with a distant claim. In 1025 he
received the submission, as vassal, of Raymond III of Pallars Jussà, who had
also been a Ribagorza claimant. He also forced Berengar Raymond I of Barcelona
to become his vassal, though he was already a vassal of the French king.
Berengar met Sancho in Zaragoza and in Navarre many times to confer on a mutual
policy against the counts of Toulouse.
"In 1016, Sancho fixed the border between
Navarre and Castile, part of the good relationship he established by marrying
Muña Mayor Sánchez (Muniadona), daughter of Sancho García of Castile. In 1017,
he became the protector of Castile for the young García Sánchez. However,
relations between the three Christian entities of León, Castile, and Navarre
soured after the assassination of Count García in 1027. He had been bethrothed
to Sancha, daughter of Alfonso V, who was set thus to gain from Castile lands
between the rivers Cea and Pisuerga (as the price for approving the marital
pact). As García arrived in León for his wedding, he was killed by the sons of
a noble he had expelled from his lands.
"Sancho III had opposed the wedding—and
the ensuing Leonese expansion—and received a chance to act upon García's death.
As the late count's brother-in-law, he immediately occupied Castile and was soon
engaged in a full-scale war with León under Alfonso's successor, Vermudo III.
The combined Castilian and Navarrese armies quickly overran Vermudo's kingdom,
occupying Astorga. By March 1033, he was king from Zamora to the borders of
Barcelona.
"In 1034, even the city of León, the
imperiale culmen (imperial capital, as Sancho saw it), fell, and there Sancho
had himself crowned again. This was the height of Sancho's rule which now
extended from the borders of Galicia in the west to the county of Barcelona in
the east.
"In 1035, he refounded the diocese of
Palencia, which had been laid waste by the Moors. He gave the see and its
several abbacies to Bernard, of French or Navarrese origin, to whom he also
gave the secular lordship (as a feudum), which included many castles in the
region.
"Taking residence in Nájera instead of
the traditional capital of Pamplona, as his realm grew larger, he considered
himself a European monarch, establishing relations on the other side of the
Pyrenees. He was assassinated at Aguilar de Bureba on 18 October 1035 and was
buried in the monastery of San Salvador of Oña, an enclave in Burgos, under the
inscription Sancius, gratia Dei, Hispaniarum rex.
Sancho established relations with the Duchy of
Gascony, probably of a suzerain-vassal nature, him being the suzerain.[1] In
consequence of his relationship with the monastery of Cluny, he improved the
road from Gascony to León. This road would begin to bring increased traffic
down to Iberia as pilgrims flocked to Santiago de Compostela. Because of this,
Sancho ranks as one of the first great patrons of the Saint James Way.
"Sancho VI of Gascony was a relative of
Sancho of Navarre and he spent a portion of his life at the royal court in
Pamplona. He also partook alongside Sancho the Great in the Reconquista. In
1010, the two Sanchos appeared together with Robert II of France and William V
of Aquitaine, neither of whom was the Gascon duke's suzerain, at Saint-Jean
d'Angély. After Sancho VI's death (1032), Sancho the Great extended his authority
definitively into Gascony, where he began to mention his authority as extending
as far as the Garonne in the documents issued by his chancery.
"In southern Gascony, Sancho created a
series of viscounties: Labourd (between 1021 and 1023), Bayonne (1025), and
Baztán (also 1025).
"He introduced French feudal theories and
ecclesiastic and intellectual currents into Iberia. Through his close ties with
the count of Barcelona and the duke of Gascony and his friendship with the
monastic reformer Abbot Oliva, Sancho established relations with several of the
leading figures north of the Pyrenees, most notably Robert II of France,
William V of Aquitaine, William II and Alduin II of Angoulême, and Odo II of
Blois and Champagne] It was through this circle that the Cluniac reforms first
probably influenced his thinking. In 1024 a Navarrese monk, Paterno from Cluny,
returned to Navarre and was made abbot of San Juan de la Peña, where he
instituted the Cluniac custom and founded thus the first Cluniac house in Iberia
west of Catalonia, under the patronage of Sancho. The Mozarabic rite continued
to be practiced at San Juan, and the view that Sancho spread the Cluniac usage
to other houses in his kingdom has been discredited by Justo Pérez de Urbel.
Sancho sowed the seeds of the Cluniac reform and of the adoption of the Roman
rite, but he did not widely enact them.
"Sancho also began the Navarrese series
of currency by minting what the Encyclopaedia Britannica calls "deniers of
Carolingian influence." The division of his realm upon his death, the
concepts of vassalage and suzerainty, and the use of the phrase "by the
grace of God" (Dei gratia) after his title were imported from France, with
which he tried to maintain relations. For this he has been called the
"first Europeaniser of Iberia."
"His most obvious legacy, however, was
the temporary union of all Christian Iberia. At least nominally, he ruled over
León, the ancient capital of the kingdom won from the Moors in the eighth
century, and Barcelona, the greatest of the Catalan cities. Though he divided
the realm at his death, thus creating the enduring legacy of Castilian and
Aragonese kingdoms, he left all his lands in the hands of one dynasty, the
Jiménez, which kept the kingdoms allied by blood until the twelfth century. He
made the Navarrese pocket kingdom strong, politically stable, and independent,
preserving it for the remainder of the Middle Ages. It is for this that his
seal has been appropriated by Basque nationalism. Though, by dividing the
realm, he isolated the kingdom and inhibited its ability to gain land at the
expense of the Moslems. Summed up, his reign defined the political geography of
Iberia until its union under the Catholic Monarchs.
"Throughout his long reign, Sancho used a
myriad of titles. After his coronation in León, he styled himself rex Dei
gratia Hispaniarum, or "by the grace of God, king of the Spains," and
may have minted coins with the legend "NAIARA/IMPERATOR". The use of
the first title implied his kingship over all the independently founded Iberian
kingdoms and the use of the form Dei gratia, adopted from French practice,
stressed that his right to rule was of divine origin and sustenance. The
latter, imperial title was only rarely employed, for it is not documented,
being found only on coins only probably datable to his reign. It is not
unlikely, however, that he desired to usurp the imperial title which the kings
of León had thitherto carried.
"Despite this, the contemporary
ecclesiastic Abbot Oliva only ever acknowledged Sancho as rex Ibericus or rex
Navarrae Hispaniarum, while he called both Alfonso V and Vermudo III emperor.
The first title considers Sancho as king of all Iberia, as does the second,
though it stresses his kingship over Navarre alone as if it had been extended to
authority over the whole Christian portion of the peninsula.
"To the Moors, he was always only
Baskunish, the "lord of the Basques."
"Besides four legitimate sons by Mayor,
Sancho also fathered one by his mistress Sancha de Aybar named Ramiro, who was the
eldest of his sons but, as a bastard, not entitled to succeed. Before his death
in 1035, Sancho divided his possessions among his sons. García received Navarre
and the Basque country with a certain seniority over his brothers, Ferdinand
had received Castile on the death of count García Sánchez, and Gonzalo got
Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. The illegitimate son was given property in the former
county of Aragón, with the provision that he ask for no more of his brother
García. Sancho left a younger son who did not partake in the inheritance,
Bernard. He left two daughters, Mayor and Jimena, who married Vermudo
III."
Sancho = son of
Generation
35
0.110111011011011110011000111111111 King Garcia Sanchez II the Tremulous of Pamploma (later called Navarre) and count of Aragon
(d. 1004) reigned 994-1004 md. 0.110111011011011110011000111111110 Jimena Fernandez,
daughter of 0.1101110110110111100110001111111101
The Count of Cea
According to Wikipedia: "García Sánchez
II, sometimes García II, III, IV or V (died 1004), called the Trembling, the
Tremulous, or the Trembler (in Spanish, el Temblón) by his contemporaries, was
the king of Pamplona and count of Aragón from 994 until his death. He was the
son of King Sancho II and Urraca Fernández.
"Throughout his reign, his foreign policy
seems to have been closely linked to that of Castile. His mother was aunt of
count Sancho García of Castile, and also of the powerful count of Saldaña,
García Gómez of Carrión, and she appears to have played a role in forming a
bridge between the kingdom and county.
"He joined his cousin Sancho in
attempting to break from the submission his father had offered to Córdoba, as a
result of which he had to face Almanzor. In 996 he was forced to seek peace in
Córdoba. In 997 during an expedition into the land of Calatayud, García killed
the governor's brother. Almanzor took revenge by beheading 50 Christians. At
the Battle of Cervera in July 1000, he allied with counts Sancho García of
Castile, and García Gómez of Saldaña, to defeat and nearly rout Almanzor, and
tradition names him one of the Christian leaders at the 1002 Battle of
Calatañazor, which resulted in the death of Almanzor, and the consequent crisis
in the Caliphate of Córdoba. He died 1004, when his son Sancho succeeded to the
kingdom.
"Domestically, he granted the rule in
Aragon to his brother Gonzalo, under the tutelage of his mother Urraca. A
tradition reports that he freed all of the Muslim captives being held in the
kingdom. He had married by August 981, Jimena, daughter of Ferdinand Vermúdez,
count of Cea by Elvira Díaz (aunt of count García Gómez of Saldaña). Among
their children were the future king Sancho Garcés III and Urraca, later the
second wife of Alfonso V of Leon."
Garcia Sanchez = son of
Generation
36
0.1101110110110111100110001111111111 King Sancho II of Pamplona (later called Navarre) and
Count of Aragon (b. after 935 d. Dec. 994) reigned 970-994 md. 0.1101110110110111100110001111111110 Urraca
Fernandez, daughter of 0.11011101101101111001100011111111100
Sancha, daughter of 0.110111011011011110011000111111111001
Sancho I of Pamplona
According to Wikipedia: "Sancho II Garcés
Abarca (after 935 – December 994) was the Jiménez King of Pamplona and Count of
Aragon from 970 until his death. He was the son of García Sánchez I and
Andregota, daughter and heiress of Galindo Aznárez II, Count of Aragon. After
his succession, he recognised his younger brother Ramiro as King of Viguera.
"The Historia General de Navarra by Jaime
del Burgo says (referencing in turn the Anales del Reino de Navarra of José de
Moret) that on the occasion of the donation of the villa of Alastue by Sancho
to the monastery of San Juan de la Peña in 987, he titled himself "King of
Navarre," the first time that title had been used. In other places, he
appears as the first King of Aragon and in others the third. These titles,
however, did not come into common usage until the late eleventh century. The
epithet "Abarca," meaning "sandal," is not contemporary,
but is medieval.
"Under Sancho and his immediate
successors, Navarre reached the height of its power and its largest size.
During this period, the Navarre was united to the Kingdom of León and the
County of Castile by familial bonds. The Navarrese monarchy supported the young
Ramiro II when he secured the throne of León.
"Upon the death of the Caliph of Cordoba,
Al-Hakam II, in 976, and the succession of his son Hisham II, who had been
taught by Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, the prospects of the Christian kingdoms
seemed dim. The troops of Al-Mansur defeated the Christians at Torrevicente,
south of Soria. Afterwards, the Muslims returned to triumph at Taracueña, near
Osma. In 975, Sancho was defeated by the Moors at San Esteban de Gormaz, and in
981 at Rueda, a dozen kilometers from Tordesillas, the Christians suffered
another humiliating defeat.
"Because he could not defeat Al-Mansur by
arms, Sancho went to Córdoba as an ambassador for his own kingdom, bringing
many gifts for the victorious Al-Mansur, making a pact with him and agreeing to
give the Muslim his daughter Urraca in marriage. From this union was born Abd
al-Rahman Sanchuelo, the second successor of Al-Mansur who tried to usurp the
Caliphate of Córdoba from the Umayyad heir.
"In 972, he founded the monastery of San
Andrés de Cirueña. In 976, at the monastery of Albelda, the cultural and
intellectual centre of his kingdom, the Codex Vigilanus was completed. It is
one of the most important illuminated manuscripts of medieval Spain, containing
the canons of the Councils of Toledo, a copy of the Liber Iudiciorum, and the
first Western representation of the Arabic numerals, among many other texts.
"Sancho married Urraca, the daughter of
the Castilian count Fernán González and Sancha, Sancho's aunt. The marriage
occurred after 962 and before 970. Before 950, Urraca had been married twice
previously, to Ordoño III and Ordoño IV of León, from both of whom she
separated. Sancho was her third and last husband. Their children were:
* García Sánchez II
* Ramiro (died 992)
* Gonzalo, was given the county of Aragon under the regency
of his mother
* Urraca (Abda) the Basque, given to Al-Mansur before
entering a convent."
According to Wikipedia: "Urraca Fernández
(died 1007), infanta of Fernán González of Castile, was the queen consort of
two Kings of León and one King of Navarre between 951 and 994. She acted as
regent for her son Gonzalo, who had been given the County of Aragon, and later
was co-regent of the Kingdom of Navarre, along with her daughter-in-law Jimena
Fernández and the bishops of Navarre, of her grandson Sancho III.
"She was first married by her father to
Ordoño III of León in 951. Fernán's support of Sancho the Fat cost her her
husband's affection and she was repudiated in 956. By him she had two, and
possibly three children:
* Ordoño, who died young
* Theresa, who became a nun
* (perhaps) Bermudo II of León, whose maternity is subject
to scholarly debate
"In 958, after Ordoño's death, she was
remarried to Ordoño IV. He died in 960.
"Her third and most important marriage
was contracted in 970 to Sancho II of Pamplona. Both Sancho and Urraca were
grandchildren of Sancho I of Pamplona, because Urraca's mother was Sancho I's
daughter Sancha. With Sancho, she had several children:
* García Sánchez II of Pamplona
* Ramiro (died 992)
* Gonzalo, who ruled the County of Aragon with Urraca as
regent
* Abda (Urraca) the Basque, given to Almanzor before
entering a convent."
Sancho = son of
Generation
37
0.11011101101101111001100011111111111
King Garcia Sanchez I of
Pamplona (later called
Navarre) (c. 919 - 970) md. 0.11011101101101111001100011111111110
Andregota, daughter of 0.110111011011011110011000111111111101
Galindo Aznarez II, Count of Aragon (d. 922), son of0.1101110110110111100110001111111111011
Aznar Galindez II, Count of Aragon reigned 867-893 md. 0.1101110110110111100110001111111111010
Oneca, daughter of 0.11011101101101111001100011111111110101
King Garcia Iniguez of Pamplona (d. 882), son of 0.11011101101101111001100011111111110101
King Inigo Arista of Pamplona (c. 790 - 851 or 852)
According to Wikipedia: "García Sánchez
I, sometimes García I, II, III or IV (c. 919 – 970) was the king of Pamplona
from 931 until his death in 970. He was the son of King Sancho I and Toda
Aznárez. Being just six years old at the time of his father's death, his uncle
Jimeno Gárces succeeded, and it was just in the last year of the latter's
reign, in 930, that Garcia appears with the royal title, but this was probably
just a courtesy. On Jimeno's death, 12-year old García succeeded, with his
mother Toda serving as regent. This regency ended in 934, when his first cousin
Caliph Abd-ar-Rahman III intervened on his behalf, and García began to rule as
sole king.
"With the support of his energetic and
diplomatic mother, García, like his father, engaged in a number of conflicts
with the Moors. He married his first cousin, Andregota Galíndez, daughter and
coheiress of Galindo Aznárez II, Count of Aragón, having one son and heir,
Sancho, before divorcing her. He then married Teresa, daughter of Ramiro II of
León.
"García was succeeded by his son Sancho
II Garcés, nicknamed Abarca. He also created a novel kingdom centered at
Viguera for his eldest son by Teresa, Ramiro Garcés. By her he also had son
Jimeno, and a daughter, Urraca, married firstly Fernán González of Castile and
secondly William II Sánchez of Gascony."
According to Wikipedia: "Andregota
Galíndez was daughter of Count Galindo II Aznárez Count of Aragon from 922,
being by his second wife, Sancha Garcés of Pamplona. She is frequently referred
to as Countess, and made heiress to her father, yet she was not the eldest
daughter of her father, and likewise Aragon had already been absorbed into the
Kingdom of Pamplona by Sancho I of Pamplona, years before her marriage to that
kings son, García Sánchez I. García, who was her first cousin, divorced
Andregota due to consanguinity, leaving a sole son by her, Sancho II of
Pamplona. It has been suggested that Andregota remarried and had further children,
although the details have not been discovered. Andregota, wife of 11th century
count Sancho Maceratiz, calls herself a descendant of Andregota Galíndez, but
Ubieto Arteta suggests the later countess descended from Velasquita, sister of
Andregota Galíndez."
According to Wikiipedia: "Galindo Aznárez
II (died 922) was Count of Aragón (893-922), the son and successor of Aznar
Galíndez II.
Galindo was one of a coalition that sponsored
the 905 coup d'état in Pamplona in favor of his brother-in-law, Sancho I of
Pamplona. However, he turned on this new king and in 911 attacked him in
concert with brother-in-law Muhammad al-Tawil and Abd Allah ibn Lubb ibn Qasi.
This coalition was defeated, al-Tawil killed, and Galindo forced to become
vassal of Sancho.
Galindo was married twice. By his first wife,
Acibella Garcés of Gascony, daughter of Count García II Sánchez of Gascony, he
had sons Miro and Bishop Redemtus, along with daughter Toda, wife of Hunifred
Bernat, count of Ribagorza, to whom she brought Sobrarbe. By his second wife,
Sancha Garcés of Pamplona, daughter of García Jiménez and sister of Sancho I,
he had Velasquita and Andregota Galíndez, who married García Sanchez, king of
Pamplona (925-970). He also sired several illegitimate sons: Guntoslo, Sancho,
Belasco, Banzo, and Aznar. The first of these, Guntoslo, is apparently the man
of this name who would later be count of Aragon, but only as a fully
subservient vassal of his brother-in-law the king of Pamplona."
According to Wikipedia: "Aznar Galíndez
II was a Count of Aragón 867 – 893, son and successor of Galindo Aznárez I.
Married Oneca, daughter of the king of Pamplona, Garcia Iñíguez, and had three
children: his successor, Galindo Aznárez II, a son García, and daughter Sancha,
wife of Muhammad al Tawil, wali of Huesca."
According to Wikipedia: "García Íñiguez,
sometimes García I, II, or III was king of Pamplona from 851/2 to his death in
882. He was educated in Córdoba, as a guest at the court of the Emir of
Córdoba. He was the son of Íñigo Arista, the first king of their dynasty. When
his father was stricken by paralysis in 842, he became regent of the kingdom
(or perhaps co-regent with his uncle Fortún Íñiguez). He and his kinsman M?s?
ibn M?s? ibn Fortún of the Banu Qasi rebelled against the Cordoban emir in 843.
This rebellion was put down by Emir Abd-ar-Rahman II, who attacked the Kingdom
of Pamplona, defeating García badly and killing Fortún. At his father's death
in 851/2, he succeeded to the crown.
"Following the death of Íñigo Arista, the
Banu Qasi leader Musa ibn Musa pursued a policy of closer allegiance with
Muhammad I of Córdoba, leaving García to look to Christian Asturias for an
ally. In 859, Musa ibn Musa allowed a contingent of Vikings to pass through his
lands and attack Navarre, resulting in the capture García, who was forced to
pay at least 70,000 gold dinars in ransom. Later the same year, Musa ibn Musa
attacked the Pamplonese city of Albelda. García and his new friend Ordoño I of
Asturias together dealt Musa a crushing blow, killing, it is said, 10,000 of
his magnates in the Battle of Albelda. This, in turn, provoked a Muslim
response and the next year, 860, saw García's son and heir Fortún captured and
imprisoned by the Moors. He languished in Córdoba for the next 20 years. In
870, García formed an alliance with the Muslim rebel Amrus ibn Amr ibn Amrus,
who had killed Garcia's nephew Musa ibn Galindo of Huesca, and the next year
was apparently in a new alliance with the sons of Musa ibn Musa, now in
rebellion against Córdoba.
"García I favoured the pilgrims who
travelled to Santiago de Compostela, and attempted to guarantee peace for that
traffic.
"García's death has been subject to
scholarly dispute, a result of a paucity of records from the last years of his
reign. The lack of subsequent mention of him after 870 led to the suggestion
that he died in that year, and as his heir was in the hands of his enemies, it
was argued that García Jiménez then governed the kingdom as regent. García's
son, Fortún Garcés, is then made to succeed upon his released in 880. There is,
however, no evidence for such a regency, and Sanchéz Albornoz has cited
evidence that García was still living at the time of his son's return. Thus it
is likely that Balparda was reporting accurate tradition when he suggested
García and ally Umar ibn Hafsun, fought a battle at Aybar against the troops of
Emir of Córdoba in 882, García dying there (although the age provided him, 84
years, is clearly exaggerated).
"The identity of García's wife or wives
is poorly documented, and has been subject to much speculation. An undated
confirmation of an earlier lost charter refers to King García and Queen Urraca
Mayor, and this is thought by some to refer to García Íñiguez and an otherwise
unknown wife. Based on her name alone, it has been suggested that she was of
the Banu Qasi, but other historians have given her different parentage, or even
a different king as husband. Likewise, royal princess Leodegundia Ordoñez of
Asturias, daughter of Ordoño I of Asturias, is known to have married a ruler of
Pamplona, and García Íñiguez is one of those speculated to have been this
prince.
"García Íñiguez had following children:
* Fortún Garcés, the future king.
* Sancho Garcés, whose only known child, Aznar Sánchez,
married a daughter of king Fortún Garcés and by her had queens Toda Aznárez,
wife of king Sancho Garcés I, and Sancha Aznárez, wife of king Jimeno Garcés.
* Onneca Garcés, wife of Aznar Galíndez II.
* Velasquita Garcés, married to Mutarr?f ibn M?s? ibn Qasi,
Wali of Huesca, son of M?s? ibn M?s?.
* (perhaps) Jimena, wife of Alfonso III of León (assignment
of her parentage based on political, chronological and onomastic
arguments)."
According to Wikipedia: "Íñigo Íñiguez
Arista (c. 790 – 851 or 852) was the first King of Pamplona (c. 824 – 851
or 852). He is said by a later chronicler to have been count of Bigorre, or at
least to have come from there, but there is no near-contemporary evidence of
this.[1] His origin is obscure, but his patronymic indicates that he was the
son of an Íñigo.[2] It has been speculated that he was kinsman of García
Jiménez, who in the late 8th century succeeded his father Jimeno 'the Strong'
in resisting Carolingian expansion into Vasconia. He is also speculated to have
been related to the other Navarrese dynasty, the Jiménez.
"His mother also married Musa ibn Fortún
ibn Qasi, by whom she was mother of Musa ibn Musa ibn Qasi, head of the Banu
Qasi and Moslem king of Tudela, one of the chief lords of Valley of the Ebro.
Due to this relationship, Íñigo and his kin frequently acted in alliance with
Musa ibn Musa and this relationship allowed Eneko to extend his influence over
large territories in the Pyrenean valleys.
"The family came to power through
struggles with Frankish and Muslim influence in Spain. In 799, pro-Frankish
assassins murdered Mutarrif ibn Musa, governor of Pamplona, the brother of Musa
ibn Musa ibn Qasi and perhaps of Íñigo himself. In 820, Íñigo intervened in the
County of Aragon, ejecting a Frankish vassal, count Aznar I Galíndez, in favor
of García el Malo (the Bad), who would become Íñigo's son-in-law. In 824, the
Frankish counts Aeblus and Aznar Sánchez made an expedition against Pamplona,
but were defeated in the third Battle of Roncesvalles. The Basque victors are not
named, but it was in the context of this defeat that Íñigo is said to have been
pronounced "King of Pamplona" in that city by the people. Íñigo was a
Christicolae princeps (Christian prince), according to Eulogio de Córdoba.
However, his kingdom continually played Moslem and Christian against themselves
and each other to maintain independence against outside powers.
"In 840 his lands were attacked by Abd
Allah ibn Kulayb, wali of Zaragoza, leading his half-brother, Musa ibn Musa
into rebellion. The next year, Eneko fell victim to paralysis in battle against
the Norse with Musa ibn Misa. His son García acted as regent, in concert with
Fortún Íñiguez, "the premier knight of the realm", the king's brother
and also half-brother of M?s?. They joined Musa ibn Musa in an uprising against
the Caliphate of Córdoba. Abd-ar-Rahman II, emir of Córdoba, launched reprisal
campaigns in the succeeding years. In 843, Fortún Íñiguez was killed, and M?s?
unhorsed and forced to escape on foot, while Eneko and his son Galindo escaped
with wounds and several nobleman, most notably Velasco Garcés defected to
Abd-ar-Rahman. The next year, Eneko's own son, Galindo Íñiguez and Musa's son
Lubb ibn Musa went over to Córdoba, and M?s? was forced to submit. Following a
brief campaign the next year, 845, a general peace was achieved. In 850, Musa
again rose in open rebellion, supported again by Pamplona, and envoys of Induo
(thought to be Eneko) and Mitio,[8] "Dukes of the Navarrese", were
received at the French court. Eneko died in the Muslim year 237, which is late
851 or early 852, and was succeeded by García Íñiguez.
"The name of the wife (or wives) of Eneko
is not reported in contemporary records, although chronicles from centuries
later assign her the name of Toda or Oneca.[10] There is also scholarly debate
regarding her derivation, some hypothesizing that she was daughter of Velasco,
lord of Pamplona (killed 816), and others making her kinswoman of Aznar I
Galíndez[11]. He was father of the following known children:
* Assona Íñiguez, who married her father's half-brother,
M?s? ibn M?s? ibn Fortún ibn Qasi, lord of Tudela and Huesca
* García Íñiguez, the future king
* Galindo Íñiguez, fled to Córdoba where he was friend of
Eulogio of Córdoba and became father of M?s? ibn Galindo, Wali of Huesca in
860, assassinated in 870 in Córdoba [13]
* a daughter, wife of Count García el Malo (the Bad) of
Aragón.
"The dynasty founded by Eneko reigned for
about 80 years, being supplanted by a rival dynasty in 905. However, due to
intermarriages, subsequent kings of Navarre descend from Eneko."
Garcia Sanchez = son of
Generation
38
0.110111011011011110011000111111111111
King Sancho I of
Pamplona (later called
Navarre) (c. 860 - Dec. 11, 925) reigned 905 to 926 md. 0.110111011011011110011000111111111110
Toda Azarez (c. 885 - after 970)
According to Wikipedia: "Sancho I Garcés
(c. 860 – December 11, 925) was king of Pamplona from 905 to 925. He was a son
of García Jiménez, who was king of "another part of the kingdom" of
Pamplona and Dadildis de Pallars, his second wife. In 905, a coalition of
enemies of the king, Fortún Garcés: Lubb ibn Muhammed of the Banu Qasi, King
Alfonso III of Asturias, Galindo Aznar II of Aragon and Sancho's uncle, Raymond
I of Pallars and Ribagorza, deposed the king, and put Sancho on the throne in
his place. Throughout his reign, he involved himself in the squabbles among the
Muslim lords to the south with repeated success. In 907, he turned on his
former ally Lubb ibn Muhammad, killing him in battle. Four years later, another
former ally, Galindo Aznar, joined with his brother-in-law Muhammad al-Tawil
and Abd Allah ibn Lubb ibn Qasi to attack Sancho, but they were crushed:
al-Tawil was killed, the power of the Banu Qasi was severely crippled, and Galindo
forced into vassalage to Sancho, leading to the incorporation of the County of
Aragon into Pamplona. In 920, he teamed with Bernard I of Ribagorza and Amrus
ibn Muhammed, son of Muhammad al-Tawil, to attack Monzón. He joined
Ultra-Puertos, or Basse-Navarre (Baja Navarra), to his own dominions, also
extending his territory as far as Nájera. As a thanksgiving offering for his
victories, he founded, in 924, the convent of Albelda.
"Perhaps to legitimize the succession,
Sancho married Toda Aznárez, granddaughter of former king Fortún Garcés. Queen
Toda was a daughter of Aznar Sánchez, lord of Larraun, and Oneca Fortúnez, who
herself was a daughter of King Fortún. Thus, Sancho and Toda's children were
also descendants of the Arista dynasty of Navarrese monarchs, but likewise akin
to Abd-ar-Rahman III of Cordoba, a grandson of Oneca by a former husband. When
Sancho died in 925, his only son was still quite young. Thus Sancho was
succeeded by his brother, Jimeno Garcés, upon whose death Sancho's son García
would succeed.
"The Codex of Roda gives Sancho and Toda
six children:
* Oneca (d.931), married Alfonso IV the Monk of León in 926
* Sancha, married firstly Ordoño II of León, secondly Count
Alvaro Herraméliz of Álava, and thirdly Fernán González, Count of Castile
* Urraca, married Ramiro II of León
* Velasquita (or Belasquita), married firstly Munio, count
of Vizcaya, secondly Galindo, son of Bernard count of Ribagorza.
* Orbita
* García, king of Pamplona, married firstly Andregota Galíndez
and secondly Teresa
"Sancho also had an illegitimate
daughter:
* Lupa, mother of Raymond I, Count of Bigorre."
According to Wikipedia: "Toda Aznárez,
also Teuda de Larraun or Tota (c. 885-aft. 970), was the queen-consort of
Navarre through her marriage (his second) to Sancho I (905-925). She married
him when he was an old man.
"She was the daughter of Aznar Sánchez,
lord of Larraun, paternal grandson of king García Íñiguez of Pamplona, while
her mother Oneca Fortúnez was a daughter of king Fortún Garcés. Thus, Toda's
children were also descendants of the Arista dynasty of Navarrese monarchs. She
was sister of Sancha Aznárez, wife of king Jimeno Garcés, her husband's brother
and successor, while Toda and Sancha were also aunts of Caliph Abd-ar-Rahman
III, through their mother's first marriage to ?Abdullah ibn Muhammad.
"When her son García Sánchez I succeeded
his uncle Jimeno as king in 931, Toda became regent and guardian of her son.
However, in 934 her nephew Abd-ar-Rahman III intervened on behalf of his
cousin, removing Toda to allow García to rule alone. She had been an energetic
diplomat, arranging political marriages for her daughters among the competing
royalty and nobility of Christian Iberia.
"The Codex of Roda gives Sancho and Toda six
children:
* Oneca (d. 931), married Alfonso IV the Monk of León in 926
* Sancha, married firstly Ordoño II of León, secondly Count
Alvaro Herraméliz of Álava, and thirdly Fernán González, Count of Castile
* Urraca, married Ramiro II of León
* Velasquita (or Belasquita), married firstly Munio, count
of Vizcaya, secondly Galindo, son of Bernard count of Ribagorza.
* Orbita
* García, king of Pamplona"
Sancho = son of
Generation
39
0.1101110110110111100110001111111111111
King Garcia Jimenez or Garcia II of Pamplona md. 0.1101110110110111100110001111111111110
Dadildis de Pallars
According to Wikipedia: "García Jiménez
or García II was (sub- or co-) king of a part of Pamplona in the late 9th
century.
"The Basque ruling dynasty (Jiménez) was
apparently in control of a part of what would become the kingdom of Navarre
distinct from that held by the descendants of Iñigo Arista. García presumably
succeeded his father during the lifetime of García Íñiguez, and is listed by
the Códice de Roda as being of "another part of the kingdom" of
Pamplona.
"By a popular reconstruction, when King
García I supposedly died in 870 while his son and heir Fortún Garcés was
imprisoned in Córdoba, García Jiménez is said to have become uncontested regent
of the kingdom until he was killed at Aybar (882) in a battle against the Emir
of Córdoba. However, there is evidence that García Íñiguez was still living at
the time of his son's return in 880, and it may well have been that monarch who
was killed in 882. In fact, there is no documentary evidence of García Jiménez
playing any role in the government of the greater kingdom.
"García Jiménez married firstly to Oneca,
"Rebel of Sangüesa" with whom he had the following issue:
* Íñigo, called 'king' in the Roda Codex, perhaps his
father's successor.
* Sancha, married as her first husband Íñigo Fortúnez, son
of king Fortún of Pamplona, and remarried Galindo Aznárez II, Count of Aragon.
"García Jiménez married secondly Dadildis
de Pallars, sister of count Raymond I of Pallars and Ribagorza, with whom he
had the following issue:
* Sancho, later sole king of Pamplona.
* Jimeno, king in succession to Sancho."
0.110111011011110111010110 Maud d'Aubigny (d. after 1210) md.
0.110111011011110111010111 Gilbert Graham, 3rd Earl of Strathearn
(b. circa 1150 d. circa 1223) Second Graham
Family
Maud = daughter of
Generation
27
0.1101110110111101110101101 William
d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel (b. before 1193), embarked on crusade of 1218 md. 0.1101110110111101110101100 Mabel
of Chester
William = son of
Generation
28
0.11011101101111011101011011 William
d'Aubigny, 2nd Earl of Arundel (b. before 1150 d. 1193) md. after 1173 0.11011101101111011101011010
Matilda de St. Hilary du Harouet
William = son of
Generation
29
0.110111011011110111010110111 William
d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel (b. before 1126 d. 1176) md. 1138 0.110111011011110111010110110 Adeliza
de Louvain
William = son of
Generation
30
0.1101110110111101110101101111 William
d'Aubigny Lord of the Manor of Buckenham, Norfolk (b. before 1110 d.
1139) md. 0.1101110110111101110101101110 Maud le
Bigod daughter of 0.11011101101111011101011011101
Roger le Bigod (b. before 1071 d. 1107) md. 0.11011101101111011101011011100
Alice de Tosny,
daughter of 0.110111011011110111010110111001
William de Tosny, Lord of Belvoir
______________________________
Margaret
= daughter of
Generation 28
0.110111011011011110011011101 Emperor
Baldwin I of Constantinople (1172-1205) also known as Baldwin VI Count of
Hainault and Baldwin IX Count of Flanders md. 0.110111011011011110011011100 Marie of Champagne (1174-1204) Champagne Family
In the Fourth Crusade the
Crusaders conquered Constantinople and made Baldwin emperor.
Baldwin = son of
Generation 29
0.1101110110110111100110111011 Baldwin V Count of Hainault, AKA Baldwin VIII Count of Flanders and Baldwin I Margrave of
Namur (1150-1195) md. 0.1101110110110111100110111010 Margaret Countess of Flanders
Baldwin = son of
Generation 30
0.11011101101101111001101110111 Baldwin IV Count of Hainault (1108-1171) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110110 Alice of Namur
Baldwin = son of
Generation 31
0.110111011011011110011011101111 Baldwin
III Count of Hainault (1088-1120)
Baldwin = son of
Generation 32
0.1101110110110111100110111011111 Baldwin
II Count of Hainault (1056-1098?) md. 0.1101110110110111100110111011110 Ida of Leuven
Baldwin = son of
Generation 33
0.11011101101101111001101110111111 Baldwin VI Count of Flanders (1030-1070) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110111110 Richilde, Countess of Mons and
Hainault
Baldwin = son of
Generation 34
0.110111011011011110011011101111111 Baldwin V Count of Flanders (d.1067) md. 0.110111011011011110011011101111110 Adele Capet AKA
Adela the Holy, daughter of 0.1101110110110111100110111011111101 King Robert II the Pious of France and 0.1101110110110111100110111011111100 Constance of Arles
Baldwin = son of
Generation 35
0.1101110110110111100110111011111111 Baldwin IV the Bearded, Count of
Flanders (980-1035) 7th generation descendant of Charlemagne through
his father and 8th generation through his mother.
Baldwin = son of
Generation 36
0.11011101101101111001101110111111111 Arnulf II Count of Flanders (960 or 961-988) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110111111110 Rozala
of Lombardy Family of Lombardy
Alnulf = son of
Generation 37
0.110111011011011110011011101111111111 Baldwin
III of Flanders (940-962) md. 0.110111011011011110011011101111111110 Matilda of Burgundy
Baldwin = son of
Generation 38
0.1101110110110111100110111011111111111 Arnulf I the Great, Count of
Flanders (890-965)
Arnulf = son of
Generation 39
0.11011101101101111001101110111111111111 Baldwin II Count of Flanders (875-918) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110111111111110 Aelfthryth (d. 929), daughter of King Alfred the Great of
England Family
of Wessex
Baldwin = son of
Generation 40
0.110111011011011110011011101111111111111 Baldwin I of Flanders md. 0.110111011011011110011011101111111111110 Judith, daughter of 0.1101110110110111100110111011111111111101 Charles the Bald Holy Roman Emperor
Baldwin = son of
Generation 41
0.1101110110110111100110111011111111111111 Audacer
Marie = daughter of
Generation 28
0.1101110110110111100011100101 Philip King of Germany and Duke of Swabia (1177 - June 21, 1208) md. 0.1101110110110111100011100100 Irene Angelina
[Cary-Estes p. 84 Philip, Emperor of Germany]
Philip = son of
Generation 29
0.11011101101101111000111001011 Frederick I Barbarossa (1122- June 10, 1190, King of Germany 1152 - 1190, King of Pavia 1154 - 1190, and Holy Roman Emperor 1155 - 1190 md.0.11011101101101111000111001010 Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy (1143 - Nov. 15, 1184)
[Cary-Estes p. 84 Frederick Barbarossa, King of Germany and Italy, d. 1190]
Frederick = son of
Generation 30
0.110111011011011110001110010111 Frederick II, Duke of Swabia "the One-Eyed" (of the Hohenstaufen dynasty) (1090 - April 6, 1147) md. 0.11011101101101111000111001010 Judith of Welf or Guelph (d. 1130 or 1131) Welf or Guelf Family
Frederick = son of
Generation 31
0.110111011011011110001110010111 Frederick I Hohenstaufen, Duke of Swabia (1050 - July 21, 1105) md. 0.110111011011011110001110010110 Agnes of Germany (1072 - Sept. 24, 1143), daughter of 0.1101110110110111100011100101101 Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor md. 0.1101110110110111100011100101100 Bertha of Savoy (Sept. 21, 1051 - Dec. 27, 1087 in Mainz)
[Cary-Estes p. 84 Judith d. 1147 md. Frederick (or Frideric) the Second of Suabia (or Swabia)]
Frederick = son of
Generation 32
0.1101110110110111100011100101111 Frederick
von Büren
md. Hildegard von Bar-Moussen
Marie = daughter of
Generation 30
0.11011101101101111001101110011
King Louis VII of France (1120-1180) and 0.11011101101101111001101110010
Eleanor of Aquitaine
(1122-1204) Aquitaine Family,
Family of Normandy
(overlapping lines, also descended from
her marriage with King Henry II of England, by way of their son King John)
____________________
0.110111011011011110011000110 Eudokia Komnene (c. 1150 or 1152 - c. 1203)
md. 0.110111011011011110011000111 William VIII of Monpellier (d.
1202)
Generation 29
0.1101110110110111100110001101 Isaac Komnenos (c. 1113 - after
1154) md. 0.1101110110110111100110001100
Irene Diplosynadene
Acording to Wikipedia:
"Isaac Komnenos or Comnenus (c. 1113 – after 1154), was the third son of
Emperor John II Komnenos by Piroska of Hungary.
"Shortly before his
death in 1143, John II Komnenos designated his fourth son Manuel as his heir,
although the third son, Isaac, was still alive. At the time Isaac was
conducting the body of his eldest brother, the co-emperor Alexios Komnenos,
back to Constantinople.
"Consequently Manuel
made sure that his men took control of the capital before Isaac learned of his
father's death and made his bid for the throne. Although some of the clergy,
the people and the military thought that Isaac was better fit to rule, he had
to resign himself to his younger brother's accession.
"In 1145–1146 he
campaigned with him against the Seljuk Turks in Anatolia. Although the
relationship between the brothers remained uneasy, there was never an open
conflict, and Isaac enjoyed the court dignity of sebastokrator. The marriages
of Isaac's daughters served as useful tools of Manuel's foreign policy.
"By his first wife,
Theodora, Isaac had five children:
* Alexios Komnenos.
* Irene Komnene, who married an unnamed Doukas Kamateros and
became the mother of Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus.
* John Komnenos.
* Anna Komnene, who married Constantine Makrodoukas.
* Maria Komnene, who married King Stephen IV of Hungary.
"By his second wife,
Irene Synadene, Isaac had two daughters:
* Theodora Komnene, who married King Baldwin III of
Jerusalem.
* Eudokia Komnene, who married William VIII of
Montpellier."
Isaac =
son of
Generation 30
0.11011101101101111001100011011 Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos (Sept. 13, 1087 - April 8, 1143) reigned
1118 to 1143 md. 0.11011101101101111001100011010 Piroska of Hungary AKA Saint Irene (1088 - Aug. 13,
1134) daughter of 0.11011101101101111001100011010
1 King Ladislaus I of Hungary (c. 1040
- July 29, 1095) Family of Hungary
According
to Wikipedia: "John II Komnenos or Comnenus (September 13, 1087 –
April 8, 1143) was Byzantine emperor from 1118 to 1143. Also known as
"John the Beautiful", he was the eldest son of emperor Alexios I
Komnenos and Irene Doukaina. The second emperor of the Komnenian restoration of
the Byzantine Empire, John was a pious and dedicated emperor who was determined
to undo the damage his empire had suffered at the battle of Manzikert, half a
century earlier.
"In the course of his
twenty-five year reign, John made alliances with the Holy Roman Empire in the
west, decisively defeated the Pechenegs in the Balkans, and personally led
numerous campaigns against the Turks in Asia Minor. John's campaigns
fundamentally changed the balance of power in the east, forcing the Turks onto
the defensive and restoring to the Byzantines many towns, fortresses and cities
right across the peninsula. In the southeast, John extended Byzantine control
from the Maeander in the west all the way to Cilicia and Tarsus in the east. In
an effort to demonstrate the Byzantine emperor's role as the leader of the
Christian world, John marched into the Holy Land at the head of the combined
forces of Byzantium and the Crusader states; yet despite the great vigour with
which he pressed the campaign, John's hopes were disappointed by the treachery
of his Crusader allies, who deliberately failed to fight against the Muslim
enemy at the crucial moment. Also under John, the empire's population recovered
to about 10 million people.
"The Latin historian
William of Tyre described John as short and unusually ugly, with eyes, hair and
complexion so dark he was known as 'the Moor'. Yet despite his physical
appearance, John was known as Kaloioannes, "John the Handsome" or "John
the Beautiful". The epithet referred not to his body but to his soul. Both
his parents had been unusually pious and John surpassed them. Members of his
court were expected to restrict their conversation to serious subjects only.
The food served at the emperor's table was very frugal and John lectured
courtiers who lived in excessive luxury. Despite his austerity, John was loved.
His principles were sincerely held and his integrity great.
"John was famed for his
piety and his remarkably mild and just reign. He is an exceptional example of a
moral ruler, at a time when cruelty was the norm. He never condemned anyone to
death or mutilation. Charity was dispensed lavishly. For this reason, he has
been called the Byzantine Marcus Aurelius. By the personal purity and piety of
his character he effected a notable improvement in the manners of his age.
Gifted with great self control and personal courage, John was an excellent
strategist and an expert imperator in the field, and through his many campaigns
he devoted himself to the preservation of his empire.
"He succeeded his
father in 1118, but had already been proclaimed co-emperor by Alexios I on
September 1, 1092. Niketas Choniates alone tells of the actions by which John
II secured his own succession. Alexios I had favoured John to succeed him over
his wife Irene's favourite, the kaisar (Caesar) Nikephoros Brynennios, who was
married to their daughter Anna Komnene. Alexios resorted to dissimulation in
order to avert Irene's criticism of his choice and her demands that Nikephoros
should succeed. As Alexios lay on his deathbed in the monastery of the Mangana
on 15 August 1118, John, consorting with relatives whom he could trust, among
whom was his brother, the sebastokrat?r Isaac Komnenos, stole into the monastery
and removed the imperial signet ring from his dying father. Then, taking up
arms, he rode to the Great Palace, gathering the support of the citizenry who
acclaimed him emperor. Irene was taken by surprise and was unable either to
persuade her son to desist, or to induce Nikephoros to act against him.
Although the palace guard at first refused to admit John without proof of his
father's wishes, the mob surrounding the new emperor simply forced entry.
"Alexios died the
following night. John refused to join the funeral procession, in spite of his
mother's urging, because his hold on power was so tenuous. However, in the
space of a few days, his position was secure. In 1119, John II uncovered a
conspiracy to overthrow him which implicated his mother and sister, who were
duly relegated to monasteries. To safeguard his own succession, John crowned
his own young son Alexios co-emperor in 1122.
"These political
intrigues probably contributed to John's style of rule, which was to appoint
men from outside the imperial family to help him govern the empire. John's
closest adviser was his closest friend, John Axuch, a Turk who had been given
as a gift to John's father. Alexios had thought him a good companion for John,
and so he had been brought up alongside John, who immediately appointed him as
Grand Domestic upon his accession. The Grand Domestic was the commander in
chief of the Byzantine armies. This was an extraordinary move, and a departure
from the nepotism that had characterised the reign of his father Alexios. The
imperial family harboured some degree of resentment at this decision, which was
reinforced by the fact that they were required to make obeisance to John Axouch
whenever they met him. Yet the emperor had complete confidence in his
appointees, many of whom had been chosen on merit rather than their relation to
him by blood. John's unwillingness to allow his family to interfere too much in
his government was to remain constant for the rest of his reign.
"After his accession,
John II had refused to confirm his father's 1082 treaty with the Republic of
Venice, which had given the Italian republic unique and generous trading rights
within the Byzantine Empire. Yet the change in policy was not motivated by
financial concerns. An incident involving the abuse of a member of the imperial
family by Venetians led to a dangerous conflict, especially as Byzantium had
depended on Venice for its naval strength. After a Byzantine retaliatory attack
on Kerkyra, John exiled the Venetian merchants from Constantinople. But this
produced further retaliation, and a Venetian fleet of 72 ships plundered
Rhodes, Chios, Samos, Lesbos, Andros and captured Kefalonia in the Ionian
Sea.[2] Eventually John was forced to come to terms; the war was costing him
more than it was worth, and he was not prepared to transfer funds from the
imperial land forces to the navy for the construction of new ships. John
re-confirmed the treaty of 1082. Nevertheless, this embarrassment was not
entirely forgotten, and it seems likely that it played a part in inspiring
John's successor (Manuel I Komnenos) to re-establish a powerful Byzantine fleet
some years later.
"In 1119–1121 John
defeated the Seljuk Turks, establishing his control over southwestern Anatolia.
However, immediately afterwards, in 1122, John quickly transferred his troops
to Europe to fight off a Pecheneg invasion into Moesia. These invaders had been
auxiliaries of the Prince of Kiev. John surrounded the Pechenegs as they burst
into Thrace, tricked them into believing that he would grant them a favourable
treaty, and then launched a devastating surprise attack upon their larger camp.
The ensuing Battle of Beroia was hard fought, but by the end of the day John's
army of 20,000 men had won a crushing victory. This put an end to Pecheneg
incursions into Byzantine territory, and many of the captives were settled as
foederati within the Byzantine frontier.
"John then launched a punitive
raid against the Serbs, many of whom were rounded up and transported to
Nicomedia in Asia Minor to serve as military colonists. This was done partly to
cow the Serbs into submission (Serbia was, at least nominally, a Byzantine
protectorate), and partly to strengthen the Byzantine frontier in the east
against the Turks. However, John's marriage to the Hungarian princess Piroska
involved him in the dynastic struggles of the Kingdom of Hungary. Giving asylum
to a blinded claimant to the Hungarian throne (called Álmos), John aroused the
suspicion of the Hungarians, and was faced with an invasion in 1128. The
Hungarians attacked Belgrade, Brani?evo, Nish, Sofia, and penetrated south as
far as the outskirts of Philippopolis. After a challenging campaign lasting two
years, the emperor managed to defeat the Hungarians at the fortress of Haram
and their Serbian allies, and peace was restored.
"John was then able to
concentrate on Asia Minor, which became the focus of his attention for most of
his remaining years. The Turks were pressing forward against the Byzantine
frontier in western Asia Minor, and John was determined to drive them back. In
1119, the Seljuks had cut off Antalya from the empire, John II led an army to
capture Laodicea and Sozopolis, therefore reestablishing the land links to the
city.[4] He undertook a campaign against the Danishmendid emirate in Malatya on
the upper Euphrates from 1130 to 1135. Thanks to John's energetic campaigning,
Turkish attempts at expansion in Asia Minor were halted, and John prepared to
take the fight to the enemy. In order to restore the region to Byzantine
control, John led a series of well planned and executed campaigns against the
Turks, one of which resulted in the reconquest of the ancestral home of the
Komneni at Kastamonu, then he left a garrison of 2,000 men at Gangra.[5] John
quickly earned a formidable reputation as a wall-breaker, taking stronghold
after stronghold from his enemies. Regions which had been lost to the empire
ever since the Battle of Manzikert were recovered and garrisoned. Yet
resistance, particularly from the Danishmends of the north-east, was strong,
and the difficult nature of holding down the new conquests is illustrated by
the fact that Kastamonu was recaptured by the Turks even as John was in
Constantinople celebrating its return to Byzantine rule. John persevered,
however, and Kastamonu soon changed hands once more. John advanced into north
eastern Anatolia, provoking the Turks to attack his army. Yet once again John's
forces were able to maintain their cohesion, and the Turkish attempt to inflict
a second Manzikert on the emperor's army backfired when the Sultan, discredited
by his failure to defeat John, was murdered by his own people. In 1139, the
Emperor marched one final time against the Danishmend Turks, his army marched
along the southern coast of the Black Sea through Bithynia, and Paphlagonia.
Turning south at Trebizond, he besieged but failed to take the city of
Neocaesarea.
"The emperor then
directed his attention to the Levant, where he sought to re-inforce Byzantium's
suzerainty over the Crusader States. In 1137 he conquered Tarsus, Adana, and
Mopsuestia from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, and in 1138 Prince Levon I of
Armenia and most of his family were brought as captives to Constantinople. This
opened the route to the Principality of Antioch, where Prince Raymond of
Poitiers recognized himself the emperor's vassal in 1137, and John arrived
there in triumph in 1138. There followed a joint campaign as John led the
armies of Byzantium, Antioch and Edessa against Muslim Syria. Although John
fought hard for the Christian cause in the campaign in Syria, his allies Prince
Raymond of Antioch and Count Joscelin II of Edessa sat around playing dice
instead of helping John to press the siege of Shaizar. These Crusader Princes
were suspicious of each other and of John, and neither wanted the other to gain
from participating in the campaign, while Raymond also wanted to hold on to
Antioch, which he had agreed to hand over to John if the campaign was
successful in capturing Aleppo, Shaizar, Homs, and Hama. While the emperor was
distracted by his attempts to secure a German alliance against the Normans of
Sicily, Joscelin and Raymond conspired to delay the promised handover of
Antioch's citadel to the emperor.
"John planned a new
expedition to the East, including a pilgrimage to Jerusalem on which he planned
to take his army with him. King Fulk of Jerusalem, fearing an invasion, begged
the emperor to only bring an army of 10,000 men with him. This resulted in John
II deciding not to go. However, on Mount Taurus in Cilicia, on April 8, 1143,
he was accidentally infected by a poisoned arrow while out hunting. The poison
set in, and shortly afterwards he died. John's final action as emperor was to
choose his youngest son Manuel Komnenos to be his successor. John cited two
main reasons for choosing Manuel over his older surviving son Isaac Komnenos:
these were Isaac's irascibility, and the courage that Manuel had shown on
campaign at Neocaesareia. Another theory alleges that the reason for this
choice was the AIMA prophecy which foretold that John's successor should be one
whose name began with an "M". John's eldest son, the co-emperor
Alexios, had died in the summer of 1142.
"Historian J. Birkenmeier
has recently argued that John's reign was the most successful of the Komnenian
period. In The development of the Komnenian army 1081-1180, he stresses the
wisdom of John's approach to warfare, which focused on siege warfare rather
than risky pitched battles. Birkenmeier argues that John's strategy of
launching annual campaigns with limited, realistic objectives was a more
sensible one than that followed by his son Manuel I. According to this view,
John's campaigns benefited the Byzantine Empire because they protected the
empire's heartland from attack while gradually extending its territory in Asia
Minor. The Turks were forced onto the defensive, while John kept his diplomatic
situation relatively simple by allying with the Western Emperor against the
Normans of Sicily.
"Overall, what is clear
is that John II Komnenos left the empire a great deal better off than he had
found it. Substantial territories had been recovered, and his successes against
the invading Pechenegs, Serbians and Seljuk Turks, along with his attempts to
establish Byzantine suzerainty over the Crusader States in Antioch and Edessa,
did much to restore the reputation of his empire. His careful, methodical
approach to warfare had protected the empire from the risk of sudden defeats, while
his determination and skill had allowed him to rack up a long list of
successful sieges and assaults against enemy strongholds. By the time of his
death he had earned near universal respect, even from the Crusaders, for his
courage, dedication and piety. His early death meant his work went unfinished —
his last campaign might well have resulted in real gains for Byzantium and the
Christian cause.
"John
II Komnenos married Princess Piroska of Hungary (renamed Eirene), a daughter of
King Ladislaus I of Hungary in 1104; the marriage was intended as compensation
for the loss of some territories to King Coloman of Hungary. She played little
part in government, devoting herself to piety and their large brood of
children. Eirene died on August 13, 1134 and was later venerated as Saint
Eirene. John II and Eirene had 8 children:
1. Alexios Komnenos, co-emperor from 1122 to 1142
2. Maria Komnene (twin to Alexios), who married John Roger
Dalassenos
3. Andronikos Komnenos (died 1142)
4. Anna Komnene, who married Stephanos Kontostephanos
5. Isaac Komnenos (died 1154)
6. Theodora Komnene, who married Manuel Anemas
7. Eudokia Komnene, who married Theodoros Vatazes
8. Manuel I Komnenos (died 1180)"
According to Wikipedia:
"Piroska of Hungary (1088 – 13 August 1134) was a daughter of Ladislaus I
of Hungary and Adelaide of Swabia. Her maternal grandparents were Rudolf of
Rheinfeld and his second wife Adelheid of Savoy. Adelheid was a daughter of
Otto of Savoy and Adelaide of Turin.
She was born in Esztergom of
the modern Komárom-Esztergom administrative county. Her mother died in 1090
when Piroska was about two years old. Her father died on 29 July 1095.
Ladislaus was succeeded by his nephew Coloman of Hungary who apparently was the
new guardian of orphaned Piroska.
In an
effort to improve relations with Alexios I Komnenos of the Byzantine Empire,
Coloman negotiated the marriage of Piroska to John II Komnenos. John II was the
eldest son of Alexios I and Irene Doukaina. He was already co-ruler of his
father since 1 September 1092 and was expected to succeed him. The negotiations
were successful and Piroska married John in 1104. The marriage was recorded by
Joannes Zonaras and John Kinnamos.
sibling = Anna Komnene (no children), the first woman historian
According to Wikipedia: Anna
Komnene "was a Byzantine princess,
scholar, physician, hospital administrator, and historian. She was the daughter
of the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and his wife Irene Doukaina. She is
best known for her attempt to usurp her brother, John II Komnenos and for her
work The Alexiad, an account of her father's reign."
John = son of
Generation 31
0.110111011011011110011000110111 Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1048 - Aug. 15, 1118) reigned 1081 to 1118
md. 0.110111011011011110011000110110 Irene Doukaina (c. 1066 - Feb. 19, 1123 or
1133) Doukas Family
According to Wikipedia:
"Irene Doukaina or Ducaena (c. 1066 – February 19, 1123 or 1133) was the
wife of the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos, and the mother of the emperor
John II Komnenos and of the historian Anna Komnene.
"Irene was born in 1066
to Andronikos Doukas and Maria of Bulgaria, granddaughter of Ivan Vladislav of
Bulgaria. Andronikos was a nephew of Emperor Constantine X and a cousin of
Michael VII.
"Irene married Alexios
in 1078, when she was still eleven years old. For this reason the Doukas family
supported Alexios in 1081, when a struggle for the throne erupted after the
abdication of Nikephoros III Botaneiates. Alexios' mother, Anna Dalassene, a
lifelong enemy of the Doukas family, pressured her son to divorce the young
Irene and marry Maria of Alania, the former wife of both Michael VII and
Nikephoros III. Irene was in fact barred from the coronation ceremony, but the
Doukas family convinced the Patriarch of Constantinople, Kosmas I, to crown her
as well, which he did one week later. Anna Dalassene consented to this but
forced Cosmas to resign immediately afterwards; he was succeeded by Eustathios
Garidas.
"Alexios' mother Anna
continued to live in the imperial palace and to meddle in in her son's affairs
until her death 20 years later; Maria of Alania may have also lived in the
palace, and there were rumours that Alexios carried on an affair with her. Anna
Komnene vociferously denied this, although she herself was not born until
December 1, 1083, two years later.
"Anna may have been
whitewashing her family history; she has nothing but praise for both of her
parents. She describes her mother in great detail: "She stood
upright like some young sapling, erect and evergreen, all her limbs and the
other parts of her body absolutely symmetrical and in harmony one with another.
With her lovely appearance and charming voice she never ceased to fascinate all
who saw and heard her. Her face shone with the soft light of the moon; it was
not the completely round face of an Assyrian woman, nor long, like the face of
a Scyth, but just slightly oval in shape. There were rose blossoms on her
cheeks, visible a long way off. Her light-blue eyes were both gay and stern:
their charm and beauty attracted, but the fear they caused so dazzled the
bystander that he could neither look nor turn away...Generally she accompanied
her words with graceful gestures, her hands bare to the wrists, and you would
say it was ivory turned by some craftsman into the form of fingers and hand.
The pupils of her eyes, with the brilliant blue of deep waves, recalled a calm,
still sea, while the white surrounding them shone by contrast, so that the
whole eye acquired a peculiar lustre and a charm which was inexpressible."
"It "would not
have been so very inappropriate," Anna writes, to say that Irene was
"Athena made manifest to the human race, or that she had descended
suddenly from the sky in some heavenly glory and unapproachable
splendour."
"Irene was shy and
preferred not to appear in public, although she was forceful and severe when
acting officially as empress (basileia). She preferred to perform her household
duties, and enjoyed reading hagiographic literature and making charitable
donations to monks and beggars. Although Alexios may have had Maria as a
mistress early in his reign, during the later part of his reign he and Irene
were genuinely in love (at least according to their daughter Anna). Irene often
accompanied him on his expeditions, including the expedition against Prince
Bohemund I of Antioch in 1107 and to the Chersonese in 1112. On these campaigns
she acted as a nurse for her husband when he was afflicted with gout in his
feet. According to Anna she also acted as a sort of guard, as there were
constant conspiracies against Alexios. Alexios' insistence that Irene accompany
him on campaigns may suggest that he did not fully trust her enough to leave
her in the capital. When she did remain behind in Constantinople, she acted as
regent, together with Nikephoros Bryennios, Anna's husband, as a counselor.
"Irene frequently
suggested that Alexios name Nikephoros and Anna as his heirs, over their own
younger son John. According to Niketas Choniates, who depicts her more as a
nagging shrew than a loving wife, she "...threw her full influence on the
side of her daughter Anna and lost no opportunity to calumniate their son
John... mocking him as rash, pleasure-loving, and weak in character."
Alexios, preferring to create a stable dynasty through his own son, either
ignored her, pretended to be busy with other matters, or, at last, lost his
temper and chastized her for suggesting such things.
I"rene nursed Alexios
on his deathbed on 1118, while at the same time still scheming to have
Nikephoros and Anna succeed him. Alexios had already promised the throne to
John, and when John took his father's signet ring Irene accused him of
treachery and theft. When Alexios finally died, she felt genuine grief, and
wore the mourning clothes of her daughter Eudokia, whose own husband had died
previously. However, she soon conspired with Anna against John, but their plots
were unsuccessful and both Irene and Anna were then forced into exile at the
monastery of Kecharitomene, which Irene had founded a few years previously. It
was not a harsh exile, and Irene lived there in peace, distributing food to the
poor and educating young orphan girls. Irene may have inspired the history
written by her son-in-law Nikephoros Bryennios and corresponded with or
patronized several important literary figures, including Theophylact of Ohrid
and Michael Italikos.
"Irene
died on February 19, in either 1123 or 1133, most likely the latter. With
Alexios I Komnenos she had nine children:
* Anna Komnene (1083-1153)
* Maria Komnene
* John II Komnenos (1087-1143)
* Andronikos Komnenos
* Isaac Komnenos
* Eudokia Komnene
* Theodora Komnene, who married Constantine Angelos. Among
their children were John Doukas (who took his grandmother's surname) and
Andronikos Angelos, father of the emperors Alexios III Angelos and Isaac II
Angelos.
* Manuel Komnenos
* Zoe Komnene"
According to Wikipedia:
"Andronikos Doukas or Andronicus Ducas (died 14 October 1077) was a
protovestiarios and protoproedros of the Byzantine Empire.
"Andronikos Doukas was
son of the Caesar John Doukas and Eirene Pegonitissa. His father was a brother
of Emperor Constantine X Doukas. His maternal grandfather was Niketas
Pegonites. Andronikos himself was a first cousin of Michael VII Doukas.
"In 1071 Andronikos was
the commander of a section of the Byzantine army in the campaign of Romanos IV
Diogenes against the Seljuk Turks of Alp Arslan. Commanding the rearguard of
the army during the Battle of Manzikert, Andronikos announced that the emperor
had been cut down and deserted from the battlefield. He was widely blamed for
causing the crushing defeat of the Byzantine forces and the subsequent capture
of Romanos IV by the enemy.
"In 1072, after Romanos
had been released by Alp Arslan, Andronikos and his brother Constantine were
sent out by Michael VII and their father the Caesar John to intercept him. They
defeated Romanos and hunted him down in Cilicia. It was Andronikos who finally
obtained Romanos' surrender and conducted him towards Constantinople. In spite
of his former hatred for the deposed emperor, Andronikos is said to have
opposed his blinding on June 29, 1072.
"In 1074, together with
his father, Andronikos commanded the imperial army against the rebel
mercenaries led by Roussel de Bailleul. Both were captured by the rebels, who
released the badly wounded Andronikos to allow him to seek proper medical
treatment in Constantinople. There he recovered for a few years, but in October
1077 died of an edema.
"Andronikos Doukas
married Maria of Bulgaria, daughter of Troian. Troian was a son of Emperor Ivan
Vladislav of Bulgaria. They had at least five children:
* Michael Doukas.
* John Doukas.
* Irene Doukaina, who married Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.
* Anna Doukaina, who married George Palaiologos.
* Theodora Doukaina, a nun."
According to Wikipedia:
"Maria of Bulgaria (d. after 1081), protovestiaria, was the wife of
protovestiarios Andronikos Doukas and mother of Irene Doukaina.
"Maria was a daughter
of Troian of Bulgaria by an unnamed Byzantine noblewoman descended from the
families of Kontostephanos and Phokas. Her paternal grandparents were Ivan
Vladislav of Bulgaria and his wife Marija. Her paternal uncles included Presian
II of Bulgaria and Alusian of Bulgaria.
"Maria married
Andronikos Doukas well before 1066. Her husband was a son of the Caesar John
Doukas and Eirene Pegonitissa. He was also a nephew of Constantine X and first
cousin of Michael VII.
"Maria was endowed with
an inheritance of vast land holdings around Lake Ohrid, and her considerable
income was used to support her husband's lavish lifestyle and political
ambitions.
"Her prominent marriage
is another evidence to the integration of descendants of the Kometopouloi into
the court nobility in Constantinople.
"As mother of the
Empress Irene Doukaina, Maria was a woman of some influence in the early years
of the reign of Alexios I Komnenos. Her granddaughter Anna Komnene praises her
beauty and wisdom in the Alexiad."
According to Wikipedia:
"Ivan Vladislav ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from August or
September 1015 to February 1018. The year of his birth is unknown, but he was
born at least about a decade before 987.
"He
was the ancestor of the Aaronios family.
"Ivan
Vladislav was the son of Aron, the brother of Emperor Samuel (Samuil) of
Bulgaria. In 987 Samuel ordered his brother Aron executed for treason together
with his entire family. The massacre was survived only by Aron's son Ivan
Vladislav, who was saved through the intercession of his cousin, Samuel's son
Gabriel Radomir.
"What happened with
Ivan Vladislav during the subsequent decades is unknown, but in 1015 he was
induced by Byzantine agents to murder his cousin Gabriel Radomir, while the
latter was hunting near Ostrovo (Arnissa), and seize the Bulgarian throne. Ivan
Vladislav took steps to ensure his positions against potential rivals, and in
1016 lured and murdered Prince Vladimir of Zeta, who was married to Gabriel
Radomir's sister Theodora (Kosara).
"Although Ivan Vladislav
had entered into negotiations with the Byzantine Emperor Basil II, he quickly
began to follow the determined policy of his predecessors to resist the ongoing
Byzantine conquest. Ivan Vladislav restored the fortifications of Bitola in
1015 and survived an assassination plot undertaken by Byzantine agents.
Although the Byzantines sacked Ohrid, they failed to take Pernik, they were
defeated in the battle of Bitola and received troubling intelligence that Ivan
Vladislav was attempting to induce the Pechenegs to come to his aid, following
up the general practice of his predecessors.
"While Byzantine armies
had penetrated deep into Bulgaria in 1016, Ivan Vladislav was able to rally his
forces. In 1017 the Bulgarians were defeated in the battle of Setina but the
war ended only when Vladislav was killed before the walls of Dyrrhachium in the
winter of 1018. After his death much of the Bulgarian nobility and court,
including his widow Maria, submitted to the advancing Basil II in exchange of
guarantees for the preservation of their lives, status, and property. A faction
of the nobles and the army rallied around Ivan Vladislav's eldest sons and
continued to resist for several months until it was forced to submit.
"By his wife Marija,
Ivan Vladislav had several children, including:
1. Presian II, who briefly succeeded as emperor of Bulgaria 1018
2. Aron, Byzantine general
3. Alusian, who was briefly emperor of Bulgaria in 1041
4. Troian (Trojan). Father of Maria of Bulgaria, who married
Andronikos Doukas.
5. Catherine (Ekaterina), who married the future Byzantine Emperor
Isaac I Komnenos."
According to Wikipedia:
"Aron was a Bulgarian noble, brother of Emperor Samuil of Bulgaria and
third son of Comita Nikola, Duke of Sofia. After the fall of the eastern parts
of the country under Byzantine occupation in 971, he and his three brothers
David, Moses and Samuil continued the resistance to the west. They were called
Comutopuli and ruled the country together, as the rightful heir to the throne,
Boris II and Roman were imprisoned in Constantinople. The residence of Aron was
Sofia situated on the main road between Constantinople and Western Europe. He
had to defend the area from enemy invasions and attack the Byzantine
territories in Thrace.
"In 976 in the
beginning the major campaign against the Byzantine Empire, the two eldest
brothers David and Moses perished but the Bulgarians achieved great successes
including the return of north-eastern Bulgaria. During that time, the Byzantine
Emperor Basil II had to fight both the Bulgarians and the dangerous rebellion
under Bardas Skleros and he turned the customary means of the Byzntine policy:
conspiracy.
"His attention
concentrated to Aron, who was more dangerous at the time due to the proximity
of his seat to Thrace; and because of his ambition to rule over Bulgaria alone
which made an eventual peace profitable for both Aron and Basil. The Bulgarian
nobel asked for the Emperor's sister hand and Basil agreed but he tried to
deceive Aron and sent him the wife of one of his nobles and the bishop of
Sevast. However the attempted deceit was revealed and the bishop was killed,
but the negotiations continued nonetheless. In the end Samuil learned of the
secret negotiations and on 14 June 976 Aron together with all of his kin were
executed in the vicinity of Dupnitsa. Only his eldest son Ivan Vladislav, who
eventually became the last Emperor of the Empire was spared due to the
vindication of Samuil's son Gavril Radomir. Ironically, Ivan Vladislav
murderred his saviour 39 years later."
According to Wikipedia:
"Nikola was a Bulgarian nobleman and father of counts David, Moses and
Aron, and of tsar Samuil of Bulgaria. He ruled Serdica. He was a governor of
regions in the wwestern part of the First Bulgarian Empire.His son Samuel ruled
as emperor of the First Bulgarian Empire from 996 to 1014."
According to Wikipedia:
"Ripsimia (also known as Hripsime Bagratuni) was an Armenian, wife of
Comita Nikola, probably governor of Sofia and had four sons, counts David, Moses
and Aron, and tsar Samuil of Bulgaria. Her children and grandchildren ruled
Bulgaria until 1018."
Alexios = son of
Generation 32
0.1101110110110111100110001101111 Ioannis Komnenos (c. 1015 - July 12, 1067) md. 0.1101110110110111100110001101110 Anna Dalassena (1025-1102), daughter of 0.11011101101101111001100011011101 Alexius Charon md. 0.11011101101101111001100011011100 Adriana Dalassena
Acccording to Wikipedia:
"Anna Dalassena (1025-1102) was an important Byzantine noblewoman who rose
to the position of an Empress-Mother during the reign of her son Alexios I
Komnenos. Anna was the daughter of Alexius Charon, the Imperial lieutenant in
Italy, and the daughter of Adriana Dalassena. As her mother's family was more
illustrious then her father's, Anna retained her mother's family name
throughout her life, even after she had married.
"Anna married Johannes
Komnenos, whose brother Isaac became Emperor in 1057. Her younger son Alexios I
Komnenos rose to the throne after vicissitudes of politics. Alexius was for
many years under the strong influence of her éminence grise. She is described
as a wise and immensely able politician and acted as regent during the absences
of her son.
"After acceeding to the
throne, Alexios crowned his mother Empress Augusta, an honour commonly given to
the Emperor's wife, Irene Doukaina in this case.
"Anna was the effective
administrator of the Empire during the long absences of Alexios in war
campaigns: she was constantly at odds with her daughter-in-law Irene and had
assumed total responsibility for the upbringing and education of her
granddaughter Anna Komnene."
Ioannis
= son of
Generation 33
0.11011101101101111001100011011111
Manuel Erotikos Komnenos (955/960 - c. 1020), an officer of Emperor Basil IIAccording to Wikipedia: "Manuel Erotikos Komnenos, an officer of Emperor Basil II who in 978 defended Nicaea against Bardas Skleros, and one of his two wives, whose names are unknown, and who on his deathbed in 1020 commended his two surviving sons Isaakios and Ioannes to the emperor's care."
0.1101110110111111010100111110 Helen daughter of King Vlademar I of Denmark md. 0.1101110110111111010100111111 William of Winchester (April 11, 1184 - Dec. 13, 1213) AKA William Longsword, AKA William of Luneburg.
Helen = daughter of
Generation 29
0.11011101101111110101001111101 King Valdemar I of Denmark (Jan. 14, 1131 - May 12, 1182)
According to Wikipedia: "Valdemar I of Denmark (14 January 1131 – 12 May 1182), also known as Valdemar the Great, was King of Denmark from 1157 until 1182. He was the son of Canute Lavard, a chivalrous and popular Danish prince, who was the eldest son of Eric I of Denmark. Valdemar's father was murdered by Magnus the Strong days before the birth of Valdemar; his mother, Ingeborg of Kiev, daughter of Mstislav I of Kiev and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden, named him after her grandfather, Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev.
"As an heir to the throne, and with his rivals quickly gaining power, he was raised in the court of Asser Rig of Fjenneslev, together with Asser's sons, Absalon and Esbern Snare, who would become his trusted friends and ministers.
"In 1146, when Valdemar was fifteen years old, King Erik III Lamb abdicated and a civil war erupted. The pretenders to the throne were: Sweyn III Grathe, son of Eric II Emune, son of Eric I. Canute V, son of Magnus the Strong who was the son of King Niels, who was the brother of Erik I. Valdemar himself held Jutland, at least Schleswig, as his possession. The civil war lasted the better part of ten years.
"In 1157, the three agreed to part the country in three among themselves. Sweyn hosted a great banquet for Canute, Absalon, and Valdemar during which he planned to dispose of all of them. Canute was killed, but Absalon and Valdemar escaped. Valdemar returned to Jutland. Sweyn quickly launched an invasion, only to be defeated by Valdemar in the Battle of Grathe Heath. He was killed during flight, supposedly by a group of peasants who stumbled upon him as he was fleeing from the battlefield. Valdemar, having outlived all his rival pretenders, became the sole King of Denmark.
"In 1158 Absalon was elected Bishop of Roskilde, and Valdemar made him his chief friend and advisor. He reorganized and rebuilt war-torn Denmark. At Absalon's instigation he declared war upon the Wends who were raiding the Danish coasts. They inhabited Pomerania and the island of Rügen in the Baltic Sea. In 1168 the Wendish capital, Arkona, was taken, and the Wends became Christians and subject to Danish suzerainty. Danish influence reached into Pomerania.
"Valdemar's reign saw the rise of Denmark, which reached its zenith under his second son Valdemar II."
Vlademar = son of
Generation 30
0.110111011011111101010011111011 Canute Lavard (c. 1090- Jan. 7, 1131) md. 0.110111011011111101010011111010 Ingeborg of Kiev Kiev Family
According to Wikipedia: "Canute Lavard (meaning "Canute the Lord," Danish: Knud Lavard) (c. 1090 – 7 January 1131) was a Danish prince and Earl, later Duke of Schleswig.
"Canute was the only legitimate son of Eric I of Denmark and Boedil Thurgotsdatter and as a minor he was bypassed in the election of 1104. He grew up in close contact with the noble Zealander family of Hvide, who were later on to be among his most eager supporters. In 1115, his uncle, King Niels, made him Earl of South Jutland (Schleswig) in order to put an end to the attacks of the Slavic Obodrits. During the next fifteen years, he fulfilled his duty, so well establishing peace in the border area that he was elected "King of the Obodrits" and became a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire.
"He seems to have been the first member of the Danish royal family who was attracted by the knightly ideals and habits of medieval Germany, indicated by his changing his title to "duke." His appearance made him a popular man and a possible successor of his uncle but he also acquired mighty enemies among the Danish princes and magnates who apparently questioned his loyalty and feared his bond with the Emperor, Lothair III, who had recognized him as sovereign over the western Wends. Whether these suspicions were just or not is impossible to say.
"Both Niels' and his son, Magnus the Strong, seem to have been alarmed by Canute's recognition by the emperor. On 7 January 1131, Canute was trapped in the forest of Haraldsted near Ringsted in Zealand and executed. Some sources consider it to be a murder committed by Magnus, some attribute it to Niels himself. The murder provoked a civil war that intermittently lasted until 1157, ending only with the triumph of Canute’s posthumous son Valdemar I. The fate of Canute and his son’s victory formed the perfect background for his canonisation in 1170, which was requested by the same Valdemar. His feast day is celebrated on the day of his death, January 7.
"Canute Lavard is the ancestor of the "Valdemarian" kings and of their subsequent royal line. He was the first Duke of Schleswig (Slesvig) and the first border prince who was both a Danish and a German vassal, a position leafing towards the historical double position of South Jutland.
"Canute Lavard was married to Ingeborg of Kiev, daughter of Mstislav I of Kiev and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden.
Canute = son of
Generation 31
0.1101110110111111010100111110111 Eric I (Evergood) of Denmark (c. 1060 - July 10, 1103) md. 0.1101110110111111010100111110110 Boedil Thurgotsdatter
According to Wikipedia: "Eric was born in the town of Slangerup in North Zealand. During the rule of his half-brother Canute IV of Denmark he was an eager supporter of the king, but he was spared during the rebellion against Canute IV. Eric remained at the royal farm instead of accompanying Canute IV to St Albans priory in Odense where Canute IV was killed. Eric talked his way off the farm and fled to Zealand then fled to Scania which was part of Denmark at the time. Olaf I Hunger was elected King of Denmark, but his reign was short. At last Eric was elected as a king at the several landsting assemblies in 1095. Eric was well-liked by the people and the famines that had plagued Denmark during Olaf Hunger's reign ceased. For many it seemed a sign from God that Eric was the right king for Denmark.
"Medieval chroniclers, such as Saxo Grammaticus, and myths portrayed Eric a “strapping fellow” appealing to the common people. He could keep his place when four men tried their best to move him. Eric was a good speaker, people went out of their way to hear him. After a ting assembly concluded, he went about the neighborhood greeting men, women and children at their homesteads. He had a reputation as a loud man who liked parties and who led a rather dissipated private life. Though a presumed supporter of a strong centralized royal power, he seems to have behaved like a diplomat avoiding any clash with the magnates. He had a reputation for being ruthless to robbers and pirates.
"On a visit to the Pope in Rome he obtained canonization for his
late brother, Canute IV, and an archbishopric for Denmark (now Lund in Scania),
instead of being under the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen. Bishop Asser then
became the first Archbishop of Lund.
"King Eric announced at the Viborg assembly that he had decided to go on pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The cause, according to Danmarks Riges Krønike, was the murder of four of his own men while drunk at a feast in his own hall. Despite the pleadings of his subjects, he would not be deterred. Eric appointed his son, Harald Kesja, and Bishop Asser as regents.
"Eric and Boedil and a large company traveled through Russia to Constantinople where he was a guest of the emperor. While there, he became ill, but took ship for Cyprus anyway. He died at Paphos, Cyprus in July 1103. The queen had him buried there. He was the first king to go on pilgrimage after Jerusalem was conquered during the First Crusade. Queen Boedil also became ill, but made it to Jerusalem where she died. She was buried at the foot of the Mount of Olives in "Josaphats Vale".
Eric = son of
Generation 32
0.11011101101111110101001111101111 King Sweyn II Estridsson md. 0.11011101101111110101001111101110
Gunhild Sveinsdotter
Sweyn = son of
Generation 33
0.110111011011111101010011111011111 Ulf
Thorgilsson md. 0.110111011011111101010011111011110
Estrid Margarete Svendsdatter
Ulf = son of
Generation 34
0.1101110110111111010100111110111111 Thorgil Styrbjornsson Sparkling
Thorgil = son of
Generation 35
0.11011101101111110101001111101111111
Styrbjorn the Strong (d. 985) md. 0.11011101101111110101001111101111110
Thyra Haraldsdotter of Denmark
According to Wikipedia: "Styrbjörn the Strong (Old Norse Styrbjörn Sterki) (died c. 985) was, according to late Norse sagas, the son of the Swedish king Olof, and the nephew of Olof's co-ruler and successor Eric the Victorious, who defeated and killed Styrbjörn at the Battle of Fyrisvellir.[1] As with many figures in the sagas, doubts have been cast on his existence,[2] but he is mentioned in a roughly contemporary skaldic poem about the battle. According to legend, his original name was Björn[3] (English exonym: Beorn).
"It is believed that there once was a full saga about Styrbjörn, but most of what is extant is found in the short Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa. Parts of his story are also retold in Eyrbyggja saga, Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum (book 10), Knýtlinga saga and Hervarar saga. He is also mentioned in the Heimskringla (several times), and in Yngvars saga víðförla, where Ingvar the Far-Travelled is compared to his kinsman Styrbjörn. Oddr Snorrason also mentions him in Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar (c. 1190), writing that Styrbjörn was defeated with magic. In modern days, he is also the hero of a novel called Styrbiorn the Strong by the English author Eric Rücker Eddison (1926),[4] and he figures in The Long Ships, by Frans G Bengtsson."
Styrbjorn = son of
Generation 36
0.110111011011111101010011111011111111
King Olof II Bjornsson of Sweden (d. 975) md. 0.110111011011111101010011111011111110 Ingeborg Thrandsdotter
According to Wikipedia": Olof Björnsson (reigned ca. 970 - 975), was a semi-legendary Swedish king, who according to Hervarar saga and the Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa ruled together with his brother Eric the Victorious. He was the father of Styrbjörn Starke and Gyrid by his queen, Ingeborg Thrandsdotter, and he died of poison during a meal. Instead of proclaiming his son Styrbjörn co-ruler, Eric proclaimed his own unborn child co-ruler on condition that it was a son. It was a son who became Olof of Sweden."
0.110111011011111101010011111010 Ingeborg of Kiev md. 0.110111011011111101010011111011 Canute Lavard (c. 1090-1131) Family of Denmark
According to Wikipedia: "Ingeborg of Kiev (fl. 1137) was a Russian princess, married to the Danish prince Canute Lavard of Jutland. She was the daughter of prince Mstislav I of Kiev and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden and was in about 1116 married to Canute in a marriage arranged by her maternal aunt, the Danish queen Margaret Fredkulla. In 1130, she tried to prevent Canute from going to the gatthering were he was to be murdered, but without success. She gave birth to their son Valdemar I of Denmark posthomusly in January 1131. In 1137, she refused to support the suggestion of Christiern Svendsen to proclaim her son monarch after the death of Erik Emune. Ingeborg is not mentioned after this, and the date of her birth and death are unknown."
Ingeborg = daughter of
Generation 31
0.1101110110111111010100111110101 Mstislav I Vladimirovich the Great of Kiev (June 1, 1076 - April 14, 1132) md. 0.1101110110111111010100111110100 Christina Ingesdotter, daughter of 0.11011101101111110101001111101001 King Inge I of Sweden Family of Sweden
Acording to Wikipedia: "Mstislav I Vladimirovich the Great (Russian: Мстислав Владимирович Великий) (June 1, 1076, Turov – April 14, 1132, Kiev) was the Velikiy Kniaz (Grand Prince) of Kiev (1125-1132), the eldest son of Vladimir II Monomakh by Gytha of Wessex. He figures prominently in the Norse Sagas under the name Harald, taken to allude to his grandfather, Harold II of England.
As his father's future successor, Mstislav reigned in Novgorod the Great from 1088-93 and (after a brief stint at Rostov) from 1095-1117. Thereafter he was Monomakh's co-ruler in Belgorod Kievsky, and inherited the Kievan throne after his death. He built numerous churches in Novgorod, of which St. Nicholas Cathedral (1113) and the cathedral of St Anthony Cloister (1117) survive to the present day. Later, he would also erect important churches in Kiev, notably his family sepulchre at Berestovo and the church of Our Lady at Podil.
"Mstislav's life was spent in constant warfare with Cumans (1093, 1107,
1111, 1129), Estonians (1111, 1113, 1116, 1130), Lithuanians (1131), and the
princedom of Polotsk (1127, 1129). In 1096, he defeated his uncle Oleg of
Chernigov on the Koloksha River, thereby laying foundation for the centuries of
enmity between his and Oleg's descendants. Mstislav was the last ruler of
united Rus, and upon his death, as the chronicler put it, "the land of Rus
was torn apart".
In 1095, Mstislav wed Princess Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden, daughter of King Inge I of Sweden.
Mstislav = son of
Generation 32
0.1101110110111111010100111110101 Valdimir II Monomakh of Kiev
(1053-1125) md. 0.11011101101111110101001111101010
Gytha of Wessex, daughter of
0.110111011011111101010011111010101 King Harold II of England Second Family of
Wessex
According to Wikipedia: "Vladimir II Monomakh (Russian: Владимир Мономах; Ukrainian: Володимир Мономах; Christian name Vasiliy, or Basileios) (1053 – May 19, 1125) was a famous Velikiy Kniaz (Grand Prince) of Kievan Rus'. He was the son of Vsevolod I (married in 1046) and Anastasia of Byzantium (d. 1067). Her father which some give as Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos, is not attested in any reliable primary source. Eupraxia of Kiev, a sister of Vladimir, became notorious all over Europe for her divorce from the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV on the grounds that he had attempted a black mass on her naked body.
"In his famous Instruction (also known as The Testament) to his own children, Monomakh mentions that he conducted 83 military campaigns and 19 times made peace with the Polovtsi. At first he waged war against the steppe jointly with his cousin Oleg, but after Vladimir was sent by his father to rule Chernigiv and Oleg made peace with the Polovtsi to retake that city from him, they parted company. Since that time, Vladimir and Oleg were bitter enemies who would often engage in internecine wars. The enmity continued among their children and more distant posterity.
"From 1094, his chief patrimony was the southern town of Pereyaslav, although he also controlled Rostov, Suzdal, and other northern provinces. In these lands he founded several towns, notably his namesake, Vladimir, the future capital of Russia. In order to unite the princes of Rus' in their struggle against the Great Steppe, Vladimir initiated three princely congresses, the most important being held at Lyubech in 1097 and Dolobsk in 1103.
"When Sviatopolk II died in 1113, the Kievan populace revolted and summoned Vladimir to the capital. The same year he entered Kiev to the great delight of the crowd and reigned there until his death in 1125. As may be seen from his Instruction, he promulgated a number of reforms in order to allay the social tensions in the capital. These years saw the last flowering of Ancient Rus, which was torn apart 10 years after his death.
"Vladimir Monomakh is buried in the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev. Succeeding generations often referred to his reign as the golden age of that city. Numerous legends are connected with Monomakh's name, including the transfer from Constantinople to Rus of such precious relics as the Theotokos of Vladimir and the Vladimir/Muscovite crown called Monomakh's Cap.
Vladimir = son of
Generation 33
0.11011101101111110101001111101011
Vsevolod I of Kiev (1030-April 13 1093) md. 0.11011101101111110101001111101010
Anastasia of Byzantium
(d. 1067), daughter of 0.110111011011111101010011111010101 Emperor
Constantine IX Monomachos son of 0.110111011011111101010011111010101 1 Theodosios
Monomachos
According to
Wikipedia: "Vsevolod I Yaroslavich (Ukrainian and Russian:
Всеволод I
Ярославич), (1030 – 13
April 1093) ruled as Grand Prince of Kiev from 1078 until his death. He was the
fourth and favourite son of Yaroslav I the Wise by Ingigerd Olafsdottir.
"To back up an armistice signed with the Byzantine Empire in 1046,
his father married him to a daughter of Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos,
Anastasia, a princess, d. 1067. The couple had a son, the future Vladimir
Monomakh.
"Upon his father's death in 1054, he received in appanage the towns of Pereyaslav, Rostov, Suzdal, and the township of Beloozero which would remain in possession of his descendants until the end of Middle Ages. Together with his elder brothers Iziaslav and Sviatoslav he formed a sort of princely triumvirate which jointly waged war on the steppe nomads, polovtsy, and compiled the first East Slavic law code. In 1067 Vsevolod's Greek wife died and he soon married a Kypchak princess, Anna. She brought him another son, who drowned after the Battle of the Stugna River, and two daughters, one becoming a nun and another, Eupraxia of Kiev, marrying Emperor Henry IV.
"Upon Sviatoslav's death in 1076, Vsevolod inherited the Kievan throne, but ceded it to the banished Iziaslav in return for his patrimony of Chernigov. But Iziaslav died two years later, and Vsevolod took the Kievan throne yet again. Vsevolod was versed in Greek learning and spoke five languages. Since he lost most of his battles, his eldest son, Vladimir Monomakh, a grand and famous warrior, did most of the fighting for his father. Last years of his reign were clouded by grave illness, and Vladimir Monomakh presided over the government.
Vselvolod = son of
Generation 34
0.110111011011111101010011111010111 Yaroslav I the Wise (c. 978 - Feb. 20, 1054) md. 0.1101110110111111010100111110101110 Ingegerd Olafsdottir, daughter of the 0.1101110110111111010100111110101110 1 King
of Sweden
Family of Sweden
Also
descended from his daughter Anne of Kiev
According to Wikipedia: "Yaroslav I the Wise (Old East Slavic and Russian: Ярослав Мудрый; Old Norse: Jarizleifr Ukranian: Ярослав Мудрий) (c. 978 – February 20, 1054) was thrice Grand Prince of Novgorod and Kiev, uniting the two principalities for a time under his rule. During his lengthy reign, Rus' reached the zenith of its cultural flowering and military power.
The early years of Yaroslav's life are shrouded in mystery. He was one of the numerous sons of Vladimir the Great, presumably his second by Rogneda of Polotsk, although his actual age (as stated in the Primary Chronicle and corroborated by the examination of his skeleton in the 1930s) would place him among the youngest children of Volodymyr. It has been suggested that he was a child begotten out of wedlock after Volodymyr's divorce from Rogneda and marriage to Anna Porphyrogeneta, or even that he was a child of Anna Porphyrogeneta herself. Yaroslav figures prominently in the Norse Sagas under the name of Jarisleif the Lame; his legendary lameness (probably resulting from an arrow wound) was corroborated by the scientists who examined his remains.
In his youth, Yaroslav was sent by his father to rule the northern lands around Rostov but was transferred to Novgorod, as befitted a senior heir to the throne, in 1010. While living there, he founded the town of Yaroslavl (literally, "Yaroslav's") on the Volga. His relations with his father were apparently strained, and grew only worse on the news that Volodymyr bequeathed the Kievan throne to his younger son, Boris. In 1014 Yaroslav refused to pay tribute to Kiev and only Volodymyr's death prevented a war.
During the next four years Yaroslav waged a complicated and bloody war for Kiev against his half-brother Sviatopolk, who was supported by his father-in-law, Duke Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland. During the course of this struggle, several other brothers (Boris, Gleb, and Svyatoslav) were brutally murdered. The Primary Chronicle accused Svyatopolk of planning those murders, while the Saga of Eymund is often interpreted as recounting the story of Boris's assassination by the Varangians in the service of Yaroslav.
Yaroslav defeated Svyatopolk in their first battle, in 1016, and Svyatopolk fled to Poland. But Svyatopolk returned with Polish troops furnished by his father-in-law, seized Kiev and pushed Yaroslav back into Novgorod. Yaroslav at last prevailed over Svyatopolk, and in 1019 firmly established his rule over Kiev. One of his first actions as a grand prince was to confer on the loyal Novgorodians (who had helped him to gain the Kievan throne), numerous freedoms and privileges. Thus, the foundation of the Novgorodian republic was laid. For their part, the Novgorodians respected Yaroslav more than they did other Kievan princes; and the princely residence in their city, next to the marketplace (and where the veche often convened) was named Yaroslavovo Dvorishche ("Yaroslav's Court") after him. It probably was during this period that Yaroslav promulgated the first code of laws in the East Slavic lands, "Yaroslav's Justice" (now better known as Russkaya Pravda, "Russian Truth").
Eleventh-century fresco of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev representing the daughters of Yaroslav I, with Anna probably being the youngest. Other daughters were Anastasia, wife of Andrew I of Hungary; Elizabeth, wife of Harald III of Norway; and possibly Agatha, wife of Edward the Exile.
Leaving aside the legitimacy of Yaroslav's claims to the Kievan throne and his postulated guilt in the murder of his brothers, Nestor the Chronicler and later Russian historians often presented him as a model of virtue, styling him "the Wise". A less appealing side of his personality is revealed by his having imprisoned his younger brother Sudislav for life. Yet another brother, Mstislav of Tmutarakan, whose distant realm bordered the Northern Caucasus and the Black Sea, hastened to Kiev and inflicted a heavy defeat on Yaroslav in 1024. Yaroslav and Mstislav then divided Kievan Rus between them: the area stretching left from the Dnieper, with the capital at Chernihiv, was ceded to Mstislav until his death in 1036.
In his foreign policy, Yaroslav relied on the Scandinavian alliance and attempted to weaken the Byzantine influence on Kiev. In 1030, he reconquered Red Rus from the Poles and concluded an alliance with King Casimir I of Poland, sealed by the latter's marriage to Yaroslav's sister Maria. In another successful military raid the same year, he founded Yuryev (today Tartu, Estonia) (named after Saint George, or "Yury", Yaroslav's patron saint) and forced the surrounding province of Ugaunia to pay annual tribute.
"In 1043, Yaroslav staged a naval raid against Constantinople led by his son Vladimir and general Vyshata. Although the Rus' navy was defeated, Yaroslav managed to conclude the war with a favourable treaty and prestigious marriage of his son Vsevolod to the emperor's daughter. It has been suggested that the peace was so advantageous because the Kievans had succeeded in taking a key Byzantine possession in Crimea, Chersones.
"To defend his state from the Pechenegs and other nomadic tribes threatening it from the south he constructed a line of forts, composed of Yuriev, Boguslav, Kaniv, Korsun, and Pereyaslav. To celebrate his decisive victory over the Pechenegs in 1036 (who thereupon never were a threat to Kiev) he sponsored the construction of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in 1037. Other celebrated monuments of his reign, such as the Golden Gates of Kiev, have since perished.
"Yaroslav was a notable patron of book culture and learning. In 1051, he had a Russian monk Ilarion proclaimed the metropolitan of Kiev, thus challenging old Byzantine tradition of placing Greeks on the episcopal sees. Ilarion's discourse on Yaroslav and his father Vladimir is frequently cited as the first work of Old Russian literature.
"In 1019, Yaroslav married Ingegerd Olofsdotter, daughter of the king of Sweden, and gave Ladoga to her as a marriage gift."
Yaroslav = son of
Generation 35
0.1101110110111111010100111110101111 Saint Vladimir I the Great (c. 958 - July 15,1015)
According to Wikipedia: "Vladimir Sviatoslavich the Great, also sometimes spelled Volodymer Old East Slavic: Володимеръ Святославичь (c. 958 near Pskov – 15 July 1015, Berestovo) was the grand prince of Kiev who converted to Christianity in 988], and proceeded to baptise all of Kievan Rus'. His name is spelt variously: in modern Ukrainian, for example, as Volodymyr (Володимир); in Old Church Slavonic and modern Russian, as Vladimir (Владимир); in Old Norse as Valdamarr; and, in modern Scandinavian languages, "Valdemar".
"Vladimir, born in 958, was the natural son and youngest son of Sviatoslav I of Kiev by his housekeeper Malusha. Malusha is described in the Norse sagas as a prophetess who lived to the age of 100 and was brought from her cave to the palace to predict the future. Malusha's brother Dobrynya was Vladimir's tutor and most trusted advisor. Hagiographic tradition of dubious authenticity also connects his childhood with the name of his grandmother, Olga Prekrasa, who was Christian and governed the capital during Sviatoslav's frequent military campaigns.
"Transferring his capital to Pereyaslavets in 969, Sviatoslav
designated Vladimir ruler of Novgorod the Great but gave Kiev to his legitimate
son Yaropolk. After Sviatoslav's death (972), a fratricidal war erupted (976)
between Yaropolk and his younger brother Oleg, ruler of the Drevlians. In 977
Vladimir fled to his kinsman Haakon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway in Scandinavia,
collecting as many of the Norse warriors as he could to assist him to recover
Novgorod, and on his return the next year marched against Yaropolk.
"On his way to Kiev he sent ambassadors to Rogvolod (Norse:
Ragnvald), prince of Polotsk, to sue for the hand of his daughter Rogneda (Norse:
Ragnhild). The well-born princess refused to affiance herself to the son of a
bondswoman, but Vladimir attacked Polotsk, slew Rogvolod, and took Ragnhild by
force. Polotsk was a key fortress on the way to Kiev, and the capture of
Polotsk and Smolensk facilitated the taking of Kiev (980), where he slew
Yaropolk by treachery, and was proclaimed konung, or khagan, of all Kievan Rus.
"Vladimir continued to expand his territories beyond his father's extensive domain. In 981, he conquered the Cherven cities and Slavic Galicia; in 983, he subdued the Yatvingians, whose territories lay between Lithuania and Poland; in 985, he led a fleet along the central rivers of Kievan Rus' to conquer the Bulgars of the Kama, planting numerous fortresses and colonies on his way.
"Though Christianity had won many converts since Olga's rule, Vladimir had remained a thoroughgoing pagan, taking eight hundred concubines (besides numerous wives) and erecting pagan statues and shrines to gods. He may have attempted to reform Slavic paganism by establishing the thunder-god, Perun, as a supreme deity. "Although Christianity in Kiev existed before Vladimir’s time, he had remained a pagan, accumulated about seven wives, established temples, and, it is said, taken part in idolatrous rites involving human sacrifice."
“In 983, after another of his military successes, Prince Vladimir and his army thought it necessary to sacrifice human lives to the gods. A lot was cast and it fell on a youth, Ioann by name, the son of a Christian, Fyodor. His father stood firmly against his son being sacrificed to the idols. More than that, he tried to show the pagans the futility of their faith: ‘Your gods are just plain wood: it is here now but it may rot into oblivion tomorrow; your gods neither eat, nor drink, nor talk and are made by human hand from wood; whereas there is only one God — He is worshiped by Greeks and He created heaven and earth; and your gods? They have created nothing, for they have been created themselves; never will I give my son to the devils!’”
"An open abuse of the deities, to which most people in Rus bowed in reverence in those times, triggered widespread indignation. A mob killed the Christian Fyodor and his son Ioann (later, after the overall christening of Russia, people came to regard these two as the first Christian martyrs in Russia and the Orthodox Church set a day to commemorate them, July 25).
"Immediately after the murder of Fyodor and Ioann, early mediaeval
Russia saw persecutions against Christians, many of whom escaped or concealed
their belief.
"However, Prince Vladimir mused over the incident long after, and not in the last place, for political considerations too. The chronicles have it that different preachers came to the Prince, each offering a particular faith. Vladimir spoke to people of different faiths, but for different reasons rejected all the religions. Finally, a Greek philosopher told the prince of the Old and New Testaments and presented him with a canvas depicting Doomsday. When he learned of the fate the unrepentant were in for, Prince Vladimir was benumbed by terror and after a short pause said with a sigh: “Blessed are the doers of good and damned are the evil doers!”"
"The Primary Chronicle reports that in the year 987, as the result of a consultation with his boyars, Vladimir sent envoys to study the religions of the various neighboring nations whose representatives had been urging him to embrace their respective faiths. The result is amusingly described by the chronicler Nestor. Of the Muslim Bulgarians of the Volga the envoys reported there is no gladness among them; only sorrow and a great stench. They also said that the Bulgars' religion was undesirable due to its taboo against alcoholic beverages and pork; supposedly, Vladimir said on that occasion: "Drinking is the joy of the Rus'."] Russian sources also describe Vladimir consulting with Jewish envoys (who may or may not have been Khazars), and questioning them about their religion but ultimately rejecting it, saying that their loss of Jerusalem was evidence of their having been abandoned by God. Ultimately Vladimir settled on Christianity. In the churches of the Germans his emissaries saw no beauty; but at Constantinople, where the full festival ritual of the Byzantine Church was set in motion to impress them, they found their ideal: "We no longer knew whether we were in heaven or on earth," they reported, describing a majestic Divine Liturgy in Hagia Sophia, "nor such beauty, and we know not how to tell of it." If Vladimir was impressed by this account of his envoys, he was yet more so by political gains of the Byzantine alliance.
"In 988, having taken the town of Chersonesos in Crimea, he boldly
negotiated for the hand of the emperor Basil II's sister, Anna. Never before
had a Byzantine imperial princess, and one "born-in-the-purple" at
that, married a barbarian, as matrimonial offers of French kings and German
emperors had been peremptorily rejected. In short, to marry the 27-year-old
princess off to a pagan Slav seemed impossible. Vladimir, however, was baptized
at Cherson, taking the Christian name of Basil out of compliment to his
imperial brother-in-law; the sacrament was followed by his wedding with Anna.
Returning to Kiev in triumph, he destroyed pagan monuments and established many
churches, starting with the splendid Church of the Tithes (989) and monasteries
on Mt. Athos.
"Arab sources, both Muslim and Christian, present a different story
of Vladimir's conversion. Yahya of Antioch, al-Rudhrawari, al-Makin,
al-Dimashki, and ibn al-Athir[6] all give essentially the same
account. In 987, Bardas Sclerus and Bardas Phocas revolted against the
Byzantine emperor Basil II. Both rebels briefly joined forces, but then Bardas
Phocas proclaimed himself emperor on 14 September 987. Basil II turned to the Kievan
Rus' for assistance, even though they were considered enemies at that time.
Vladimir agreed, in exchange for a marital tie; he also agreed to accept
Christianity as his religion and bring his people to the new faith. When the
wedding arrangements were settled, Vladimir dispatched 6,000 troops to the
Byzantine Empire and they helped to put down the revolt.
"He then formed a great council out of his boyars, and set his twelve sons over his subject principalities.
"It is mentioned in the Primary Chronicle that Vladimir founded the city of Belgorod in 991.
"In 992 he went on a campaign against the Croats, most likely the
White Croats (an East Slavic group unrelated to the Croats of Dalmatia) that lived
on the border of modern Ukraine. This campaign was cut short by the attacks of
the Pechenegs on and around Kiev.
"In his later years he lived in a relative peace with his other neighbors: Boleslav I of Poland, Stephen I of Hungary, Andrikh the Czech (questionable character mentioned in A Tale of the Bygone Years).
"After Anna's death, he married again, likely to a granddaughter of Otto the Great.
"In 1014 his son Yaroslav the Wise stopped paying tribute. Vladimir decided to chastise the insolence of his son, and began gathering troops against Yaroslav. However, Vladimir fell ill, most likely of old age and died at Berestovo, near Kiev.
"The various parts of his dismembered body were distributed among his numerous sacred foundations and were venerated as relics.
Vladimir = son of
Generation 36
0.11011101101111110101001111101011111 Sviatoslav I of Kiev (c. 42 - March 972)) mated with 0.11011101101111110101001111101011110 Malusha, his housekeeper
According to Wikipedia: "Sviatoslav I Igorevich (Old East Slavic: С~тославъ / Свąтославъ Игорєвичь, Sventoslavŭ / Svantoslavŭ Igorevičǐ; Ukrainian: Святослав Ігорович, Svyatoslav Igorovič; Svetoslav; Russian: Святослав Игоревич, Svyatoslav Igorevič; Bulgarian: Светослав, Greek: Σφενδοσθλάβος, Sphendosthlabos) (c. 942 – March 972), also spelled Svyatoslav, was a warrior prince of Kievan Rus'. The son of Igor of Kiev and Olga, Sviatoslav is famous for his incessant campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated the collapse of two great powers of Eastern Europe—Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire; he also subdued the Volga Bulgars, the Alans, and numerous East Slavic tribes, and at times was allied with the Pechenegs and Magyars. His decade-long reign over Rus' was marked by rapid expansion into the Volga River valley, the Pontic steppe and the Balkans. By the end of his short life, Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe, eventually moving his capital from Kiev to Pereyaslavets on the Danube in 969. In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity, Sviatoslav remained a staunch pagan all of his life. Due to his abrupt death in combat, Sviatoslav's conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to civil war among his successors.
Sviatoslav was the first true ruler of Kievan Rus' whose name is indisputably Slavic in origin (as opposed to his predecessors, whose names are ultimately derived from Old Norse). This name is not recorded in other medieval Slavic countries. Even in Rus', it was attested only among the members of the house of Rurik, as were the names of Sviatoslav's immediate successors: Vladimir, Yaroslav, Mstislav). Some scholars speculate that the name of Sviatoslav, composed of the Slavic roots for "holy" and "glory", was an artificial derivation combining those of his predecessors Oleg and Rurik (they mean "holy" and "glorious" in Old Norse, respectively).
Virtually nothing is known about his childhood and youth, which he spent reigning in Novgorod. Sviatoslav's father, Igor, was killed by the Drevlians around 942 and his mother, Olga, ruled as regent in Kiev until Sviatoslav's maturity (ca. 963).[4] His tutor was a Varangian named Asmud. "Quick as a leopard,"[5] Sviatoslav appears to have had little patience for administration. His life was spent with his druzhina (roughly, "troops") in permanent warfare against neighboring states. According to the Primary Chronicle:
Sviatoslav was noted by Leo the Deacon to be of average height and build. He shaved his head and his beard (or possibly just had a wispy beard) but wore a bushy mustache and a one or two sidelocks as a sign of his nobility. He preferred to dress in white, and it was noted that his garments were much cleaner than those of his men. He wore a single large gold earring bearing a ruby and two pearls.
His mother converted to Christianity at the court of Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus in 945 or 957. However, Sviatoslav continued to worship Perun, Veles, Svarog and the other gods and goddesses of the Slavic pantheon. He remained a pagan for all of his life; according to the Primary Chronicle, he believed that his warriors would lose respect for him and mock him if he became a Christian. The allegiance of his warriors was of paramount importance in his conquest of an empire that stretched from the Volga to the Danube.
Very little is known of Sviatoslav's family life. It is possible that Sviatoslav was not the only (and the eldest) son of his parents. The Russo-Byzantine treaty of 945 mentions a certain Predslava, Volodislav's wife, as the noblest of the Rus' women after Olga. George Vernadsky was among many historians to speculate that Volodislav was Igor's eldest son and heir who died at some point during Olga's regency. At the time of Igor's death, Sviatoslav was still a child and he was raised by his mother or at her instructions. Her influence, however, did not extend to his religious observance.
Sviatoslav, had several children, but the origin of his wives is not specified in the chronicle. By his wives, he had Yaropolk and Oleg. By Malusha, a woman of indeterminate origins, Sviatoslav had Vladimir, who would ultimately break with his father's paganism and convert Rus to Christianity. John Skylitzes reported that Vladimir had a brother named Sfengus; whether this Sfengus was a son of Sviatoslav, a son of Malusha by a prior or subsequent husband, or an unrelated Rus' nobleman is unclear.
When Sviatoslav went on campaign he left his various relations as regents in the main cities of his realm: his mother Olga and later Yaropolk in Kiev, Vladimir in Novgorod, and Oleg over the Drevlians.
Shortly after his accession to the throne, Sviatoslav began campaigning
to expand the Rus control over the Volga valley and the Pontic steppe region.
His greatest success was the conquest of Khazaria, which for centuries had been
one of the strongest states of Eastern Europe. The sources are not clear about
the roots of the conflict between Khazaria and Rus', so several possibilities
have been suggested. The Rus' had an interest in removing the Khazar hold on
the Volga trade route because the Khazars collected duties from the goods
transported by the Volga. Historians have suggested that the Byzantine Empire
may have incited the Rus' against the Khazars, who fell out with the Byzantines
after the persecutions of the Jews in the reign of Romanus I Lecapenus.
Sviatoslav began by rallying the Khazars' East Slavic vassal tribes to his cause. Those who would not join him, such as the Vyatichs, were attacked and forced to pay tribute to the Kievan Rus' rather than the Khazars.[15] According to a legend recorded in the Primary Chronicle, Sviatoslav sent a message to the Vyatich rulers, consisting of a single phrase: "I want to come at you!" (Old East Slavic: "хощю на вы ити")[16] This phrase is used in modern Russian (usually misquoted as "Иду на вы") to denote an unequivocal declaration of one's intentions. Proceeding by the Oka and Volga rivers, he invaded Volga Bulgaria and exacted tribute from the local population, thus bringing under Kievan control the upper Volga River. He employed Oghuz and Pecheneg mercenaries in this campaign, perhaps to counter the Khazars' and Bulgars' superior cavalry.
Sviatoslav destroyed the Khazar city of Sarkel around 965, and possibly sacked (but did not occupy) the Khazar city of Kerch on the Crimea. At Sarkel he established a Rus' settlement called Belaya Vyezha ("the white tower" or "the white fortress", the East Slavic translation for "Sarkel").[19] He subsequently (probably in 968 or 969) destroyed the Khazar capital of Atil. A visitor to Atil wrote soon after Sviatoslav's campaign: "The Rus attacked, and no grape or raisin remained, not a leaf on a branch."] The exact chronology of his Khazar campaign is uncertain and disputed; for example, Mikhail Artamonov and David Christian proposed that the sack of Sarkel came after the destruction of Atil.
Although Ibn Haukal reports Sviatoslav's sack of Samandar in modern-day Dagestan, the Rus' leader did not bother to occupy the Khazar heartlands north of the Caucasus Mountains permanently. On his way back to Kiev, Sviatoslav chose to strike against the Ossetians and force them into subservience.[23] Therefore, Khazar successor statelets continued their precarious existence in the region.[24] The destruction of Khazar imperial power paved the way for Kievan Rus' to dominate north-south trade routes through the steppe and across the Black Sea, routes that formerly had been a major source of revenue for the Khazars. Moreover, Sviatoslav's campaigns led to increased Slavic settlement in the region of the Saltovo-Mayaki culture, greatly changing the demographics and culture of the transitional area between the forest and the steppe.
The annihilation of Khazaria was undertaken against the background of the Rus'-Byzantine alliance, concluded in the wake of Igor's Byzantine campaign in 944. Close military ties between the Rus' and Byzantium are illustrated by the fact, reported by John Skylitzes, that a Rus' detachment accompanied Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros Phokas in his victorious naval expedition to Crete.
In 967 or 968 Nikephoros sent to Sviatoslav his agent, Kalokyros, with the task of talking Sviatoslav into assisting him in a war against Bulgaria. Sviatoslav was paid 15,000 pounds of gold and set sail with an army of 60,000 men, including thousands of Pecheneg mercenaries.
Sviatoslav defeated the Bulgarian ruler Boris II and proceeded to occupy
the whole of northern Bulgaria. Meanwhile, the Byzantines bribed the Pechenegs
to attack and besiege Kiev, where Olga stayed with Sviatoslav's son Vladimir.
The siege was relieved by the druzhina of Pretich, and immediately following
the Pecheneg retreat, Olga sent a reproachful letter to Sviatoslav. He promptly
returned and defeated the Pechenegs, who continued to threaten Kiev.
Sviatoslav refused to turn his Balkan conquests over to the Byzantines, and the parties fell out as a result. To the chagrin of his boyars and mother (who died within three days after learning about his decision), Sviatoslav decided to move his capital to Pereyaslavets in the mouth of the Danube due to the great potential of that location as a commercial hub. In the Primary Chronicle record for 969, Sviatoslav explains that it is to Pereyaslavets, the centre of his lands, "all the riches flow: gold, silks, wine, and various fruits from Greece, silver and horses from Hungary and Bohemia, and from Rus furs, wax, honey, and slaves".
In summer 969, Sviatoslav left Rus' again, dividing his dominion into three parts, each under a nominal rule of one of his sons. At the head of an army that included Pecheneg and Magyar auxiliary troops, he invaded Bulgaria again, devastating Thrace, capturing the city of Philippopolis, and massacring its inhabitants. Nikephoros responded by repairing the defenses of Constantinople and raising new squadrons of armored cavalry. In the midst of his preparations, Nikephoros was overthrown and killed by John Tzimiskes, who thus became the new Byzantine emperor.
John Tzimiskes first attempted to persuade Sviatoslav into leaving Bulgaria, but was unsuccessful. Challenging the Byzantine authority, Sviatoslav crossed the Danube and laid siege to Adrianople, causing panic on the streets of Constantinople in summer 970.[33] Later that year, the Byzantines launched a counteroffensive. Being occupied with suppressing a revolt of Bardas Phokas in Asia Minor, John Tzimiskes sent his commander-in-chief, Bardas Skleros, who defeated the coalition of Rus', Pechenegs, Magyars, and Bulgarians in the Battle of Arcadiopolis.[34] Meanwhile, John, having quelled the revolt of Bardas Phokas, came to the Balkans with a large army and promoting himself as the liberator of Bulgaria from Sviatoslav, penetrated the impracticable mountain passes and shortly thereafter captured Marcianopolis, where the Rus were holding a number of Bulgar princes hostage.
Sviatoslav retreated to Dorostolon, which the Byzantine armies besieged for sixty-five days. Cut off and surrounded, Sviatoslav came to terms with John and agreed to abandon the Balkans, renounce his claims to the southern Crimea and return west of the Dnieper River. In return, the Byzantine emperor supplied the Rus' with food and safe passage home. Sviatoslav and his men set sail and landed on Berezan Island at the mouth of the Dnieper, where they made camp for the winter. Several months later, their camp was devastated by famine, so that even a horse's head could not be bought for less than a half-grivna, reports the Kievan chronicler of the Primary Chronicle. While Sviatoslav's campaign brought no tangible results for the Rus', it weakened the Bulgarian statehood and left it vulnerable to the attacks of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer four decades later.
Fearing that the peace with Sviatoslav would not endure, the Byzantine emperor induced the Pecheneg khan Kurya to kill Sviatoslav before he reached Kiev. This was in line with the policy outlined by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in De Administrando Imperio of fomenting strife between the Rus' and the Pechenegs. According to the Slavic chronicle, Sveneld attempted to warn Sviatoslav to avoid the Dnieper cataracts, but the prince slighted his wise advice and was ambushed and slain by the Pechenegs when he tried to cross the cataracts near Khortitsa early in 972. The Primary Chronicle reports that his skull was made into a chalice by the Pecheneg khan, Kurya.
Following Sviatoslav's death, tensions between his sons grew. A war broke out between Sviatoslav's legitimate sons, Oleg and Yaropolk, in 976, at the conclusion of which Oleg was killed. In 977 Vladimir fled Novgorod to escape Oleg's fate and went to Scandinavia, where he raised an army of Varangians and returned in 980. Yaropolk was killed and Vladimir became the sole ruler of Kievan Rus'.
Sviatoslav has long been a hero of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian patriots due to his great military successes. His figure first attracted attention of Russian artists and poets during the Russo-Turkish War, 1768–1774, which provided obvious parallels with Sviatoslav's push towards Constaninople. Russia's southward expansion and Catherine II's imperialistic ventures in the Balkans seemed to have been legitimized by Sviatoslav's campaigns eight centuries earlier.
Among the works created during the war was Yakov Knyazhnin's tragedy Olga (1772). The Russian playwright chose to introduce Sviatoslav as his protagonist, although his active participation in the events following Igor's death is out of sync with the traditional chronology. Knyazhnin's rival Nikolai Nikolev (1758–1815) also wrote a play on the subject of Sviatoslav's life. Ivan Akimov's painting Sviatoslav's Return from the Danube to Kiev (1773) explores the conflict between military honour and family attachment. It is a vivid example of Poussinesque rendering of early medieval subject matter.
In the 19th century, interest in Sviatoslav's career waned. Klavdiy Lebedev depicted an episode of Sviatoslav's meeting with Emperor John in his well-known painting, while Eugene Lanceray sculpted an equestrian statue of Sviatoslav in the early 20th century.[38] Sviatoslav appears in the Slavophile poems of Velimir Khlebnikov as an epitome of militant Slavdom:
Знаменитый сок Дуная, |
Pouring the famed juice of the Danube |
Наливая в глубь главы, |
Into the depth of my head, |
Стану пить я, вспоминая |
I shall drink and remember |
Светлых клич: "Иду на вы!". |
The cry of the bright ones: "I come at you!"[39] |
He is the villain of Samuel Gordon's novel The Lost Kingdom, or the Passing of the Khazars,[40] a fictionalized account of the destruction of Khazaria by the Rus'. The Slavic warrior figures in a more positive context in the story "Chernye Strely Vyaticha" by Vadim Viktorovich Kargalov; the story is included in his book Istoricheskie povesti.
In 2005, reports circulated that a village in the Belgorod region had erected a monument to Sviatoslav's victory over the Khazars by the Russian sculptor Vyacheslav Klykov. The reports described the 13-meter tall statue as depicting a Rus' cavalryman trampling a supine Khazar bearing a Star of David. This created an outcry within the Jewish community of Russia. The controversy was further exacerbated by Klykov's connections with Pamyat and other anti-Semitic organizations, as well as by his involvement in the "letter of 500", a controversial appeal to the Prosecutor General to review all Jewish organizations in Russia for extremism. The Press Center of the Belgorod Regional Administration responded by stating that a planned monument to Sviatoslav had not yet been constructed, but would show "respect towards representatives of all nationalities and religions."[43] When the statue was unveiled, the shield bore a twelve-pointed star.
Sviatoslav = son of
Generation 37
0.110111011011111101010011111010111111 Igor, Prince of Kiev (ruled 912-945) md. Saint Olga of Kiev (c. 890- July 11,
969)
0.110111011011111101011010010010
Judith
of Hohenstaufen (c.
1133/1134 - July 7, 1191) md. 0.110111011011111101011010010011
Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia (the Hard)
Judith =
daughter of
Generation 30
0.1101110110111111010110100100101 Frederick
II, Duck of Swabia md. 0.1101110110111111010110100100100 Agnes of Saarbrucken Family
of Saarbrucken
Frederick = son of
Generation
31
0.11011101101111110101101001001011 Frederick I, Duke of Swabia (c. 1050 -
before July 21, 1105) md. 0.11011101101111110101101001001010
Agnes of Germany
Frederick = son of
Generation 32
0.110111011011111101011010010010111 Frederick
von Buren md. 0.110111011011111101011010010010110 Hildegard of Egisheim
_______
0.11011101101111110101001111110 Matilda, Duchess of Saxony (Jan. 6, 1156 - June 28. 1189) md. Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony (1129/1131 - Aug. 6, 1195) Family of Brunswick
Matilda = daughter of
Generation 30
0.110111011011111101010011111101 King Henry II of England (March 5, 1133 - July 6, 1189) Plantagenet Family md. 1152 0.110111011011111101010011111100 Eleanor of Aquitaine (1124 - April 1, 1204) Family of Aquitaine, Family of Normandy
_____________
0.11011101101101111001101110011 Henry II, King of England (Plantagenet)
(1133-1189) reigned 1154-1189) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110010 Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204)
(daughter of William
X, Duke of Aquitaine, and duchess, Aenor
de Châtellerault)
Henry = son of
Generation 30
0.110111011011011110011011100110 Empress
Matilda (1102-1110), briefly (contested) the first female
ruler of England in 1141 (widow of Henry V Holy Roman Emperor) md. 0.110111011011011110011011100111 Geoffrey
V Count of Anjou and Maine by inheritance, and Duke of Normandy by conquest 1144 the Handsome
(Plantagenet) (Aug. 24, 1113 - Sept. 7 1151) Plantagenet Family
Matilda = daughter of
Generation 31
0.1101110110110111100110111001101 Henry I, King of England
"Beauclerc" (1068/1069-1135) reigned 1100-1135) md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001100 Matilda
of Scotland AKA Edith, (c. 1080-1118) (the
daughter of Malcolm III King of Scotland, who was the son of Duncan I, King of
Scotland, who was murdered by Macbeth)
Henry = son of
Generation 32
0.11011101101101111001101110011011 William
I the Conqueror, King of England (1027-1087) reigned 1066-1087 md. 1053 0.11011101101101111001101110011010 Matilda
of Flanders (c. 1031-1083 (daughter of 0.110111011011011110011011100110101
Count Baldwin V of Flanders md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110100 Adela Capet (1000-1078/9),
daughter of 0.1101110110110111100110111001101001 Robert II "The Pious", King
of France, First Family of Flanders
William = son of
Generation
33
0.110111011011011110011011100110111 Robert I "The Magnificent"
(1000-1035), Duke of Normandy and his mistress 0.110111011011011110011011100110110 Herleve
(1003-1050)
Robert = son of
Generation 34
0.1101110110110111100110111001101111 Richard II "The Good" (963-1027),
Duke of Normandy d. 1026 md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101110 Judith de Rennes (982- 1017)
daughter of 0.11011101101101111001101110011011100 Conan I of Brittany (927-992)
Richard = son of
Generation 35
0.11011101101101111001101110011011111 Richard I "The Fearless"
(933-996), Duke of Normandy md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011011110 Gunnor
(936-1031)
Richard = son of
Generation 36
0.110111011011011110011011100110111111 William I
"Longsword" (893- 942), Second Duke of Normandy md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110111110 Sprota
William = son of
Generation 37
0.1101110110110111100110111001101111111 Rollo (860-932) founder and first ruler
of the Viking principality that became Normandy md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101111119 Poppa
[Overlapping
line. We are also descended from Rollo's daughter Gerloc AKA Adele who married
William III of Aquitaine]
According
to Wikipedia: "Rollo, occasionally known as Rollo the Viking, (c. 860 - c.
932) was the founder and first ruler of the Viking principality in what soon
became known as Normandy. He is also in some sources known as Robert of
Normandy, using his baptismal name. The name Rollo is a Frankish-Latin name
probably taken from the Old Norse name Hrólfr (cf. the latinization of Hrólfr
Kraki into the similar Roluo in the Gesta Danorum, modern Scandinavian name
Rolf). Rollo was a Viking leader of contested origin. Dudo of St. Quentin, in
his De moribus et actis primorum Normannorum ducum (Latin), tells of a powerful
Danish nobleman at loggerheads with the king of Denmark, who then died and left
his two sons, Gurim and Rollo, leaving Rollo to be expelled and Gurim killed.
William of Jumièges also mentions Rollo's prehistory in his Gesta Normannorum
Ducum however he states that he was from the Danish town of Fakse. Wace,
writing some 300 years after the event in his Roman de Rou, also mentions the
two brothers (as Rou and Garin), as does the Orkneyinga Saga.
"Norwegian and
Icelandic historians identified this Rollo with a son of Rognvald Eysteinsson,
Earl of Møre, in Western Norway, based on medieval Norwegian and Icelandic
sagas that mention a Ganger Hrolf (Hrolf, the Walker). The oldest source of
this version is the Latin Historia Norvegiae, written in Norway at the end of
the 12th century. This Hrolf fell foul of the Norwegian king Harald Fairhair,
and became a Jarl in Normandy. The nickname of that character came from being
so big that no horse (or at least not the Norwegian ponies of that era) could
carry him.
"The question of
Rollo's Danish or Norwegian origins was a matter of heated dispute between
Norwegian and Danish historians of the 19th and early 20th century,
particularly in the run-up to Normandy's 1000-year-anniversary in 1911. Today,
historians still disagree on this question, but most would now agree that a
certain conclusion can never be reached.
"In
885, Rollo was one of the lesser leaders of the Viking fleet which besieged
Paris under Sigfred. Legend has it that an emissary was sent by the king to
find the chieftain and negotiate terms. When he asked for this information, the
Vikings replied that they were all chieftains in their own right. In 886, when
Sigfred retreated in return for tribute, Rollo stayed behind and was eventually
bought off and sent to harry Burgundy.
"Later,
he returned to the Seine with his followers (known as Danes, or Norsemen). He
invaded the area of northern France now known as Normandy.
"In 911 Rollo's forces
were defeated at the Battle of Chartres by the troops of King Charles the
Simple. In the aftermath of the battle, rather than pay Rollo to leave, as was
customary, Charles the Simple understood that he could no longer hold back
their onslaught, and decided to give Rollo the coastal lands they occupied
under the condition that he defend against other raiding Vikings. In the Treaty
of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte (911) with King Charles, Rollo pledged feudal
allegiance to the king, changed his name to the Frankish version, and converted
to Christianity, probably with the baptismal name Robert.[2] In return, King
Charles granted Rollo the lower Seine area (today's upper Normandy) and the
titular rulership of Normandy, centred around the city of Rouen. There exists
some argument among historians as to whether Rollo was a "duke" (dux)
or whether his position was equivalent to that of a "count" under
Charlemagne. According to legend, when required to kiss the foot of King
Charles, as a condition of the treaty, he refused to perform so great a
humiliation, and when Charles extended his foot to Rollo, Rollo ordered one of
his warriors to do so in his place. His warrior then lifted Charles' foot up to
his mouth causing him to fall to the ground.
"Initially, Rollo
stayed true to his word of defending the shores of the Seine river in
accordance to the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, but in time he and his
followers had very different ideas. Rollo began to divide the land between the
Epte and Risle rivers among his chieftains and settled there with a de facto
capital in Rouen. With these settlements, Rollo began to further raid other
Frankish lands, now from the security of a settled homeland, rather than a
mobile fleet. Eventually, however, Rollo's men intermarried with the local
women, and became more settled as Frenchmen. At the time of his death, Rollo's
expansion of his territory had extended as far west as the Vire River.
"Sometime around 927,
Rollo passed the fief in Normandy to his son, William Longsword. Rollo may have
lived for a few years after that, but certainly died before 933. According to
the historian Adhemar, 'As Rollo's death drew near, he went mad and had a
hundred Christian prisoners beheaded in front of him in honour of the gods whom
he had worshipped, and in the end distributed a hundred pounds of gold around
the churches in honour of the true God in whose name he had accepted baptism.'
Even though Rollo had converted to Christianity, some of his pagan roots
surfaced at the end.
"Rollo is a direct
ancestor of William the Conqueror. Through William, he is a direct ancestor and
predecessor of the present-day British royal family. The "Clameur de
Haro" in the Channel Islands is, supposedly, an appeal to Rollo."
Rollo =
son of
Generation 38
0.11011101101101111001101110011011111111 Rognvald Eysteinsson, Earl of More in
Western Norway, and founder of the Earldom of Orkney in the Norse Sagas
Rognvald = son of
Generation 39
0.110111011011011110011011100110111111111 Eystein
Ivarsson b. 788 in Maer, Nord-Trondelag, Norway, a "petty" king of
Norway md. c. 819 0.110111011011011110011011100110111111110
Ascrida
Rognvaldsdatter Family of
Early Norwegian Kings
Eystein
= son of
Generation
40
0.1101110110110111100110111001101111111111
Ivar Halfdan the Old an ancient,
legendary king from whom descended many of the most notable lineages of legend
____________
0.11011101101101111001100011010 Piroska of Hungary AKA Saint Irene (1088 - Aug. 13,
1134) md.
0.11011101101101111001100011011
Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos (Sept. 13, 1087 - April 8, 1143) reigned
1118 to 1143
Piroska =
daughter of
Generation 31
0.110111011011011110011000110101
King Ladislaus
I of Hungary (c. 1040 - July 29, 1095) md. 0.110111011011011110011000110100 Adelaide of Rheinfelden
Ladislaus =
son of
Generation
32
0.1101110110110111100110001101011
Bela I
the Champion of Hungary (c. 1015- Sept. 11, 1063)
md. 0.1101110110110111100110001101010
Richeza or Adelaide of Poland
Bela = son
of
Generation
33
0.11011101101101111001100011010111
Vazul AKA Vaszoly (before 997 - 1031
or 1032)
Vazul
= son of
Generation
34
0.110111011011011110011000110101111
Michael (after 960 - 995 or
c. 997), member of the House of Arpad
Michael =
son of
Generation
35
0.1101110110110111100110001101011111
Taksony,
Grand Prince of the Hungarians (before or around 931 - early 970s)
Taksony =
son of
Generation
36
0.11011101101101111001100011010111111
Zoltan
AKA Zolta, Grand Prince of the Hungarians (c/ 99- or 903 - c. 950) md. 0.11011101101101111001100011010111110 daughter
of 0.110111011011011110011000110101111101 Menumorut
Zoltan
= son of
Generation
37
0.110111011011011110011000110101111111
Arpad,
"Founder of the Country of Hungary" (c. 845-C. 907)
Arpad = son
of
Generation
38
0.1101110110110111100110001101011111111
Almos,
first head of the confederation of Hungarian tribes (c. 820 - c. 895)
Almos = son
of
Generation
39
0.1101110110110111100110001101011111111
Ugyek AKA Elod (second half of the
8th century - first half of the 9th century) md. 0.11011101101101111001100011010111111110 Emese
Ugyek = son
of
Generation
40
0.11011101101101111001100011010111111111
Edermen md. 0.11011101101101111001100011010111111110 Aracsilla of Samarkand
Edemen
AKA Ed = son of
Generation
41
0.110111011011011110011000110101111111111
Csaba
Csaba
= son of Attila
Generation
42
0.1101110110110111100110001101011111111111
Attila
the Hun (406-463)
from
Wikipedia:
In the
year of Our Lord's incarnation 819, Ügek, the noblest chieftain of Scythia
descending from the great house of Magog, took to wife in Dentumoger the
daughter of Prince Eunedubelian, called Emese, from whom he begot a son, who
was named Álmos. But he is called Álmos from a divine event, because when she
was pregnant a divine vision appeared to his mother in a dream in the form of a
falcon that seemed to come to her and impregnate her and made known to her that
from her womb a torrent would come forth and from her loins glorious kings be
generated, but that they would not multiply in their own land. Because a dream
is called álom in the Hungarian language and his
birth was predicted in a dream, so he was called Álmos. Or he was called Álmos,
that is holy, because holy kings and dukes were born of his line.
— Anonymus: Gesta Hungarorum
Anonymus
writes that Ügyek married Emese, a daughter of
"Prince Eunedubelian" in 819. She had seen a divine dream of a Turul
bird before Álmos's birth in c. 820, according to the chronicles. The Turul's
role is interpreted as guardian spirit, who protects the baby from harm until
he grows up. It is supported by the chronicles, according to whom the Turul
appears to the already pregnant woman.
Historian
Gyula Kristó said Ügyek's name may have been the chronicler' invention, since
it derives from the ancient Hungarian ügy ("saint, holy")
word.
It is
said, speculated or at least possible that the earlier Grand Princes of the
Hungarians were also descendants of the Hun Khans, as well as other Turkic
peoples, and through them from some daughters of Emperors of China. Simon of
Kéza's Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum narrated that royal lineage that
makes Hunnic ruler Attila the sixth-generation ancestor of Árpád, conqueror of
the Pannonian Basin, through Attila's son Csaba, his son Ed, his son Ügyek, his
son Előd, his son Álmos. Álmos was ruler of the Magyars and the father of
Árpád
Attila
= son of
Generation
43
0.11011101101101111001100011010111111111111 Mundzuk
____________
0.11011101101111110100101100
Mary of
Hungary (1257 - 1323) md. 0.11011101101111110100101101 Charles II,
"the Lame", King of Naples
and Sicily, King of Jerusalem, Prince of Salerno
Mary = daughter of
Generation 31
0.110111011011111101001011001 Stephen V, King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania, and Bulgaria, also Duke of Styria (1239 - 1272) md. 0.110111011011111101001011000 Elizabeth the Cuman, daughter of 0.1101110110111111010010110001 Köten (fl. 1223–41) a Cuman–Kipchak chieftain (khan) and military commander active in the mid-13th century. He forged the important alliance with the Kievan Rus against the Mongols but was ultimately defeated by them at the Kalka River. After the Mongol victory in 1238, Köten led 40,000 "huts" to Hungary, where he became an ally of the Hungarian king and accepted Catholicism, but was nonetheless assassinated by the Hungarian nobility.
Stephen = son of
Generation 32
0.1101110110111111010010110011
Bela IV, King
of Hungary and Croatia and Duke
of Styria (1206 - 1270) md. 0.1101110110111111010010110010 Maria
Laskarina
Bela = son of
Generation 33
0.11011101101111110100101100111 Andrew
II the Jerosolimitan, King of Hungary,
Crusader (1177 - 1235) md. 0.11011101101111110100101100110 Gertrude of
Merania
Andrew = son of
Generation 34
0.110111011011111101001011001111 Bela III, King of Hungary, AKA Caesar Alexius of the Byzantine Empire (1148-1196 md. 0.110111011011111101001011001110 Agnes of Antioch Family of Antioch
Bela = son of
Generation 35
0.1101110110111111010010110011111 Geza II, King of Hungary (1130-1162) md. 0.1101110110111111010010110011110 Euphrosyne of Kiev
Geza = son of
Generation 36
0.11011101101111110100101100111111
Bela II,
"the Blind", King of Hungary (1110-1141) md. 0.11011101101111110100101100111110 Helena
of Raska
Bela = son of
Generation 37
0.110111011011111101001011001111110
Almos, Prince of Hungary md. 0.110111011011111101001011001111110 Predslava Second
Family of Kiev
___________
0.1101110110111111010110100100100
Agnes of Saarbrucken md.
1132 0.1101110110111111010110100100101 Frederick II, Duck of Swabia
Agnes =
daughter of
Generation
31
0.11011101101111110101101001001001 Frederick I,
Count of Saarbrucken (d. 1135) md. 0.11011101101111110101101001001000 Gisela of Lorraine Family of Lorraine
Frederick = son of
Generation 32
0.110111011011111101011010010010011 Siegbert I, Count of Saarbrucken
0.110111011011111101010011111110 Gertrude of Supplinburg md. 0.110111011011111101010011111111 Henry X, Duke of Bavaria (c. 1108 - Oct. 20, 1139) Family of Brunswick
Gertrude = daughter of
Generation 31
0.1101110110111111010100111111101 Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor (before June 9, 1075 - Dec. 4, 1137) md. 0.1101110110111111010100111111100 Richenza of Northeim
Lothair = son og
Generation 32
0.11011101101111110101001111111011 Gebhard of Supplinburg (d. June 9, 1075) Saxon count in the Eastphalian Harzgau and Nordthuringgau md. 0.11011101101111110101001111111010 Hedwig of Formbach
He was killed in the 1075 Battle of Langensalza. His son was born shortly after his death.
Gebhard = son of
Generation 33
0.110111011011111101010011111110111
Count Bernhard of Supplinburg
(d. c. 1069) md.
0.110111011011111101010011111110110 Ida of Querfurt, niece of Saint Bruno
of Querfurt
According to Wikipedia: "Eleanor of Aquitaine (or Aliénor), Duchess of Aquitaine and Gascony and Countess of Poitou (1122[1]–1 April 1204) was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Europe during the High Middle Ages. Eleanor was Queen consort of both Louis VII of France and Henry II of England in turn, and the mother of two kings of England, Richard I and John. She is well known for her participation in the Second Crusade.... Eleanor of Aquitaine took up the crusade during a sermon preached by Bernard of Clairvaux. She was followed by some of her royal ladies-in-waiting as well as 300 non-noble vassals. She insisted on taking part in the Crusades as the feudal leader of the soldiers from her duchy. The story that she and her ladies dressed as Amazons is disputed by serious historians; however, her testimonial launch of the Second Crusade from Vézelay, the rumored location of Mary Magdalene´s burial, dramatically emphasized the role of women in the campaign. The Crusade itself achieved little. Louis was a weak and ineffectual military leader with no concept of maintaining troop discipline or morale, or of making informed and logical tactical decisions. In eastern Europe, the French army was at times hindered by Manuel I Comnenus, the Byzantine Emperor, who feared that it would jeopardize the tenuous safety of his empire; however, during their 3-week stay at Constantinople, Louis was fêted and Eleanor was much admired. She is compared with Penthesilea, mythical queen of the Amazons, by the Greek historian Nicetas Choniates; he adds that she gained the epithet chrysopous (golden-foot) from the cloth of gold that decorated and fringed her robe. Louis and Eleanor stayed in the Philopation palace, just outside the city walls. From the moment the Crusaders entered Asia Minor, the Crusade went badly. The King and Queen were optimistic — the Byzantine Emperor had told them that the German Emperor Conrad had won a great victory against a Turkish army (where in fact the German army had been massacred), and the company was still eating well. However, whilst camping near Nicea, the remnants of the German army, including a dazed and sick Emperor Conrad, began to straggle into the French camp, bringing news of their disaster. The French, with what remained of the Germans, then began to march in increasingly disorganized fashion, towards Antioch. Their spirits were buoyed on Christmas Eve — when they chose to camp in the lush Dercervian valley near Ephesus, they were ambushed by a Turkish detachment; the French proceeded to slaughter this detachment and appropriate their camp. Louis then decided to directly cross the Phrygian mountains, in the hope of speeding his approach to take refuge with Eleanor's uncle Raymond in Antioch. As they ascended the mountains, however, the army and the King and Queen were left horrified by the unburied corpses of the previously slaughtered German army. On the day set for the crossing of Mount Cadmos, Louis chose to take charge of the rear of the column, where the unarmed pilgrims and the baggage trains marched. The vanguard, with which Queen Eleanor marched, was commanded by her Aquitainian vassal, Geoffrey de Rancon; this, being unencumbered by baggage, managed to reach the summit of Cadmos, where de Rancon had been ordered to make camp for the night. De Rancon however chose to march further, deciding in concert with the Count of Maurienne (Louis´ uncle) that a nearby plateau would make a better camp: such disobedience was reportedly common in the army, due to the lack of command from the King. Accordingly, by midafternoon, the rear of the column — believing the day's march to be nearly at an end — was dawdling; this resulted in the army becoming divided, with some having already crossed the summit and others still approaching it. It was at this point that the Turks, who had been following and feinting for many days, seized their opportunity and attacked those who had not yet crossed the summit. The Turks, having seized the summit of the mountain, and the French (both soldiers and pilgrims) having been taken by surprise, there was little hope of escape: those who tried were caught and killed, and many men, horses and baggage were cast into the canyon below the ridge. William of Tyre placed the blame for this disaster firmly on the baggage — which was considered to have belonged largely to the women. The King, ironically, was saved by his lack of authority — having scorned a King's apparel in favour of a simple solder's tunic, he escaped notice (unlike his bodyguards, whose skulls were brutally smashed and limbs severed). He reportedly "nimbly and bravely scaled a rock by making use of some tree roots which God had provided for his safety," and managed to survive the attack. Others were not so fortunate: "No aid came from Heaven, except that night fell." The official scapegoat for the disaster was Geoffrey de Rancon, who had made the decision to continue, and it was suggested that he be hanged (a suggestion which the King ignored). Since he was Eleanor's vassal, many believed that it was she who had been ultimately responsible for the change in plan, and thus the massacre. This did nothing for her popularity in Christendom — as did the blame affixed to her baggage, and the fact that her Aquitainian soldiers had marched at the front, and thus were not involved in the fight. Eleanor's reputation was further sullied by her supposed affair with her uncle Raymond of Poitiers, Prince of Antioch. While in the eastern Mediterranean, Eleanor learned about maritime conventions developing there, which were the beginnings of what would become admiralty law. She introduced those conventions in her own lands, on the island of Oleron in 1160 and later in England as well. She was also instrumental in developing trade agreements with Constantinople and ports of trade in the Holy Lands....Upon Henry's death on July 6, 1189, just days after suffering an injury from a jousting match, Richard was his undisputed heir. One of his first acts as king was to send William the Marshal to England with orders to release Eleanor from prison, but her custodians had already released her. [9] Eleanor rode to Westminster and received the oaths of fealty from many lords and prelates on behalf of the King. She ruled England in Richard's name, signing herself as 'Eleanor, by the grace of God, Queen of England'. On August 13, 1189, Richard sailed from Barfleur to Portsmouth, and was received with enthusiasm. She ruled England as regent while Richard went off on the Third Crusade. She personally negotiated his ransom by going to Germany."
Eleanor = daughter of
Generation 31
0.110111011011011110011011100101 William X, Duke of Aquitaine (1099 - April 9, 1137) md. 0.110111011011011110011011100100 Aenor de Châtellerault (c. 1103 - March 1130 in Talmont), daughter of Viscount Aimery I of Chattellerault md. Dangereuse de L'Isle Bouchard (d. 1151)
According to Wikipedia: "William X of Aquitaine (1099 – April 9, 1137), nicknamed the Saint was duke of Aquitaine, duke of Gascony and count of Poitiers as William VIII of Poitiers between 1126 and 1137. He was the son of William, the troubadour by his second wife, Philippa of Toulouse. William was born in Toulouse during the brief period when his parents ruled the capital. Later that same year, much to his wife's ire, Duke William mortgaged Toulouse to Philippa's cousin, Bertrand of Toulouse, and then left on Crusade. Philippa and her infant son were left in Poitiers. Long after Duke William's return, he took up with Dangereuse, the wife of one of his vassals, and set aside his rightful wife, Philippa. This caused strain between father and son, until William married Ænor of Châtellerault, daughter of his father's mistress, in 1121.
"He had from her three children:
1. Aliaenor, or
Eleanor, who would later become heiress to the Duchy
2. Aelith, who married Raoul I of Vermandois
3. William Aigret, who died young
"As his father before him, William X was a patron of troubadours, music and literature. He was an educated man and strove to give his two daughters an excellent education, in a time when Europe's rulers were hardly literate. When Eleanor succeeded him as Duchess, she continued William's tradition and transformed the Aquitanian court into Europe's centre of knowledge. William was both a lover of the arts and a warrior. He became involved in conflicts with Normandy (which he raided in 1136, in alliance with Geoffrey le Bel of Anjou who claimed it in his wife's name) and France. Even inside his borders, William faced an alliance of the Lusignans and the Parthenays against him, an issue resolved with total destruction of the enemies. In international politics, William X initially supported antipope Anacletus II in the schism of 1130, opposite to Pope Innocent II, against the will of his own bishops. In 1134 Saint Bernard of Clairvaux convinced William to drop his support to Anacletus and join Innocent. In 1137 William joined the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, but died of suspected food poisoning during the trip. On his deathbed, he expressed his wish to see king Louis VI of France as protector of his fifteen-year-old daughter Eleanor, and to find her a suitable husband. Louis VI naturally accepted this guardianship and married the heiress of Aquitaine to his own son, Louis VII."
William = son of
Generation 32
0.1101110110110111100110111001011 William IX the Troubador, Duke of Aquitaine and Gascony and Count of Poitu (Oct. 22, 1071 - Feb. 10, 1126) one of the leaders of the Crusade of 1101 md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001010 Philippa of Toulouse
According to Wikipedia: "William IX (Occitan: Guilhèm de Peitieus; 22 October 1071 – 10 February 1126), called the Troubador, was the Duke of Aquitaine and Gascony and Count of Poitou (as William VII) between 1086 and his death. He was also one of the leaders of the Crusade of 1101 and the first troubadour, that is, vernacular lyric poet in the Occitan language. William was the son of William VIII of Aquitaine by his third wife, Hildegarde of Burgundy. His birth was a cause of great celebration at the Aquitanian court, but the Church at first considered him illegitimate because of his father's earlier divorces and his parents' consanguinity. This obliged his father to make a pilgrimage to Rome soon after his birth to seek Papal approval of his third marriage and the young William's legitimacy."
According to Wikipedia: "Philippa Maude of Toulouse (c. 1073–28 November 1118), also known as Philippa de Toulouse or Philippa de Rouergue, was the Duchess Consort of Aquitaine, and Countess of Toulouse. She is also considered by some historians as a Queen consort of Aragon and Navarre; however, that designation is based on a claimed marriage to King Sancho Ramirez of Aragon, which is now considered suspect.
Philippa was born in approximately 1073 to Count William IV of Toulouse, and his wife Emma of Mortain. She was his only surviving child, and thus, by the laws of Toulouse, his heiress. In 1088, William went on a pilgrimage to Palestine, leaving his brother Raymond of Saint-Gilles as regent. Before he left, it is claimed, he also married his daughter to the King of Aragon in order to disinherit her; however, evidence suggests that Sancho was still married to his previous wife at the time of his death in 1094.)
Willliam = son of
Generation 33
0.11011101101101111001101110010111 William VIII of Aquitaine AKA Guy-Geoffrey (1025 - 25 Sept. 1086) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110010110 Hildegarde of Burgundy, daughter of 0.110111011011011110011011100101101 Robert I (Capet) of Burgundy, son of 0.1101110110110111100110111001011011 King Robert II of France [Overlapping line]
According to Wikipedia:
"William VIII (1025 – 25 September 1086), born Guy-Geoffrey
(Gui-Geoffroi), was duke of Gascony (1052-1086), and then duke of Aquitaine and
count of Poitiers (as William VI) between 1058 and 1086, succeeding his brother
William VII (Pierre-Guillaume).
Guy-Geoffroy was the youngest son of William V of Aquitaine by his third wife
Agnes of Burgundy. He was the brother-in-law of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
who had married his sister, Agnes de Poitou. He became Duke of Gascony in 1052 during
his older brother William VII's rule. Gascony had come to Aquitanian rule
through William V's marriage to Prisca (a.k.a Brisce) of Gascony, the sister of
Duke Sans VI Guilhem of Gascony. William VIII was one of the leaders of the
allied army called to help Ramiro I of Aragon in the Siege of Barbastro (1064).
This expedition was the first campaign organized by the papacy, namely Pope
Alexander II, against a Muslim city, and the precursor of the later Crusades
movement. Aragon and its allies conquered the city, killed its inhabitants and
collected an important booty. However, Aragon lost the city again in the
following years. During William VIII's rule, the alliance with the southern
kingdoms of modern Spain was a political priority as shown by the marriage of
all his daughters to Iberian kings. He married three times and had at least
five children. After he divorced his second wife due to infertility, he
remarried to a much younger woman who was also his cousin. This marriage
produced a son, but William VIII had to visit Rome in the early 1070s to
persuade the pope to recognize his children from his third marriage as
legitimate."
William = son of
Generation 34
0.110111011011011110011011100101111 William V of Aquitaine (969- Jan. 31, 1030) md. 0.110111011011011110011011100101110 Agnes of Burgundy, daughter of 0.1101110110110111100110111001011101 Otto-William, Duke of Burgundy, son of 0.11011101101101111001101110010111011 Adalbert, King of Italy md. 0.11011101101101111001101110010111010 Gerberga of Macon
According to Wikipedia:
"William V (969 – 31 January 1030), called the Great (le Grand), was Duke
of Aquitaine and Count of Poitou (as William II or III) from 990 until his
death. He was the son and successor of William IV by his wife Emma, daughter of
Theobald I of Blois. He seems to have taken after his formidable mother, who
ruled Aquitaine as regent until 1004. He was a friend to Bishop Fulbert of
Chartres, who found in him another Maecenas, and founded a cathedral school at
Poitiers. He himself was very well educated, a collector of books, and turned
the prosperous court of Aquitaine into the learning centre of Southern France.
Though a cultivated prince, he was a failure in the field. He called in the aid
of his suzerain Robert II of France in subduing his vassal, Boso of La Marche.
Together, they yet failed. Eventually, Boso was chased from the duchy. He had
to contain the Vikings who yearly threatened his coast, but in 1006, he was
defeated by Viking invaders. He lost the Loudunais and Mirebalais to Fulk
Nerra, count of Anjou. He had to give up Confolens, Ruffec, and Chabanais to compensate
William II of Angoulême, but Fulbert negotiated a treaty (1020) outlining the
reciprocal obligations of vassal and suzerain. However, his court was a centre
of artistic endeavour and he its surest patron. His piety and culture brought
peace to his vast feudum and he tried to stem the tide of feudal warfare then
destroying the unity of many European nations by supporting the current Peace
and Truce of God movements initiated by Pope and Church. He founded the abbey
of Maillezais (1010) and Bourgueil. He rebuilt the cathedral and many other
regligious structures in Poitiers after a fire. He travelled widely in Europe,
annually visiting Rome or Spain as a pilgrim. Everywhere he was greeted with
royal pomp. His court was of an international flavour, receiving ambassadors
from the Emperor Henry II, Alfonso V of León, Canute of England, and even his
suzerain, Robert of France.
In 1024–1025, an embassy from Italy, sent by Ulric Manfred II of Turin, came to
France seeking a king of their own, the Henry II having died. The Italians
asked for Robert's son Hugh Magnus, co-king of France, but Robert refused to
allow his son to go and the Italians turned to William, whose character and
court impressed many. He set out for Italy to consider the proposal, but the Italian
political situation convinced him to renounce the crown for him and his heirs.
Most of his surviving six letters deal with the Italian proposal. His reign
ended in peace and he died on the last (or second to last) day of January 1030
at Maillezais, which he founded and where he is buried. The principal source of
his reign is the panegyric of Adhemar of Chabannes."
William = son of
Generation 35
0.1101110110110111100110111001011111 William IV of Aquitaine (937 - Feb. 3, 994) md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001011110 Emma, daughter of 0.11011101101101111001101110010111101 Theobald I of Blois
According to Wikipedia: "William IV (937 – 3 February 994), called Fierebras or Fierebrace (meaning "Iron Arm", from the French Fier-à-bras or Fièrebrace, in turn from the Latin Ferox brachium), was the Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Poitou from 963 to his retirement in 990. William's father, William III, abdicated to the abbey of Saint-Cyprien in Poitiers and left the government to Fierebras. His mother was Gerloc, the daughter of Duke Rollo of Normandy. His sister was Adelaide, wife of Hugh Capet, the king against whom William later battled for his duchy. His early reign was characterised by many wars. He fought frequently against the counts of Anjou, the first time against Geoffrey Greymantle, who had taken Loudun. In 988, he went to war with the newly-elected king of France, Hugh Capet, whom he refused to recognise. Capet had been granted Aquitaine by King Lothair before the latter had been reconciled to William's father. Capet renewed his claim on the great duchy and invaded it that year. A royal army was defeated on the plain of the Loire Valley. William sheltered the young Louis, the son of Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, the last legitimate Carolingian heir. He opened the palace of Poitiers to him and treated him as royalty, regarding him as the true heir to the French throne. In 968, he married Emma or Emmeline, daughter of Theobald I of Blois and Luitgarde of Vermandois. Their marriage was stormy, in part because of William's indulgence in the pursuit of women and, a hunting aficionado, wild animals. She banished his paramours, they separated twice for long periods, and finally he retired to a monastery, as his father had done, leaving Emma to rule Aquitaine in the name of their son William until 1004. Their second son, Ebles, died sometime after 997."
According to Wikipedia:
"Theobald I (died 16 January between 975 and 978), called the Cheat(er) or
the Trickster (le Tricheur), was the first count of Blois, Chartres, and
Châteaudun from 960, and Tours from 945.Theobald was initially a vassal of Hugh
the Great, Duke of France. Around 945, he captured King Louis IV to the benefit
of Hugh. In return for freedom, the king granted him the city of Laon. He took
the title of "count" in Tours. He seized Chartres and Châteaudun and
remarried his sister to Fulk II of Anjou. In 958, he met Fulk in Verron and the
two described themselves as "governor and administrator [of the] kingdom
[of Neustria]" and comites Dei gratia ("counts by the grace of
God").
Theobald's sister married Alan II of Brittany and Theobald governed the duchy
during the minority of her son Drogo. Thus, Theobald extended his influence all
the way to Rennes. In 960, he began opposing Richard I of Normandy and entered
into a long war with the Normans. In 961, he attacked Évreux. The Normans
responded by attacking Dunois. In 962, he launched an assault on Rouen which
failed. The Normans burned Chartres in response. He took control of the
fortresses of Saint-Aignan in the Loir-et-Cher , Vierzon, and Anguillon in
Berry. During the minority of Hugh Capet, he reinforced Chartres and
Châteaudun. Around 960, he built Saumur. By his death, he had built a vast
power on the Loire, dominating central France. His daughter Emma brought him
the county of Provins, nucleus of the later county of Champagne."
William = son of
Generation 36
0.11011101101101111001101110010111111 William III of
Aquitaine, the Towhead (915
- April 3, 963) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110010111110 Gerloc AKA Adele, daughter of 0.110111011011011110011011100101111101 Rollo of Normandy
[Overlapping line. We are also descended from Rollo's
son William I "Longsword"]
According to Wikipedia: "William III (915–3 April 963), called Towhead (French: Tête d'étoupe, Latin: Caput Stupe) from the colour of his hair, was the "Count of the Duchy of Aquitaine" from 959 and Duke of Aquitaine from 962 to his death. He was also the Count of Poitou (as William I) from 935 and Count of Auvergne from 950. The primary sources for his reign are Ademar of Chabannes, Dudo of Saint-Quentin, and William of Jumièges. William was son of Ebalus Manzer and Emilienne. He was born in Poitiers. He claimed the Duchy of Aquitaine from his father's death, but the royal chancery did not recognise his ducal title until the year before his own death. Shortly aftered the death of King Rudolph in 936, he was constrained to forfeit some land to Hugh the Great by Louis IV. He did it with grace, but his relationship with Hugh thenceforward deteriorated. In 950, Hugh was reconciled with Louis and granted the duchies of Burgundy and Aquitaine. He tried to conquer Aquitaine with Louis's assistance, but William defeated them. Lothair, Louis's successor, feared the power of William. In August 955 he joined Hugh to besiege Poitiers, which resisted successfully. William, however, gave battle and was routed. After the death of Hugh, his son Hugh Capet was named duke of Aquitaine, but he never tried to take up his fief, as William reconciled with Lothair. He was given the abbey of Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand, which remained in his house after his death. He also built a library in the palace of Poitiers."
According to Wikipedia: "Rollo, occasionally known as Rollo the Viking, (c. 860 - c. 932) was the founder and first ruler of the Viking principality in what soon became known as Normandy. He is also in some sources known as Robert of Normandy, using his baptismal name. The name Rollo is a Frankish-Latin name probably taken from the Old Norse name Hrólfr (cf. the latinization of Hrólfr Kraki into the similar Roluo in the Gesta Danorum, modern Scandinavian name Rolf). Rollo was a Viking leader of contested origin. Dudo of St. Quentin, in his De moribus et actis primorum Normannorum ducum (Latin), tells of a powerful Danish nobleman at loggerheads with the king of Denmark, who then died and left his two sons, Gurim and Rollo, leaving Rollo to be expelled and Gurim killed. William of Jumièges also mentions Rollo's prehistory in his Gesta Normannorum Ducum however he states that he was from the Danish town of Fakse. Wace, writing some 300 years after the event in his Roman de Rou, also mentions the two brothers (as Rou and Garin), as does the Orkneyinga Saga.
"Norwegian and Icelandic historians identified this Rollo with a son of Rognvald Eysteinsson, Earl of Møre, in Western Norway, based on medieval Norwegian and Icelandic sagas that mention a Ganger Hrolf (Hrolf, the Walker). The oldest source of this version is the Latin Historia Norvegiae, written in Norway at the end of the 12th century. This Hrolf fell foul of the Norwegian king Harald Fairhair, and became a Jarl in Normandy. The nickname of that character came from being so big that no horse (or at least not the Norwegian ponies of that era) could carry him.
"The question of Rollo's Danish or Norwegian origins was a matter of heated dispute between Norwegian and Danish historians of the 19th and early 20th century, particularly in the run-up to Normandy's 1000-year-anniversary in 1911. Today, historians still disagree on this question, but most would now agree that a certain conclusion can never be reached.
"In 885, Rollo was one of the lesser leaders of the Viking fleet which besieged Paris under Sigfred. Legend has it that an emissary was sent by the king to find the chieftain and negotiate terms. When he asked for this information, the Vikings replied that they were all chieftains in their own right. In 886, when Sigfred retreated in return for tribute, Rollo stayed behind and was eventually bought off and sent to harry Burgundy.
"Later, he returned to the Seine with his followers (known as Danes, or Norsemen). He invaded the area of northern France now known as Normandy.
"In 911 Rollo's forces were defeated at the Battle of Chartres by the troops of King Charles the Simple. In the aftermath of the battle, rather than pay Rollo to leave, as was customary, Charles the Simple understood that he could no longer hold back their onslaught, and decided to give Rollo the coastal lands they occupied under the condition that he defend against other raiding Vikings. In the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte (911) with King Charles, Rollo pledged feudal allegiance to the king, changed his name to the Frankish version, and converted to Christianity, probably with the baptismal name Robert.[2] In return, King Charles granted Rollo the lower Seine area (today's upper Normandy) and the titular rulership of Normandy, centred around the city of Rouen. There exists some argument among historians as to whether Rollo was a "duke" (dux) or whether his position was equivalent to that of a "count" under Charlemagne. According to legend, when required to kiss the foot of King Charles, as a condition of the treaty, he refused to perform so great a humiliation, and when Charles extended his foot to Rollo, Rollo ordered one of his warriors to do so in his place. His warrior then lifted Charles' foot up to his mouth causing him to fall to the ground.
"Initially, Rollo stayed true to his word of defending the shores of the Seine river in accordance to the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, but in time he and his followers had very different ideas. Rollo began to divide the land between the Epte and Risle rivers among his chieftains and settled there with a de facto capital in Rouen. With these settlements, Rollo began to further raid other Frankish lands, now from the security of a settled homeland, rather than a mobile fleet. Eventually, however, Rollo's men intermarried with the local women, and became more settled as Frenchmen. At the time of his death, Rollo's expansion of his territory had extended as far west as the Vire River.
"Sometime around 927, Rollo passed the fief in Normandy to his son, William Longsword. Rollo may have lived for a few years after that, but certainly died before 933. According to the historian Adhemar, 'As Rollo's death drew near, he went mad and had a hundred Christian prisoners beheaded in front of him in honour of the gods whom he had worshipped, and in the end distributed a hundred pounds of gold around the churches in honour of the true God in whose name he had accepted baptism.' Even though Rollo had converted to Christianity, some of his pagan roots surfaced at the end.
"Rollo is a direct ancestor of William the Conqueror. Through William, he is a direct ancestor and predecessor of the present-day British royal family. The "Clameur de Haro" in the Channel Islands is, supposedly, an appeal to Rollo."
William = son of
Generation 37
0.110111011011011110011011100101111111 Ebalus Manzer Count of Poitu and Duke of Aquitaine (c. 870 - 935) md. 0.110111011011011110011011100101111110 Emiliene
According to Wikipedia: "Ebalus or Ebles Manzer or Manser (c. 870 – 935) was Count of Poitou and Duke of Aquitaine on two occasions: from 890 to 892 and from 902 (Poitou) and 927 (Aquitaine) to his death. Ebles was an illegitimate son of Ranulf II of Aquitaine. The meaning of his surname is disputed. Manzer is a Germanic habitational name, but also a Germanic personal name formed from magin, meaning "strength" or "might" (cf magnus). It may also be a corruption of the Hebrew mamzer, meaning bastard, hence the appellation sometimes seen, Ebles the Bastard, and his supposed Jewish mother. The same surname was used by another Prince from Occitania, Arnaud Manzer, Count of Angoulême (born 952-died 988/92) who also was a bastard. No any other European Prince had name Manzer. This fact makes problematic the speculation about Germanic origin of the Ebles' surname.
"Ebles succeeded his father Ranulf in 890, but was driven out in 892 by Aymar, who was supported by Eudes of France. Ebles gained the backing of William the Pious, Count of Auvergne, who placed Aquitaine under his own authority in 893.
"In 902, Ebles launched the reconquest of his county with an army lent by his distant relative William the Pious. He took Poitiers while Aymar was away and established control of the county. He was invested as count by Charles III, with whom Ebles had been raised.
"The comital title was the only one to which he ever had legitimate investiture. Ebles allotted the abbey of Saint-Maixent to Savary, Viscount of Thouars, who had been his constant supporter. He restructured Poitou by creating new viscounties in Aulnay and Melle and dissolved the title and position of Viscount of Poitou upon the death of its holder, Maingaud, in 925.
"In 904, he conquered the Limousin. In 911, Ebles was in Chartres with an army to oppose Rollo, the Viking leader.
"In 927, William the Younger, successor of William the Pious, and then his successor, his brother Acfred, died in the space of one year. Acfred had made Ebles his heir; Ebles thus found himself Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Berry, Auvergne, and Velay.
"In 929, King Rudolph started trying to reduce the power of Ebles. He withdrew from him access to Berry, then in 932 he transferred the titles of Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Auvergne to the Count of Toulouse, Raymond Pons. Moreover, the territory of La Marche, which was under the control of the lord of Charroux, vassal of Ebles, was transformed into an independent county."
Ebalus = son of
Generation 38
110111100110111001011111111 Rainulf II of Aquitaine (850 - Aug. 5, 890)
According to Wikipedia: "Ranulf II (also spelled Rannoux, Rannulf, Ramnulf, and Ranulph; 850 – 5 August 890) was Count of Poitou from 866 and Duke of Aquitaine from 887. On the death of Charles the Fat in 888, he styled himself King of Aquitaine and did so until 889 or his death, after which the title fell into abeyance.
"He may have been selected as a temporary king by the Aquitainian nobles, for they accepted Odo of France after his death. Only the Annales Fuldenses definitively give him this title. He is recorded to have taken custody of Charles, the young son of Louis the Stammerer and he certainly did not recognise Odo as king. He appeared in the Annales Vedastes in 889 with the title dux maximae partis Aquitaniae: "duke of the major part of Aquitaine." He founded the viscountcy of Thouars at about that time, part of larger movement to creat viscounts with powers over regional fortresses to man them against the Vikings.
"Ranulf was a son of Ranulf I and Bilichild of Maine. He married an Ermengard (died 935) and by her had a son, Ranulf III, who succeeded him in Poitiers. His illegitimate son Ebalus succeeded him in Aquitaine and, upon the death of Ranulf III, in Poitiers too."
Rainulf = son of
Generation 39
1101111001101110010111111111 Rainulf I Count of Poitiers and Duke of Aquitaine (820 - 866) md. 11011110011011100101111111110 Bilichild of Maine
According to Wikipedia:
"Ranulf I (also Ramnulf, Rannulf, and Ranulph; 820 – 866) was a Count of
Poitiers (from 835) and Duke of Aquitaine (from 852). He is considered a
possible son of Gerard, Count of Auvergne, and Hildegard (or Matilda), daughter
of Louis the Pious and Ermengard. Few details are known about Ranulf I, except
that he died in 866 in Aquitaine from wounds received in the Battle of
Brissarthe against the Vikings (in which Robert the Strong also died). Ranulf
I, is the 32nd Great-Grandfather to Queen Elizabeth II"
Judith = daughter of
Generation 31
0.110111011011011110001110010101 Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria "the Black" from the House of Welf or Guelph (d. Dec. 13, 1126) md. 0.110111011011011110001110010100 Wilfhild, daughter of 0.1101110110110111100011100101001 Magnus Duke of Saxony, son of 0.11011101101101111000111001010011 Ordulf and 0.11011101101101111000111001010010 Wulfhild of Norway
[Cary-Estes p. 84 Henry III Von Este, called "The Black," Duke of Saxony md. Wulfildus, daughter and heir of Magnus, last Duke of Saxony of the Billung]
Henry = son of
Generation 32
0.1101110110110111100011100101011 Welf I, Duke of Bavaria (counts as Welf IV in Welf genealogy) (d. Nov. 6, 1101, Paphos) first member of the Welf branch of the House of Este; joined the Crusade of 1101 and died while returning md. 0.1101110110110111100011100101010 Judith of Flanders, daughter of 0.11011101101101111000111001010101 Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders
[Cary-Estes p. 84 Guelph I Von Este, 1001; md. Judith, daughter of Balwin V Count of Flanders]
Welf = son of
Generation 33
0.11011101101101111000111001010111 Alberto
Azzo II of Este (c. 997 - c. 1097), Margrave of Milan and
Liguria, Count of Gavello and padua, Rovigo, Unigiana, Monselice, and
Montagnana; around 1073 he made a castle at Este his residence from which the
House of Este takes its name md. around 1035 0.11011101101101111000111001010110 Chuniza of Altdorf, daughter of 0.110111011011011110001110010101101 Welf II Count of Altdof
for details see http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/MODENA,%20FERRARA.htm#AlbertoAzzoIdied1029B
We are also
descended from Albert Azzo by way of another of his sons, Fulco
[Cary-Estes p. 84 Alberto Azzo Von Este, Marquis of Este d. 1098 md. (1) 1040 to Cunissa (or Cunagonda), dau. of Guelph III, Duke of Lower Bavaria, 1020; son of Guelph II, Duke of Lower Bavaria, 980; son of Rudolph I, Duke of Lower Bavaria; son of Henry II; son of Henry I; son of Guelph the First, Duke of Lower Bavaria, 820]
Alberto = son of
Generation 34
0.110111011011011110001110010101111 Alberto Azzo I, Margrave of Milan (d. 1029)
Alberto = son of
Generation 35
0.1101110110110111100011100101011111 Oberto II md. 0.1101110110110111100011100101011110 Railend
Oberto II = son of
Generation 36
0.11011101101101111000111001010111111 Oberto I, Count Palatine of Italy (d. Oct. 15, 975), founder of the Obertenghi family, Count of Milan from 951
Oberto = son of
Generation 37
0.110111011011011110001110010101111111
Margrave Adalbert of Mainz,
Frankish noble who settled in Lombardy
___________
0.110111011011011110011000110110 Irene Doukaina (c. 1066 - Feb. 19, 1123 or 1133) md. 0.110111011011011110011000110111 Byzantine
Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1048 - Aug. 15, 1118) reigned 1081
to 1118 md.
daughter
of
Generation 32
0.1101110110110111100110001101101 Andronikos
Doukas (d. Oct. 14, 1077)
md. 0.1101110110110111100110001101100 Maria of Bulgaria, Bulgaria Family
According to Wikipedia, his
father was a brother of Emperor constantine X Doukas and his maternal grandfather
was Niketas Pegonites. "In 1071 Andronikos was the commander of a
section of the Byzantine army in the campaign of Romanos IV Diogenes against
the Seljuk Turks of Alp Arslan. Commanding the rearguard of the army during the
Battle of Manzikert, Andronikos announced that the emperor had been cut down
and deserted from the battlefield. He was widely blamed for causing the
crushing defeat of the Byzantine forces and the subsequent capture of Romanos
IV by the enemy. In
1072, after Romanos had been released by Alp Arslan, Andronikos and his brother
Constantine were sent out by Michael VII and their father the Caesar John to
intercept him. They defeated Romanos and hunted him down in Cilicia. It was
Andronikos who finally obtained Romanos' surrender and conducted him towards
Constantinople. In spite of his former hatred for the deposed emperor,
Andronikos is said to have opposed his blinding on 29 June 1072
son of
Generation 33
0.11011101101101111001100011011011 John Doukas, Caesar (d.
1088) md. 0.11011101101101111001100011011010 Eirene
Pegonitissa
son of
Generation 34
0.11011101101101111001100011011011 Andronikos Doukas.,a Paphlagonian nobleman who may have served as goernor of
the theme of Moesia
__________
0.11011101101111110101101001001000
Gisela of
Lorraine md. 0.11011101101111110101101001001001 Frederick I, Count of Saarbrucken (d. 1135)
Gisela =
daughter of
Generation 32
0.110111011011111101011010010010001 Theodoric II
AKA Thierry II, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1115) md. 0.110111011011111101011010010010000 Gertrude of Flanders
Theodoric = son of
Generation 33
0.1101110110111111010110100100100011 Gerhard, Duke of Lorraine (c. 1030 -
April 14, 1070) and 0.1101110110111111010110100100100010
Hedwig
de Namur, daughter of 0.11011101101111110101101001001000101 Albert
I, Count of Namur and 0.11011101101111110101101001001000100 Ermengarde, daughter of 0.110111011011111101011010010010001001 Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine Second Family of Lorraine
Gerard = son of
0.11011101101111110101101001001000111 Gerard de Bouzonville, count of Metz,
and 0.11011101101111110101101001001000110
Gisela, possibly a daughter
of 0.110111011011111101011010010010001101
Thierry I, Duke of Upper
Lorraine
_____________
0.11011101101101111001101110011010
Matilda
of Flanders (c. 1031-1083) md. 1053 0.11011101101101111001101110011011 William
the Conqueror, King of England (1027-1087) reigned 1066-1087
According
to Wikipedia: "Matilda of Flanders (c. 1031 – 2 November 1083) was Queen
consort of the Kingdom of England and the wife of William I the Conqueror. She
was the daughter of count Baldwin V of Flanders, and Adèle (1000-1078/9),
daughter of Robert II of France. At 4'2" (127 cm) tall, Matilda was
Britain's smallest adult queen, according to the Guinness Book of Records.
According to legend, Matilda (or "Maud") told the representative of
William, Duke of Normandy (later king of England as William the Conqueror), who
had come asking for her hand, that she was far too high-born (being descended
from King Alfred the Great of England) to consider marrying a bastard. When
that was repeated to him, William rode from Normandy to Bruges, found Matilda
on her way to church, dragged her off her horse by her long braids, threw her
down in the street in front of her flabbergasted attendants, and then rode off.
Another version of the story states that William rode to Matilda's father's
house in Lille, threw her to the ground in her room (again, by the braids), and
hit her (or violently shook her) before leaving. Naturally Baldwin took offense
at this but, before they drew swords, Matilda settled the matter by deciding to
marry him, and even a papal ban (on the grounds of consanguinity) did not
dissuade her. They were married in 1053....When William was preparing to invade
England, Matilda outfitted a ship, the Mora, out of her own money and gave it
to him."
Matilda = daughter of
Generation 32
0.110111011011011110011011100110101
Baldwin V Count of Flanders (d. Sept. 1, 1067) md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110100 Adela
Capet (1000-1078/9), daughter of 0.1101110110110111100110111001101001 Robert
II "The Pious", King of France
According to Wikipedia: "Baldwin V of Flanders (died September 1, 1067) was Count of Flanders from 1036 until his death. He was the son of Baldwin IV of Flanders, who died in 1035. He, in turn, was a descendant of Ælfthryth, daughter of Alfred the Great, King of England. In 1028 Baldwin married Adèle of France in Amiens, daughter of King Robert II of France; at her instigation he rebelled against his father but in 1030 peace was sworn and the old count continued to rule until his death. During a long war (1046–1056) as an ally of Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Lorraine, against the Holy Roman Emperor Henry III, he initially lost Valenciennes to Hermann of Hainaut. However, when the latter died in 1049 Baldwin married his son Baldwin VI to Herman's widow Richildis and arranged that the sons of her first marriage were disinherited, thus de facto uniting the County of Hainaut with Flanders. Upon the death of Henry III this marriage was acknowledged by treaty by Agnes de Poitou, mother and regent of Henry IV. From 1060 to 1067 Baldwin was the co-Regent with Anne of Kiev for his nephew-by-marriage Philip I of France, indicating the importance he had acquired in international politics."
According to Wikipedia: "Adela Capet, Adèle of France or Adela of Flanders, known also as Adela the Holy or Adela of Messines; (1009 – 8 January 1079, Messines) was the second daughter of Robert II (the Pious), and Constance of Arles. As dowry to her future husband, she received from his father the title of Countess of Corbie."
Baldwin = son of
Generation 33
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011 Baldwin
IV, Count of Flanders "the Bearded" (980-1035) md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101010 Ogive
of Luxembourg
According to Wikipedia: "Baldwin IV of Flanders (980–May 30, 1035[1]), known as the Bearded, was Count of Flanders from 988 until his death. He was the son of Arnulf II of Flanders. His mother was Rozala of Lombardy. He was a seventh-generation descendant of Charlemagne through his father and an eighth-generation one through his mother."
Baldwin = son of
Generation 34
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111 Arnulf
II Count of Flanders (960 or 961-988) of
Flanders ) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011010110 Rozala
of Lombardy
According to Wikipedia:
"Arnulf II of Flanders (960 or 961 – March 30, 988) was Count of Flanders
from 965 until his death. He was the son of Baldwin III of Flanders and Matilda
of Burgundy. Baldwin III died in 962, when Arnulf was just an infant, and with
Arnulf's grandfather count, Arnulf I, still alive. When Arnulf I died three
years later (965), the regency was held by their kinsman Baldwin Balso. By the
time Arnulf attained his majority in 976, Flanders had lost some of the
southern territory acquired by Arnulf I. The latter had given some parts of
Picardy to King Lothar of France to help assure his grandson's succession, and
gave Boulogne as a fief to another relative. Then early in Arnulf's minority
Lothar had taken Ponthieu and given it to Hugh Capet, and the first counts of
Guînes had established themselves.
According
to Wikipedia: "Rozala of Italy (also known as Rozala of Provence, or
Susannah of Italy) (c. 937–7 February 1003) was the daughter of King Berenger
II of Italy. By her first marriage, she was Countess of Flanders; by her
second, she was Queen of France. She was a seventh generation descendant of Charlemagne.Her
first marriage was to Count Arnulf II of Flanders (d. 988). They had three
children: Baldwin IV of Flanders (980–1035); Eudes of Cambrai; and Mathilda (d.
995). On her husband's death, she acted as regent for her young son. In 988 or
989, despite being over fifty years old, she married Robert the Pious, the Rex
Filius of France; he was not particularly enthusiastic about the marriage,
which had been arranged by his father, King Hugh of France. She brought her
husband Montreuil and Ponthieu as a dowry. Upon her marriage, she took the name
of Susannah. When her father-in-law died, however, Robert repudiated her,
desiring to marry Bertha of Burgundy in her place. Rozala then retired to
Flanders, where she died and was buried. Robert retained control of her
dowry."
Alnulf =
son of
Generation 35
0.110111011011011110011011100110101111 Baldwin
III of Flanders (940-962) md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110101110 Matilda
of Burgundy
According to Wikipedia:
"Baldwin III of Flanders The Young (940 – January 1, 962) was count of
Flanders together with his father Arnulf I. He died before his father and was
succeeded by his infant son Arnulf II, with his father acting as regent until
his own death.
Arnulf I had made Baldwin co-ruler in 958. During his short rule, Baldwin
established the weaving and fulling industry in Ghent thus laying the basis for
the economical importance of the county in the centuries to come. In 961
Baldwin married Mathilde Billung of Saxony, daughter of Herman, Duke of Saxony,
by whom he had a son and heir Arnulf II."
Baldwin = son of
Generation 36
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111 Arnulf I the Great, Count of Flanders (890-965)
According to Wikipedia:
"Arnulf I of Flanders (c. 890 – March 28, 965), called the Great, was the
third count of Flanders. Arnulf was the son of count Baldwin II of Flanders and
Ælfthryth, daughter of Alfred the Great. He was named after his distant
ancestor, Saint Arnulf of Metz; this was intended to emphasize his family's
descent from the Carolingian dynasty. Arnulf greatly expanded Flemish
rule to the south, taking all or part of Artois, Ponthieu, Amiens, and
Ostravent. He exploited the conflicts between Charles the Simple and Robert I
of France, and later those between Louis IV and his barons. In his southern
expansion Arnulf inevitably had conflict with the Normans, who were trying to
secure their northern frontier. This led to the 943 murder of the Duke of
Normandy, William Longsword, at the hands of Arnulf's men. The Viking threat
was receding during the later years of Arnulf's life, and he turned his
attentions to the reform of the Flemish government."
Arnulf = son of
Generation 37
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111 Baldwin II Count of Flanders (875-918)
md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111110 Aelfthryth (d. 929), daughter
of 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111101 King Alfred the Great of England Family of Alfred
According to Wikipedia:
"Baldwin II (c. 865 – September 10, 918), nicknamed Calvus (the Bald) was
the second count of Flanders. He was also hereditary abbot of St. Bertin from
892 till his death. He was the son of Baldwin I of Flanders and Judith, a
daughter of Charles the Bald. The early years of Baldwin's rule were marked by
a series of devastating Viking raids. Little north of the Somme was untouched.
Baldwin recovered, building new fortresses and improving city walls, and taking
over abandoned property, so that in the end he held far more territory, and
held it more strongly, than had his father. He also took advantage of the
conflicts between Charles the Simple and Odo, Count of Paris to take over the Ternois
and the Boulonnias. In 884 Baldwin married Ælfthryth (Ælfthryth, Elftrude,
Elfrida), a daughter of King Alfred the Great of England. The marriage was
motivated by the common Flemish-English opposition to the Vikings, and was the
start of an alliance that was a mainstay of Flemish policy for centuries to
come. In 900, he tried to curb the power of Archbishop Fulk of Rheims by
assassinating him, but he was excommunicated by Pope Benedict IV. He died at
Blandinberg and was succeeded by his eldest son Arnulf I of Flanders. His
younger son Adalulf was (the first) count of Boulogne.
According to Wikipedia:
"Ælfthryth, also known as Elfrida, (died 929), was the last child of
Alfred the Great, the Saxon King of England and his wife Ealhswith. She had
four or five siblings, including King Edward the Elder and Ethelfleda.
Ælfthryth married Baldwin II (d. 918), Count of Flanders. One of their
descendants, Matilda of Flanders (d. 1083), would go on to marry William the
Conqueror, therefore starting the Anglo-Norman line of Kings of England.
Through her descendant, Henry I of England, she is also a direct ancestor of
the current monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland, Elizabeth II."
Baldwin = son of
Generation 38
0.110111011011011110011011100110101111111 Baldwin I of Flanders md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110 Judith
of Flanders (Oct. 844-870) Holy Roman Emperors
Judith = character in
"The Marsh King" by C. Walter Hodges and in "Judith of
France" and "Journey for a Princess" by Margaret C. Leighton.
According to Wikipedia:
"Judith of Flanders (844 – 870) was a daughter of the Frankish king
Charles the Bald. Through her marriage to two kings of Wessex she was first a
queen, then later through her third marriage to Baldwin, she became Countess of
Flanders. Judith was born in October of 844, the daughter of Charles the Bald,
King of the Franks, and Ermentrude. Her father gave her in marriage to
Ethelwulf, King of Wessex on October 1, 856 at Verberie sur Oise, France. Soon
after, Ethelwulf's son Ethelbald forced his father to abdicate. Following
Ethelwulf's death on January 13, 858, Ethelbald married his widowed stepmother
Judith. However, the marriage was annulled in 860 on the grounds of
consanguinity. Judith eloped with Baldwin in January 862. They were likely
married at the monastery of Senlis before they eloped. The couple was in hiding
from Judith's father, King Charles the Bald, until October after which they
went to her uncle Lothair II for protection. From there they fled to Pope
Nicholas I. The pope took diplomatic action and asked Judith's father to accept
the union as legally binding and welcome the young couple into his circle -
which ultimately he did. The couple then returned to France and were officially
married at Auxerre. Baldwin was accepted as son-in-law and was given the land
directly south of the Scheldt to ward off Viking attacks. Although it is
disputed among historians as to whether King Charles did this in the hope that
Baldwin would be killed in the ensuing battles with the Vikings, Baldwin
managed the situation remarkably well. Baldwin succeeded in quelling the Viking
threat, expanded both his army and his territory quickly, and became one of the
most faithful supporters of King Charles. The March of Baldwin came to be known
as the County of Flanders and was for a long time the most powerful
principality of France."
Baldwin
= son of
Generation 39
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111111 Audacer
________
0.1101110110110111100011011111110 Raignaillt
of Dublin md. 0.1101110110110111100011011111111 Cynan
ab Iago (1014-1063)
According to ThePeerage:
" Ragnaillt of Dublin is the daughter of Olaf of Dublin.1 She married
Cynan ab Iago, son of Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig, King of Gwynedd.1"
Raignaillit = daughter of
Generation 32
0.11011101101101111000110111111101 Olaf of
Dublin
Olaf = son of
Generation 33
0.110111011011011110001101111111011 King Sigtrygg Silkbeard, King of Dublin md. 0.110111011011011110001101111111010 Sláine, daughter of 0.1101110110110111100011011111110101 Brian Boru, High King of Ireland, Founder of
the O'Brien Dynasty
According to Wikipedia: "Sigtrygg II Silkbeard Olafsson (also Sihtric, Sitric and Sitrick in Irish texts; or Sigtryg[2] and Sigtryggr[3] in Scandinavian texts) was a Hiberno-Norse King of Dublin (AD 989–994; restored 994–1000; restored 1000 and abdicated 1036) of the Uí Ímair dynasty. He was caught up in the abortive Leinster revolt of 999–1000, after which he was forced to submit to the King of Munster, Brian Boru. His family also conducted a double marriage alliance with Boru, although he later realigned himself with the main leaders of the Leinster revolt of 1012–1014. He has a prominent role in the 12th-century Irish Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh and the 13th-century Icelandic Njal's Saga, as the main Norse leader at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014.
Sigtrygg's long reign spanned 46 years, until his abdication in 1036.[4] During that period, his armies saw action in four of the five Irish provinces of the time. In particular, he conducted a long series of raids into territories such as Meath, Wicklow, Ulster, and perhaps even the coast of Wales. He also came into conflict with rival Norse kings, especially in Cork and Waterford.
He went on pilgrimage to Rome in 1029, and founded Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin in 1038. Although Dublin underwent several reversals of fortune during his reign, on the whole trade in the city flourished. He died in 1042.[4]
Sigtrygg was of Danish and Irish ancestry. He was a son of Olaf Cuarán (also called Kváran), King of York and of Dublin, and Gormflaith. Gormflaith was the daughter of the King of Leinster, Murchad mac Finn,[5] and the sister of his successor, King Máel Mórda of Leinster. She had previously been married to the King of Meath and High King of Ireland, Máel Sechnaill — the first of her three husbands. She was a beautiful, powerful and intriguing Irish woman, who according to the 13th-century Icelandic Njál's saga, was "the fairest of all women, and best gifted in everything that was not in her own power, but it was the talk of men that she did all things ill over which she had any power". Sigtrygg's paternal half-brother was Glúniairn, "Iron-knee", who ruled as King of Dublin from 980–989.
An incident involving the ransom of one of Sigtrygg's sons late in his reign, in which "seven score British horse" were mentioned in the list of demands, suggests that Dublin was one of the main ports for importing horses into 11th-century Ireland, and that Sigtrygg and his family may have been personally involved in husbandry.[8]
Sigtrygg succeeded his paternal half-brother Glúniairn as King of Dublin in 989.[4] The Irish annals record curiously little information about Sigtrygg, his family or Dublin during the first five years of his reign.[9] The reason for this silence was the arrival of the future King of Norway, Olaf Tryggvason, who took up residence in Dublin for a few years after marrying Sigtrygg's sister Gytha. Tryggvason had met Gytha while raiding along the coasts of the Irish Sea.[9] The presence of a powerful Viking leader in Dublin was a deterrent to Irish raids, and Trygvason might have been weakening Sigtrygg's foes by plundering them.
The return of Tryggvason to Norway in 994 coincided with the temporary expulsion of Sigtrygg from Dublin by his rival, King Ivar of Waterford. Ivar's force of three ships may have numbered no more than 120 men, showing the limited warfare of the time, and Sigtrygg was back within a year. In 995, Sigtrygg and his nephew, Muirchertach Ua Congalaich, attacked the church at Donaghpatrick in County Meath. In retaliation, Máel Sechnaill entered Dublin and took the ring of Thor and the sword of Carlus.[ Sigtrygg then attacked Kells and Clonard in 997. In 998, Máel Sechnaill and the King of Munster, Brian Boru, forced Sigtrygg to recognise their lordship by giving hostages.
These events made Sigtrygg realise that Dublin's wealth made him an attractive target, and that his city needed powerful allies as well as walls for its security; the Dublin countryside was unable to provide the resources which would allow for competition against powerful Irish princes Sigtrygg first allied with his maternal uncle, Máel Mórda, King of the Uí Fáeláin of north Leinster. In 999, they defeated their cousin the King of Leinster Donnchad mac Domhnaill, and imprisoned him in Dublin.
Late in 999, the Leinstermen, historically hostile to domination by either the Uí Néill overkings or the King of Munster, allied themselves with the Norse of Dublin and revolted against Brian Boru.[1] This was the opportunity for Sigtrygg's second alliance with Máel Mórda. Brian's forces inflicted a crushing defeat on the united Leinster-Dublin army at the Battle of Glenmama, and followed up the victory with an attack on the city of Dublin.[1] The 12th-century Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh gives two accounts of the occupation: that Brian remained in Dublin from Christmas Day until Epiphany (6 January), or from Christmas Day until St. Brigid's Day (1 February). The later Annals of Ulster date the Battle of Glenmama to 30 December, 999,[12] while the Annals of Inisfallen date Brian's capture of the city to 1 January 1000.[13] In any case, in 1000 Brian plundered the city, burned the Norse fortress and expelled Sigtrygg.[1]
According to the Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh, Sigtrygg's flight from the city took him north, first to the Ulaid and then to Aéd of Cenél nEógain. Both tribes refused to aid him. As Sigtrygg could find no refuge in Ireland, he eventually returned, submitted to Brian, gave hostages and was restored to Dublin.[1] This was three months after Brian ended his occupation in February. In the meantime, Sigtrygg may have temporarily "turned pirate" and been responsible for a raid on St David's in Wales.
Brian's daughter by his first wife was married to Sigtrygg,[3] and Brian in turn took Sigtrygg's mother, the now thrice-married Gormflaith, as his second wife.[3]
Dublin enjoyed a sustained period of peace while Sigtrygg's men served in the armies of Brian.[15] Sigtrygg never forgot that the Ulaid had refused him aid when he had been forced to flee from Dublin, and in 1002 he had his revenge when his soldiers served in Brian's campaign against the Ulaid and ravaged their lands.[15] His fleet raided Ulster, and he plundered Kilclief and Inis Cumhscraigh, taking many prisoners from both.[16] They served under Brian against the Ulaid again in 1005, and against the Northern Uí Néill in 1006 and 1007.[15] With the submission of Cenél Conaill, the last of the Northern Uí Néill Kingdoms in 1011, Brian was formally recognised as High King throughout Ireland.
A remembrance
of Sigtrygg's reign during these years is preserved in the late medieval
Icelandic Saga of Gunnlaug Serpent's Tongue. Only fragments survive of the
verses in the Sigtryggsdrápa, a drápa composed by the skald Gunnlaug Illugason,
a visitor to Sigtrygg's court. The verses praise Sigtrygg for his royal
ancestry, and give an impression of Dublin as a busy, thriving port.
Archaeological excavations of ships, gold, clothing, and pieces for games from
around this time seem to confirm the description. According to the prose,
Sigtrygg considered rewarding the poet with ships and gold, but upon further
consideration instead granted him a new suit of clothes.
[edit] Second Leinster revolt against Brian Boru
Some time during the
1010s, Brian Boru divorced Queen Gormflaith, and she began to engineer
opposition to the High King.[18] Around 1012, relations between Brian and
Leinster had become so strained that revolt broke out among the
Leinstermen.[19] Sigtrygg aligned himself with the forces of Máel Mórda, leader
of the revolt, and the chiefs Ua Ruairc, Ua Néill, and others.[20] Together,
they defeated Brian's ally Máel Sechnaill near the town of Swords, and Brian
for the moment was unable to render assistance.[20]
Sigtrygg
sent his son Oleif to lead a fleet south to Munster to burn the Viking
settlement of Cork.[15] The fleet also attacked Cape Clear, and seems to have
crippled Brian's naval power, which was concentrated in Cork.
According to Njál's saga,
Gormflaith "egged on her son Sigtrygg very much to kill King
Brian",[6] and to that end sent him to win first the support of Earl
Sigurd of Orkney, and then of Bróðir and Óspak of Man, at any price.[20]
Sigtrygg arrived in Orkney for Sigurd's Yule feast, at which he sat in a high
seat between the two brothers-in-law, Earl Sigurd of Orkney and Earl Gilli of
the Southern Isles.[6] The saga also records that Sigtrygg was much interested
by the tidings of the Burning of Njáll Þorgeirsson at Bergþórshvoll and what
had happened since.[6] Afterwards, Sigtrygg bade Sigurd to go to war with him
against Brian.[21] Despite Sigurd's initial hesitance and against the advice of
his men, he eventually agreed that he would arrive in Dublin by Palm Sunday
with all his host, on the condition that if they slew Brian, he would marry
Gormflaith and become King of Ireland.[21][22]
Sigtrygg went next to Man,
where he also persuaded Bróðir to be in Dublin by Palm Sunday,[19][23] and he
promised Bróðir too that, if successful, he would be allowed marry Gormflaith
and become King of Ireland; the terms of this agreement, however, were to be
kept secret.[24] Óspak was dissatisfied with the arrangement,[22] and refused
to "fight against so good a king".[21]
The two forces met at the
Battle of Clontarf, on Good Friday in 1014, a battle which claimed the lives of
the main commanders on both sides: principally Brian and his son Murchad on the
Munster side; and Máel Mórda, Sigurd and Bróðir on the Leinster-Norse side.[25]
According to Irish sources, Sigtrygg did not take part in the battle, but was
instead holding the garrison in reserve in Dublin.[26] The Cogadh Gaedhil re
Gallaibh records that Sigtrygg was able to observe the progress of the battle
and the movement of the battle standards from the ramparts of his fortress.[27]
As the modern Irish medievalist historian Donnchadh Ó Corráin notes, Sigtrygg
"wisely kept within the city and lived to tell the tale".[25]
However, earlier Scandinavian
sources (notably the Orkneyinga saga, Njál's saga and the Darraðarljóð,
composed soon after the battle) contend that he did actually fight valiantly at
Clontarf.[27] The Darraðarljóð, the pagan tones of which show the persistence
of paganism among the Vikings of Dublin, describes the Valkyries as following
the "young king" Sigtrygg into battle.[28] Njal's Saga records that
Sigtrygg was on the wing opposite Óspak of Man for the whole battle, and that
Óspak eventually put the king to flight.[29]
[edit] Reign after Clontarf
Immediately after Clontarf,
Sigtrygg's fortunes appear to have declined, even though he emerged with his
kingdom intact.[30] Máel Sechnaill, now again recognised as High King, was
undoubtedly the battle's main beneficiary.[30] In 1015, plague struck Dublin
and Leinster, and Máel Sechnaill seized the opportunity by marching south to
burn Dublin's suburbs.[30] While Sigtrygg was able to ally with Leinster for
another attack on Meath in 1017, the alliance was dissolved when Sigtrygg
blinded his cousin Bróen, Máel Morda's son and heir, in Dublin.[30]
In 1018, Sigtrygg plundered
Kells; he "carried off innumerable spoils and prisoners, and slew many
persons in the middle of the church".[31] These captives would either have
been ransomed or sold off into Dublin's lucrative slave trade.[32] However, a
victory was also gained against Sigtrygg at Delgany in County Wicklow, when he
raided south in 1021:[32] the new King of Leinster, Augaire mac Dúnlainge,
"made a dreadful slaughter of the foreigners" in the Kingdom of
Breifne. In 1022, the Dublin fleet sailed north against the Ulaid, only to be
destroyed in a naval battle against Niall mac Eochaid, after which the Norse
crews and ships were taken prisoner.[32]
According to the American
medievalist historian Benjamin Hudson, "matters went from bad to
worse" for Sigtrygg after the death of Máel Sechnaill in 1022.[34] The
great Irish princes began to compete for the High Kingship, and the political
situation in Ireland became chaotic as there was no clear choice for
supremacy.[34] Accordingly, "Dublin became a prize for those who would
rule Ireland and wanted the town's wealth to finance their ambitions."[34]
The medieval tower of the stone church of Ardbraccan, County Meath, in which
Sigtrygg burned over 200 men
Hostages were taken from
Sigtrygg by Flaithbertach Ua Néill, King of Cenél nEógain and the Uí Néill, and
Donnchad mac Briain of Munster in 1025 and 1026 respectively, in support of
their bids for the High Kingship.[34] These hostages brought no security, and
Dublin was raided in 1026 by Niall mac Eocada of the Ulaid in revenge for the
naval attack of 1022.[35] Sigtrygg was forced to make a new alliance with the
men of Brega.[36] In 1027, Sigtrygg's son Olaf joined Donnchad of Brega in a raid
on Staholmock, County Meath.[36] Sigtrygg and Donnchad's army was defeated by
the men of Meath under their king, Roen Ua Mael Sechlainn.[36][37] Sigtrygg
rallied to the fight again, and fought a battle at Lickblaw where Donnchad and
Roen were slain.[36][37]
In 1029,
Sigtrygg's son Olaf was taken prisoner by the new lord of Brega, Mathghamhain
Ua Riagain.[7] Sigtrygg was forced to pay a ransom of 1,200 cows, and further
conditions of the peace agreement required him to pay an additional 140 British
horses, 60 ounces of gold and of silver, "the sword of Carlus", the
Irish hostages of Leinster and Leath Cuinn, "four hostages to Ua Riagain
as a security for peace, and the full value of the life of the third
hostage."[7] Added to the total, 80 cows "for word and
supplication"[7] were to be paid to the man who entreated for Olaf's
release.[8] The incident illustrates the importance of ransoming noble
captives, as a means of political manipulation, increasing one's own revenues
and exhausting the resources of one's foes.
The 1030s saw a revival of
fortunes for Sigtrygg. In 1030, he allied with the King of England, Cnut, and
together their fleets raided Wales.[38] A Dublin colony was established in
Gwynedd, and for the following years Sigtrygg was at the height of his
power.[38] In 1032, without allies, Sigtrygg won a victory on the Boyne estuary
of a type previously unseen by his dynasty for two decades, against a coalition
of three kingdoms:[36] over 300 members of the Conailli, the Ui Tortain, and
the Ui Meith were captured or killed at the Battle of Inbher Boinne.[39] In
1035, he plundered the celebrated stone church Ardbraccan in Meath, burned 200
men inside, and carried another 200 off into captivity.[36] (In revenge, the
church at Swords was plundered and burned by Conchobhar Ua Maeleachlainn,[40]
who in turn took away cattle and captives.[36])
Meanwhile, in a renewal of
ancient feuds that same year, Sigtrygg executed at Dublin the Norse Lord of
Waterford, Ragnall[40]—a grandson of the Ivar who had expelled Sigtrygg from
Dublin in 994.[36] However, Sigtrygg was forced to abdicate in 1036 by
Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, Lord of the Isles. He died in exile, at an unknown
place, in 1042.[38]
Christ Church Cathedral, founded by Sigtrygg in 1038
Sigtrygg married Brian
Boru's daughter, Sláine, and they had one son: Olaf (d. 1034).[4] According to
the Annals of the Four Masters, Olaf "was slain by the Saxons" on his
way on a pilgrimage to Rome.[40] He was survived by one Ragnhild, from whom
Gruffydd ap Cynan and the Kings of Gwynedd were descended.[4]
Separately from Sláine,
Sigtrygg had five children: Artalach (d. 999), Oleif (d. 1013), Godfrey (d.
1036), Glúniairn (d. 1031) and Cellach (d. 1042).[4][38] The annals record the
death of Oleif—"son of the lord of the foreigners"—who was killed in
revenge for the burning of Cork.[41] Glúniairn was killed by the people of
South Brega in 1031.[42] Godfrey was killed in Wales in 1036 by one Sitric,
"son of Glúniairn"—as factionalism was common among Viking settlers,
this could have been the same Glúniairn as Sigtrygg's half-brother, thus making
Godfrey and his killer cousins.[43] Sigtrygg's daughter Cellach died in the
same month as her father.[44]
Sigtrygg was also, according
to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "a patron of the arts, a
benefactor of the church, and an economic innovator".[38] In the 990s, he
established Ireland's first mint, in Dublin.[38] He established a bishopric at
Dublin and in 1028 he made a pilgrimage to Rome.[38][45] It is thus possible to
attribute the origins of the establishment of territorial bishoprics in Ireland
on the Roman model, one of the most important results of 11th-century Irish
Church Reform, to Sigtrygg.[46] He went on to found Christ Church Cathedral in
Dublin in 1038, making it the oldest stone building in Dublin, the oldest
cathedral in Ireland, and uniquely the only cathedral in the British Isles of
Danish origin.[2] The cathedral was rebuilt in 1172 by Richard de Clare, 2nd
Earl of Pembroke, also known as "Strongbow",[2] following the
Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland."
Sigtrygg = son of
Generation 34
0.1101110110110111100011011111110111 Olaf or Amlaib Cuaran, king of York and Dublin (c. 926? -
931) md. 0.1101110110110111100011011111110110 Gormflaith, (b. c. 960 - 1030) daughter of 0.11011101101101111000110111111101101 Murchad mac Finn, King of Leinster (she
later married Brian Boru, Emperor of the Irish)
According
to Wikipedia: "Gormflaith was born in Naas, County Kildare, Ireland,
around 960. She was the daughter of Murchad mac Find, King of Leinster, sister
of his successor, Mael Mórdha mac Murchada, and widow of Olaf Cuaran, the
Viking king of Dublin and York. The main source of her life history is the
Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh. She was also the mother of King Sigtrygg Silkbeard
of Dublin. Gormflaith married Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill after Olaf's death,
but she is best known for being the third wife of Brian Ború, the High King of
Ireland. She was the mother of Donnchad, who succeeded Brian as King of
Munster. In 999, Brian defeated Mael Mordha and Sigtrygg 'Silkbeard' at the
Battle of Glen Mama. To negotiate peace, Brian married one of his daughters to
Sigtrygg and took Gormflaith as wife. According to Njál's saga, which refers to
her as "Kormloð": "she was endowed with great beauty... [but] was
utterly wicked." She was later divorced by Brian, and she began
engineering opposition to the High King. She prompted Sigtrygg into gathering
support from Vikings outside Ireland, most notably Earl Sigurd of Orkney and
Brodir of the Isle of Man. The conflict she caused came to its climax at the
Battle of Clontarf, at which Brian was killed. Brian's forces were victorious,
however, and neither Gormflaith nor Sigtrygg were killed, as they were safe
behind the walls of Dublin. She died in 1030."
According to Wikipedia:
"Amlaíb mac Sitric (c. 926?–981; Old Norse Óláfr Sigtryggsson), commonly
called Amlaíb Cuarán, in Old Norse Óláfr kváran, was a 10th century Norse-Gael
who was king of York and king of Dublin. His byname, cuarán, is usually
translated as "sandal". His name appears in a variety of anglicized
forms, including Olaf Cuaran and Olaf Sihtricson, particularly in relation to
his short-lived rule in York. He was the last of the Uí Ímair to play a major
part in the politics of Britain and Ireland.
Amlaíb was twice, perhaps
three times, ruler of York and Northumbria and twice ruler of Dublin and its
dependencies. His reign over these territories spanned some forty years. He was
a renowned warrior and a ruthless pillager of churches, but ended his days in
respectable retirement at Iona Abbey. Born when the Uí Ímair ruled over large
areas of Britain and Ireland, by his death the kingdom of Dublin was a minor
power in Irish politics. At the same time, Dublin became a major centre of
trade in Atlantic Europe and mastery over the city and its wealth became the
supreme prize for ambitious Irish kings.
In death Amlaíb was the
prototype for the character Havelok the Dane. In life he was a patron of Irish
poets and Scandinavian skalds who wrote verses praising their paymaster. Amlaíb
was married at least twice, and had many children who married into Irish and
Scandinavian royal families. His descendants were kings in the Isle of Man and
the Hebrides until the 13th century.
The earliest records of
attacks by Vikings in Britain or Ireland are at the end of the eighth century.
The monastery on Lindisfarne, in the kingdom of Northumbria, was sacked on 8
June 793, and the monastery of Iona in the kingdom of the Picts was attacked in
795 and 802. In Ireland Rathlin Island, off the north-east coast, was the
target in 795, and so too was St Patrick's Island on the east coast in 798.
Portland in the kingdom of Wessex in south-west Britain was attacked during the
reign of King Beorhtric of Wessex (ruled from 786 to 802).
These raids continued in a
sporadic fashion throughout the first quarter of the ninth century. During the
second quarter of the century the frequency and size of raids increased and the
first permanent Viking settlements (called longphorts in Ireland) appeared.
The Ímar from whom the Uí
Ímair were descended is generally presumed to be that Ímar (English
pronunciation Ivar): "king of the Northmen of all Britain and
Ireland", whose death is reported by the Annals of Ulster in 873. Whether
this Ímar is to be identified with the leader of the Great Heathen Army, or
with Ivarr the Boneless, is less certain.
Amlaíb Cuarán was probably a
great-grandson of Ímar. There is no contemporary evidence setting out the
descent from Ímar to his grandsons, but it may be that the grandsons of Ímar
recorded between 896 and 934—Amlaíb Cuarán's father Sitriuc (d. 927), Ragnall
(d. 921), Gofraid (d. 934), Ímar (d. 904) and Amlaíb (d. 896)—were brothers
rather than cousins.[5] Amlaíb's father Sitriuc first appears in the record in
917 when he seized Dublin, a settlement which had probably been under the
control of an Irish king since the expulsion of the previous Viking rulers in
902.
Sitriuc ruled Northumbria
until his death in 927. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records his marriage to King
Æthelstan's sister at Tamworth on 30 January 926. According to some late
sources, such as the chronicler John of Wallingford, Amlaíb was the son of
Sitriuc and this West Saxon princess. Sitriuc's other sons included Gofraid
(died 951), king of Dublin, Aralt (died 940), ruler of Limerick, and, less
certainly, Sichfrith and Auisle, listed among those killed at the battle of
Brunanburh in 937 by the Annals of Clonmacnoise.[8] A daughter of Sitriuc named
Gytha is said in the Heimskringla to have married Norwegian pirate king Olaf
Tryggvason, but she was probably a daughter of Amlaíb Cuarán.
Following Sitriuc's death,
Amlaíb may have become king in York for a short time,[10] but if he did it came
to an end when Æthelstan took over the kingdom of Northumbria and defeated
Sitriuc's brother Gofraid. According to William of Malmesbury, Amlaíb fled to
Ireland while his uncle Gofraid made a second unsuccessful attempt to gain
control of York. In 937 an attack on Æthelstan's kingdom by Gofraid's son
Amlaíb, assisted by Constantín mac Áeda, the king of Alba, and Owen, the king
of Strathclyde, ended in defeat at the battle of Brunanburh. William of
Malmesbury wrote that Amlaíb was present at Brunanburh and spied out the
English camp the night before the battle disguised as a skald.
King Æthelstan died in 939
and his successor, his half-brother Edmund, was unable to keep control of York.
Amlaíb mac Gofrith, ruling in Dublin, crossed to Britain where he was accepted
as king of the Northumbrians. He died in 941, shortly after sacking the church
of Saint Baldred at Tyninghame, struck dead by the saint's power according to
the Historia de Sancto Cuthberto.
York
Amlaíb Cuarán's career began
in 941, following the death of his cousin Amlaíb mac Gofrith, when he became
co-ruler of York, sharing power with his cousin Ragnall son of Gofraid.
According to the Annals of Clonmacnoise, Amlaíb had been in Britain since 940,
having left another son of Gofraid, Blácaire, as ruler of Dublin.
Amlaíb and Ragnall ruled in
York until 944. The dating of events in period between the death of Æthelstan
and the expulsion of Amlaíb and Ragnall is uncertain as the various versions of
the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are in conflict. It appears that after Æthelstan's
died, not only did Edmund lose control of Northumbria, but that the Five Burghs
of the Mercian Danelaw also pledged themselves to Amlaíb mac Gofrith. One of
the Amlaíbs stormed Tamworth according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
Here Olaf broke down
Tamworth and a great slaughter fell on either side, and the Danes had the
victory and led much war-booty away with them. Wulfrun was seized in the raid.
Here King Edmund besieged King Olaf and Archbishop Wulfstan in Leicester, and
he might have controlled them had they not escaped from the stronghold in the
night.
It is not clear when in the
period between 940 and 943 these events took place, and as a result historians
disagree as to whether they concern Amlaíb mac Gofrith or Amlaíb Cuarán.
Edmund reconquered the Five
Burghs in 942, an event celebrated in verse by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The
Chronicle reports the baptism of Amlaíb, with King Edmund becoming his
godfather. This need not mean that Amlaíb was not already a Christian, nor
would such a baptism have permanently committed him to Christianity, as such
baptisms were often political acts. Alfred the Great, for example, had
sponsored the baptism of Christian Welsh king Anarawd ap Rhodri.[20] Amlaíb was
expelled from the kingship of York in 944. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports
that "King Edmund conquered all Northumbria and caused to flee away two
kings [or "royally-born men"], Olaf and Rægnald". It is possible
that rivalry between Amlaíb and Ragnall contributed to their fall. Æthelweard's
history reports that Amlaíb was deposed by a coup led by Wulfstan, Archbishop
of York, and an unnamed Mercian ealdorman.
After being driven out of
Northumbria, Amlaíb returned to Ireland while Ragnall may have been killed at
York. The Uí Ímair in Ireland had also suffered in 944 as Dublin was sacked
that year by the High King of Ireland Congalach Cnogba, whose power base lay in
Brega, north of Dublin on the lower reaches of the River Boyne. The following
year, perhaps as a result of the sack of Dublin, Amlaíb's cousin Blácaire was
driven out and Amlaíb replaced him as ruler of Dublin. Amlaíb was allied with
Congalach and may have gained power with his assistance.
Congalach and Amlaíb fought
against Ruaidrí ua Canannáin, a rival for the High Kingship who belonged to the
Cenél Conaill, based in modern County Donegal. In 945 the two defeated part of
Ruaidrí's army in Conaille Muirtheimne (modern County Louth) and the following
year Amlaíb raided Kilcullen in the province of Leinster. In 947 Ruaidrí routed
Congalach and Amlaíb at Slane. Losses among the Dublin men were heavy, with many
drowning while fleeing the battle. This defeat appears to have lost Amlaíb his
kingship, as the annals record that Blácaire not Amlaíb was the leader of the
Dublin forces in the following year. Blácaire was killed in 948 by Congalach,
and was succeeded by Amlaíb's brother Gofraid.
[
The course of events in Northumbria while Amlaíb was in Ireland is uncertain.
While Edmund certainly controlled Northumbria after Amlaíb was expelled and
Ragnall killed, he may soon after have lost control of the north to a Scandinavian
king named Eiríkr, usually identified with Eric Bloodaxe. If Erik did rule in
Northumbria before Edmund's death, it was only for a short time. Edmund was
killed in 946, and succeeded by his brother Eadred. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
records that Eadred "reduced all the land of Northumbria to his control;
and the Scots granted him oaths that they would do all that he
wanted".[28] The Northumbrian submission to Eadred led to a meeting with
the notables of York led by Archbishop Wulfstan in 947, but the following year
King Erik was back ruling Northumbria and Eadred laid waste to the southern
parts of the kingdom— Ripon is mentioned as a particular target—to force the
Northumbrians to expel Erik, which they did.
The following year, 949, by
which time Blacáire was dead and Amlaíb's brother ruling in Dublin, the
Northumbrians invited Amlaíb to rule in York.[30] His return to England may
have been with Eadred's agreement.[31] That year Máel Coluim mac Domnaill, the
king of Alba, raided Northumbria as far south as the River Tees, capturing many
slaves and much loot. Whether this invasion was directed against Amlaíb, or
perhaps intended to support him by plundering only northern Northumbria which
may have been outwith his control, is uncertain. A second invasion from the
north in 952, this time an alliance including Máel Coluim's Scots and also
Britons and Saxons, was defeated. Again, whether this was aimed against Amlaíb,
who was deposed in 952 and replaced by Erik, or was mounted against King Erik
in support of Amlaíb, is unclear. Erik's reign was short and the Viking kingdom
of York was definitively incorporated into the kingdom of the English on his
death in 954. Amlaíb returned to Ireland, never again to rule in York.
In 951, while Amlaíb was in
Britain his brother Gofraid died in Dublin of disease.[33] Congalach's rival
Ruaidrí was also dead, leaving Amlaíb's former ally as undisputed High King and
thus a serious threat to Dublin and the south-eastern Irish kingdom of
Leinster. This threat was perhaps what led to Congalach's death in an ambush at
Dún Ailinne (modern County Kildare) or at Tech Guigenn in the region of the
River Liffey while collecting tribute in Leinster in 956.[34] The main
beneficiary was the brother of Amlaíb's new wife Dúnflaith, Domnall ua Néill,
who became the next High King of Ireland. The marriage linked Amlaíb not only
to the northern Uí Néill kindred of Cenél nEógain, but also to the southern
Clann Cholmáin as he was now stepfather to Dúnflaith's young son Máel Sechnaill
mac Domnaill.
In the early 960s Amlaíb
Cuarán probably faced a challenge from the sons of his cousin Amlaíb mac
Gofrith. In 960 the Annals of Ulster report that Cammán, son of Amlaíb mac
Gofrith, was defeated at an unidentifiable place named Dub. Two years later one
Sitriuc Cam—Cam means crooked or twisted and Cammán is simply the hypocoristic
form of this byname, so that Sitriuc Cam and Cammán are presumed to be the same
person—was defeated by the Dubliners led by Amlaíb Cuarán and the Leinstermen
while raiding in Leinster. Amlaíb Cuarán was wounded in the battle but Sitriuc
fled to his ships. Sitriuc and his brothers appear to have raided Munster after
this, but disappear from the record soon afterwards and do not appear to have
returned to Ireland.
Amlaíb's
activities in the early 960s seem largely to have been limited to occasional
raids in Leinster. He attacked Kildare in 964, and it was a target again in 967
when Muiredach mac Faeláin, abbot of Kildare, a member of Uí Dúnlainge kindred
which ruled Leinster, was killed by Amlaíb and Cerball mac Lorcáin, a kinsman
of Muiredach's. Another raid south in 964 ended in a heavy defeat for Amlaíb
near Inistogue (modern County Kildare) at the hands of the Osraige.
Until the late 960s Domnall
ua Néill, Congalach's successor as would-be High King, was occupied with
enemies close to home, and in Connacht and Munster, and did not intervene in
Leinster or the hinterlands of Dublin. Having defeated these, in 968 he marched
south and plundered Leinster, killing several notables, and laid siege to
Dublin for two months. While Domnall did not take the port, he carried off a
great many cattle. Amlaíb, allied with the king of Leinster Murchad mac Finn,
retaliated by attacking the abbey of Kells in 969. A pursuit by ua Néill's
allies was defeated near Ardmulchan (County Meath).
In 970 Domnall ua Néill and
his allies attacked Amlaíb's new-found ally, Congalach's son Domnall, the king
of Brega. Domnall mac Congalaig was married to a daughter of Amlaíb, perhaps at
about this time. Churches in Brega, including Monasterboice and Dunleer,
guarded by Amlaíb's soldiers, were a particular target of the raids. Domnall of
Brega and Amlaíb fought against Domnall ua Néill's northern army at Kilmona in
modern County Westmeath. Domnall's army, which included allies from Ulaid was
defeated, and Ardgal mac Matudáin, king of Ulaid, and Cináed mac Crongilla,
king of Conaille Muirtheimne, were among those killed. The battle at Kilmona
did not end the war in the midlands. Monasterboice and Dunleer were burned
after the battle and fighting spread to the lands of Clann Cholmáin the
following year when Domnall ua Néill's enemies there drove him out, only for him
to return with an army and ravage both Mide and the lands around Dublin before
marching south to attack Leinster. This campaign appears to have established
Domnall ua Néill as effective overlord of the midlands and Leinster for some
years.
In 977, in unknown
circumstances, Domnall ua Néill's sons Congalach and Muirchertach were killed
and Amlaíb is given credit for their deaths by the annals. Domnall made no
effort to avenge the deaths, retiring to the monastery at Armagh where he died
in 980. The Dubliners campaigned against Leinster the late 970s. The overking
of Leinster, Úgaire mac Túathail, was captured in 976. He was evidently
ransomed or released as he was killed, along with Muiredach mac Riain of Uí
Cheinnselaig of south Leinster, fighting against the Dubliners in 978 at Belan
(County Kildare). Úgaire's successor Domnall Claen was little more fortunate,
being captured by the Dubliners the following year.
Following the death of High
King Domnall ua Néill, Amlaíb's stepson Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill claimed the
title. Amlaíb's former ally Domnall son of Congalach had died in 976, removing
one potential rival, and ss Amlaíb had killed two of Domnall ua Néill's sons he
may have cleared the way for Máel Sechnaill to take power. If so, it was
unlikely to be by design. Máel Sechnaill had become king of Mide and head of
Clann Cholmáin in 975 and had inaugurated his reign with an attack on his
stepfather when he burned "Thor's Wood" outside Dublin. In 980 Máel
Sechnaill had the support of the Leinstermen when he faced Amlaíb's sons—Amlaíb
himself was by now an old man—near the hill of Tara. The Dubliners too had
allies as the Irish annals record the presence of warriors from the Isle of Man
or the Hebrides. Amlaíb's son Ragnall (Rögnvaldr) was among the dead in the
battle which followed, and although several kings fighting alongside Máel
Sechnaill were killed, the result was clearly a crushing blow for Dublin. Máel
Sechnaill occupied the city and imposed a heavy tribute on the citizens.
In the
aftermath of this defeat Amlaíb abdicated, or was removed from power. He was
replaced by a son named Glúniairn (Járnkné), a son of Dúnlaith and thus Máel
Sechnaill's half-brother. Amlaíb retired to the monastery on Iona where he died
soon afterwards.
Marriages
and children
He was succeeded by his son
Glúniairn (Járnkné, literally "Iron Knee"), son of his wife Dúnlaith,
daughter of Muirchertach mac Néill. Among his wives was Gormflaith, daughter of
Murchad mac Finn, King of Leinster, and future wife of Brian Boru. Gormflaith's
son Sitric Silkbeard was king of Dublin after Glúniairn's death. Amlaíb's other
children included Gytha, who married Olaf Tryggvason, Máel Muire, who married
Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, and Harald, possibly the grandfather of Godred
Crovan.
Amlaíb's byname, cuarán, is
usually translated as "sandal" or "shoe". It derives from
the Old Irish word cúar meaning bent or crooked. It is first applied to him in
the report of the battle of Slane in 947 in the Annals of Ulster. The usual translation
may be misleading. The epithet probably refers to a distinctive style of
footwear. Benjamin Hudson points to the description of a cuarán in a twelfth
century satire, where it is made of leather folded seven times and has a
pointed toe. In Aislinge Meic Con Glinne and Scél Baili Binnbérlaig, the cuarán
is waterproof. In the first story Mac Con Glinne cleans his by dipping them in
his bath; in the second, a cuarán serves as a vessel to drink from. That the
cuarán was a piece of footwear specific to Dublin is suggested by statements in
other stories that have cobblers in the town owing a cuarán in taxes.
Olaf or Amlaib = son of
0.11011101101101111000110111111101111 Sitriuc
Caech or Sigtrygg (d. 927)
According to Wikipedia:
"Sihtric Cáech (or in Norse Sigtrygg) (died 927) was a Norse King of
Dublin who later reigned as King of York. His epithet means the 'Squinty'. He
belonged to the House of Ivar.
The Annals of Ulster records
the arrival of two viking fleets in Ireland in 917, one led by Ragnall and the
other by Sihtric, both of the House of Ivar. They fought a battle against Niall
Glundub in which the Irish were routed, and according to the annals Sihtric
then "entered Áth Cliath", i.e. Dublin, which we must assume means
that he took possession of it. Ragnall Uí Ímair went on to Scotland[2], and
then conquered York and became king there.
Sihtric fought several
battles with Niall Glundub. Warfare is recorded in 918, and in 919 Niall and
several other Irish petty kings where killed in a major battle at Dublin. This
was probably the most devastating defeat ever inflicted on the Irish by the
Norse, and Sihtric's possession of Dublin seemed secure. Sihtric however left
Dublin already in 920 or 921, the pious annalist claims he left "through
the power of God". The truth of it was that Sihtric had ambititions
elsewhere, and following Ragnall's death he became king of York. His kinsman
Guthfrith ruled in Dublin.
Sihtric
attacked Mercia from the Mersey which formed part of the border between Mercia
and the Viking Kingdom of York. He also commanded Viking forces in the Battle
of Confey and other battles.
In 926 he married King
Athelstan of England's sister in a political move designed by Athelstan to
build up his influence in the north of England. Sihtric died suddenly only a
year later in 927 and Athelstan assumed his throne.[6]
Sihtric's son Olaf, whom the
Irish nicknamed Cuaran, later succeeded him both as king of Dublin and of York.
His son Guthfrith Sihtricesson ruled Dublin."
_________
0.1101110110110111100110001101100 Maria of Bulgaria md. 0.1101110110110111100110001101101 Andronikos
Doukas (d. Oct. 14, 1077)
daughter
of
Generation 33
0.11011101101101111001100011011001 Troian of Bulgaria,
son of
Generation 34
0.110111011011011110011000110110011 Emperor
Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria reigned
Aug. or Sept. 1015 to Feb. 1018
son of
Generation 35
0.1101110110110111100110001101100111
Aron of Bulgaria
son of
Generation 36
0.11011101101101111001100011011001111 Comita
Nikola, Duke of Sofia md. 0.11011101101101111001100011011001110
Ripsimia of Armenia (911 - 969) Family of Armenia
____________
0.11011101101111110101001111101010 Gytha
of Wessex, md. 0.1101110110111111010100111110101
Valdimir Monomakh of Kiev (1053-1125)
Gytha = daughter of
Generation 33
0.110111011011111101010011111010101 King
Harold II of England [Harold Godwinson] (c. 1022 - Oct. 14,
1066) ated with 0.110111011011111101010011111010100
Edith
Swanneck (c. 1025 - c. 1086)
According to
Wikipedia: "Edith Swannesha ,"Edith [the] Gentle Swan"; c.1025 –
c. 1086), also known as Edith Swanneschals or Edith the Fair, is best known as
the unwedded consort of King Harold II of England. Her common name comes from a
historical misinterpretation that her nickname represented Old English swann
hnecca, "swan neck". She is sometimes confused with Ældgyth,
daughter of Ealdorman Ælfgar of Mercia, and Harold's Queen consort.
"She bore Harold
several children and was his common law wife (according to Danish law, by a
civil "handfast" marriage) for over 20 years. Though she was not
considered Harold's wife by the Church, there is no indication that the
children she bore by Harold were treated as illegitimate by the culture at the
time. In fact, one of Harold Godwinesson and Edith Swan-Neck's daughters, Gyda
Haraldsdatter, (also known as Gytha of Wessex), was addressed as
"princess" and was married to the Grand Duke Of Kiev, Vladimir
Monomakh.
"Though King Harold II
is said to have lawfully married Edith of Mercia, the widow of the Welsh ruler Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, (whom he defeated in
battle), in 1064, this is seen by most modern scholars as a marriage of political
means, or even dismissed as misunderstanding or propaganda. Since at the time
Mercia and Wales were allied against England, the political marriage would give
the English claim in two very troublesome regions, as well as give Harold
Godwinesson a marriage deemed "legitimate" by the clergy of the
Church, something his longtime common law wife, Edith Swan-Neck unfortunately
could not provide.
"Edith Swan-Neck would
be remembered in history and folklore for one very important thing: it was she
who identified Harold after his defeat at The Battle of Hastings. Harold's body
was horrifically mutilated after the battle by the Norman army of William the
Conqueror, and, despite the pleas by Harold's own mother for William to
surrender Harold's body for burial, the Norman army refused, even though
Harold's mother offered William Harold's weight in gold. It was then that Edith
Swan-Neck walked through the carnage of the battle so that she might identify
Harold by markings on his chest known only to her. It was because of Edith
Swan-Neck's identification of Harold's body that Harold was given a Christian
burial by the monks at Waltham Abbey. This legend was recounted in the
well-known poem by Heinrich Heine, "The Battlefield of
Hastings" (1855), which features Edith Swan-neck as the main character and
claims that the 'marks known only to her' were in fact love bites."
According to Wikipedia:
"Harold Godwinson (or Harold II)
(c. 1022 – 14 October 1066) was the last Anglo-Saxon King of England.
Harold reigned from 5 January 1066, until his death at the Battle of Hastings
on 14 October of that same year, fighting the Norman invaders led by William
the Conqueror. Harold is one of only three Kings of England to have died in
warfare, alongside Richard the Lionheart and Richard III.
"Harold was a son of
Godwin, the powerful Earl of Wessex, and his wife Gytha Thorkelsdóttir, whose
supposed brother Ulf Jarl was the son-in-law of Sweyn I and the
father of Sweyn II of Denmark.
"Godwin and Gytha had
several children, notably sons Sweyn, Harold, Tostig, Gyrth and Leofwine and a
daughter, Edith of Wessex (1029–75), who became Queen consort of Edward the
Confessor.
"As a
result of his sister's marriage to the king, Godwin's second son, Harold,
became Earl of East Anglia in 1045. Harold accompanied his father into exile in
1051, but helped him to regain his position a year later. When Godwin died in
1053, Harold succeeded him as Earl of Wessex (a province at that time covering
the southernmost third of England). This arguably made him the most powerful
figure in England after the king.
"In
1058, Harold also became Earl of Hereford, and replaced his late father as the
focus of opposition to growing Norman influence in England under the
restored monarchy (1042–66) of Edward the Confessor, who
had spent over twenty-five years in exile in Normandy. He gained glory in a
series of campaigns (1062–63) against Gruffydd ap Llywelyn of
Gwynedd, the ruler of Wales. This conflict ended with Gruffydd's defeat, and
death at the hands of his own troops, in 1063.
"In
1064, Harold was apparently shipwrecked in Ponthieu. There is much speculation
about this voyage. The earliest post-conquest Norman chroniclers report that at
some prior time, Robert, Archbishop of Canterbury had been sent by the
childless king to appoint as his heir Edward's maternal kinsman, William of
Normandy, and that at this later date Harold was sent to swear fealty. Scholars
disagree as to the reliability of this story. William, at least, seems to have
believed he had been offered the succession, but there must have been some
confusion either on William's part or perhaps by both men, since the English
succession was neither inherited nor determined by the sitting monarch. Instead
the Witenagemot, the assembly of the kingdom's leading notables, would convene
after a king's death to select a successor. Other acts of Edward are
inconsistent with his having made such a promise, such as his efforts to return
his nephew Edward the Exile, son of king Edmund Ironside, from Hungary in 1057. Later Norman
chroniclers suggest alternative explanations for Harold's journey, that he was
seeking the release of members of his family who had been held hostage since
Godwin's exile in 1051, or even that he had simply been travelling along the
English coast on a hunting and fishing expedition and had been driven across
the channel by an unexpected storm. There is general agreement that he left
from Bosham, and was blown off course, landing on the coast of Ponthieu, where
he was held hostage by Count Guy. Duke William arrived soon after and ordered
Guy to turn Harold over to him. Harold then apparently accompanied William to
battle against William's enemy, Conan II, Duke of Brittany. While crossing into
Brittany past the fortified abbey of Mont St Michel, Harold is recorded as rescuing two of
William's soldiers from the quicksand. They pursued Conan from Dol de Bretagne
to Rennes, and finally to Dinan, where he surrendered the fortress's keys on
the point of a lance. William presented Harold with weapons and arms, knighting
him. The Bayeux Tapestry, and other Norman sources, then record that Harold
swore an oath on sacred relics to William to support his claim to the English
throne. After Harold's death, the Normans were quick to point out that in
accepting the crown of England, Harold had perjured himself of this alleged
oath.
"The
chronicler Orderic Vitalis wrote: "This Englishman was very tall and
handsome, remarkable for his physical strength, his courage and eloquence, his
ready jests and acts of valour. But what were these gifts to him without
honour, which is the root of all good?".
"Due to
an unjust doubling of taxation instituted by Tostig in 1065 that threatened to
plunge England into civil war, Harold supported Northumbrian rebels
against his brother, Tostig, and replaced him with Morcar. This strengthened
his acceptability as Edward's successor, but fatally divided his own family,
driving Tostig into alliance with King Harald Hardrada ("Hard Reign")
of Norway."
"For some twenty years
Harold was married More danico (Latin: "in the Danish manner")
to Edith Swannesha and had at least six children by her. The marriage was widely
accepted by the laity, although Edith was considered Harold's mistress by the
clergy. Their children were not treated as illegitimate.
"According to Orderic
Vitalis, Harold was at some time betrothed to Adeliza, a daughter of William,
Duke of Normandy, later William the Conqueror; if so, the betrothal never led
to marriage.
"About January 1066,
Harold married Edith (or Ealdgyth), daughter of Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia, and
widow of the Welsh prince Gruffydd ap Llywelyn an enemy of the English. Edith
had two sons — possibly twins — named Harold and Ulf (born c. November 1066),
both of whom survived into adulthood and probably lived out their lives in
exile.
"After her husband's
death, the queen is said to have fled for refuge to her brothers Edwin, Earl of
Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria but both men made their peace with the
Conqueror initially before rebelling and losing their lands and lives. Aldith
may have fled abroad (possibly with Harold's mother, Gytha, or with Harold's
daughter, Gytha).
"At the end of 1065,
King Edward the Confessor ailed and fell into a coma without clarifying his
preference for the succession. On 5 January 1066, according to the Vita
Ædwardi Regis, he died, but not before briefly regaining consciousness and
commending his widow and the kingdom to Harold's "protection". The
intent of this charge is ambiguous, as is the Bayeux Tapestry, which simply
depicts Edward pointing at a man thought to represent Harold. When the Witenagemot
convened the next day, they selected Harold to succeed, and his coronation
followed on 6 January, most likely held in Westminster Abbey, however there is
no surviving evidence from the time to confirm this. Although later Norman
sources point to the suddenness of this coronation, it is possible that it took
place because all the nobles of the land were
"In
early January of 1066, hearing that Harold had been crowned King, William Duke
of Normandy began plans to invade by building 700 warships and transports at
Dives-sur-Mer on the Normandy coast. Initially William could not get support
for the invasion but, claiming that Harold had sworn on sacred relics to
support his claim to the throne after having been shipwrecked in Ponthieu,
William was given the Church's blessing and nobles flocked to his cause. In
anticipation of the invasion, Harold assembled his troops on the Isle
of Wight but, claiming unfavourable winds, the invasion fleet
remained in port. On 8 September with provisions running out Harold disbanded
the army and he returned to London. On the same day Harald Hardrada of Norway,
who also claimed the English crown[9]
joined Tostig and invaded, landing his fleet at the mouth of the Tyne.
"Invading what is now
Yorkshire, Harald Hardrada and Tostig defeated the English earls Edwin of
Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria at the Battle of Fulford near York on 20
September. They were in turn defeated and slain by Harold's army five days
later at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, Harold having led his army north on a
forced march from London in four days and caught them by surprise. According to
Snorri Sturluson, before the battle a man bravely rode up to Harald Hardrada
and Tostig and offered Tostig his earldom if he would but turn on Harald
Hardrada. When Tostig asked what his brother Harold would be willing to give
Harald Hardrada for his trouble, the rider replied that he would be given seven
feet of ground as he was taller than other men. Harald Hardrada was impressed
with the rider and asked Tostig his name, Tostig replied that the rider was
none other than Harold Godwinson. According to Henry of Huntingdon, "Six
feet of ground or as much more as he needs, as he is taller than most men,"
was Harold's response. It is, however, unknown whether this conversation ever
took place.
"On 12 September
William's fleet sailed. Several ships sank in storms and the fleet was forced
to take shelter at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme and wait for the wind to change. On
27 September the Norman fleet finally set sail for England arriving it is
believed the following day at Pevensey on the coast of East Sussex. Harold now
again forced his army to march 241 miles (386 kilometres) to intercept William,
who had landed perhaps 7000 men in Sussex, southern England. Harold established
his army in hastily built earthworks near Hastings. The two armies clashed at
the Battle of Hastings, at Senlac Hill (near the
present town of Battle) close by Hastings
on 14 October, where after nine hours of hard fighting and less than 30 minutes
from victory Harold was killed and his forces routed. His brothers Gyrth and
Leofwine were also killed in the battle.
"According
to tradition, Harold was killed by an arrow in the eye. A figure in the Bayeux
Tapestry appears consistent with this tradition, if that is indeed the type of wound
originally depicted in the now-altered artwork. Older etchings made of the
tapestry made c. 1730 show the standing figure holding what appears to be part
of a spear shaft, rather than clutching an arrow. Likewise, historians are
divided over whether the man so wounded is intended to be Harold (the figure
has Harold's name above) or if Harold is the next figure, being mutilated
beneath a horse's hooves. The contemporary account of the battle "Carmen
de Hastingae Proelio" (the Song of the Battle of Hastings), written
shortly after the battle by Guy, Bishop of Amiens, says that Harold was killed
by four knights, probably including Duke William, and his body brutally
dismembered. Examination has shown that the second figure once had an arrow in
its eye that had later been unstitched, but this may have been the work of
overenthusiastic nineteenth century restorers which was soon removed. A further
suggestion is that both accounts are accurate, and that Harold suffered first
the eye wound, then the mutilation, and both are being depicted in sequence.
Harold's wife, Edith Swannesha, was called to identify the body, which she did
by some private mark known only to herself.
"Harold's
strong association with Bosham, his birthplace, and the discovery of an
Anglo-Saxon coffin in the church in 1954 has led some to speculate that King
Harold was buried there. A request to exhume a grave in Bosham church was
refused by the Diocese of Chichester in December 2003, the Chancellor ruling
that the chances of establishing the identity of the body as Harold's were too
slim to justify disturbing a burial place.[14]
A prior exhumation had revealed the remains of a man, estimated at up to 60
years of age from photographs of the remains, lacking a head, one leg and the
lower part of his other leg, a description consistent with the fate of the king
as depicted in the Carmen. The poem also claims Harold was buried by the sea
which is consistent with it being at Bosham Church which is only yards from
Chichester Harbour and in sight of the English Channel.
"There were legends of
Harold's body being given a proper funeral years later in his church of Waltham
Holy Cross in Essex, which he had refounded in 1060. There is a legend that
Henry I of England met an elderly monk at Waltham Abbey, who was in fact a very
old Harold. King Harold had a son posthumously, called Harold Haroldsson, who
may have been this man, and may also be the occupant of the grave.
"Harold's daughter
Gytha of Wessex married Vladimir Monomakh Grand Duke (Velikii Kniaz) of Kievan
Rus' and is ancestor to dynasties of Galicia, Smolensk, and Yaroslavl, whose
scions include Modest Mussorgsky and Peter Kropotkin, Isabella of France
(consort of Edward II) was also a direct descendant of Harold via Gytha, and
thus the bloodline of Harold was re-introduced to the Royal Line. Subsequently,
undocumented claims that the Russian Orthodox Church has recently recognised
Harold as a martyr have been made. Ulf, along with Morcar and two others, were
released from prison by King William as he lay dying in 1087. He threw his lot
in with Robert Curthose, who knighted him, and disappeared from history. Two of
his elder half-brothers, Godwine and Magnus, made a number of attempts at
invading England in 1068 and 1069 with the aid of Diarmait mac Mail na mBo.
They raided Cornwall as late as 1082, but died in obscurity in Ireland."
Harold = son of
Generation 34
0.1101110110111111010100111110101011 Godwin, Earl of Wessex (990 - April 15,
1053) md. 0.1101110110111111010100111110101010
Gytha Thorkelsdottir, daughter of 0.11011101101111110101001111101010101 Throgil Sprakling
"They had a large
family together, of whom five sons became earls at one time or another, three
remaining earls in 1066...
"Two of their sons,
Harold II and Tostig Godwinson, faced each other at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, where Tostig was killed. Less
than a month later, three of her sons, Harold II, Gyrth, and Leofwine, were
killed at the Battle of Hastings.
"Shortly
after the Battle of Hastings, Gytha was living in Exeter and may have been the
cause of that city's rebellion against William the Conqueror in 1067, which
resulted in his laying siege to the city. She pleaded unsuccessfully with him
for the return of the body of her slain son Harold II. According to the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Gytha left the Kingdom of England after the Norman
conquest of England, together with the wives or widows and families of other
prominent Anglo-Saxons, all the Godwin family estates having been confiscated
by William. Little else is known of Gytha's life or future, although it is
probable that she went to Scandinavia (like her granddaughter and namesake),
where she had relatives.
"Her
surviving (and youngest) son Wulnoth lived nearly all his life in (pleasant)
captivity in Normandy until The Conqueror's death in 1087. Only her eldest
daughter Queen Edith (d. 1075) still held some power (however nominal) as widow of Edward
the Confessor."
According to
Wikipedia: "Godwin of Wessex
(990 – 15 April 1053), also known as Goodwin,
was one of the most powerful lords in England under the Danish king Cnut the
Great and his successors. Cnut made him the first Earl of Wessex. Godwin was
the father of King Harold Godwinson and Edith of Wessex, wife of King Edward
the Confessor.
"Godwin's father was possibly Wulfnoth Cild who was a thegn of Sussex, although later documents
describe his father as a churl. Wulfnoth led a section of the royal fleet into
piracy and as a consequence had his lands forfeited, and was exiled.
In his day, Earl Godwin was seen as very much of a new man, who had been
"made" by two advantageous marriages to Danish noblewomen.
"Godwin was a major
supporter of Edmund Ironside, the son of King
Æthelred the Unready. While Edmund was in rebellion against his father, Cnut
and his army invaded England. Edmund was killed, along with many of his
supporters, but Godwin survived and pledged his loyalty to Cnut. He befriended
Cnut's brother-in-law, Earl Ulf, and became one of Cnut's advisers,
accompanying him to Denmark to suppress a rebellion there. By 1018 he was an
earl, becoming Earl of Wessex in about 1019.
"On
12 November 1035, Cnut died. His kingdoms were divided among three rival
rulers. Harold Harefoot, Cnut's illegitimate son with Ælfgifu of Northampton,
seized the throne of England. Harthacnut, Cnut's legitimate son with Emma of
Normandy, reigned in Denmark. Norway rebelled under Magnus the Noble. In 1035,
the throne of England was reportedly claimed by Alfred Ætheling, younger son of
Emma of
Normandy and Æthelred the Unready, and half-brother of Harthacnut.
Godwin is reported to have either captured Alfred himself or to have deceived
him by pretending to be his ally and then surrendering him to the forces of
Harold Harefoot. Either way Alfred was blinded and soon died at Ely.
"In 1040, Harold
Harefoot died and Godwin supported the accession of his half-brother Harthacnut
to the throne of England.
When Harthacnut himself died in 1042 Godwin finally supported the claim of his
half-brother Edward the Confessor to the throne. Edward was another son of Emma
and Æthelred, having spent most of the previous thirty years in Normandy. His
reign restored the native royal house of Wessex to the throne of England.
"In 1066 Edward was
succeeded by his brother in law, Godwin's son Harold.
"Godwin
married a woman named Gytha who some, speculating that she was a daughter of
Thorgil, have called Gytha Thorkelsdóttir. If she was a daughter of
Thorgil than she may also have been the granddaughter of the legendary Viking
Styrbjörn Starke and great-granddaughter to Harold Bluetooth, king of
Denmark and thus also ancestor to King Cnut. Whoever she was, the marriage
resulted in the birth of many children."
Godwin
= son of
Generation 35
0.11011101101111110101001111101010111
Wulnoth Cild, thegn of Sussex (983-1015)According to Wikipedia: "Wulfnoth Cild (died 1015) was an Anglo-Saxon nobleman who is thought to have been the father of Godwin, Earl of Wessex and thus the grandfather of King Harold Godwinson. Earl Godwin's father was certainly named Wulfnoth, a relatively uncommon name. He is thus assumed to be the same person as Wulfnoth Cild, a thegn in Sussex.
"The Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle reports that in 1009, Wulfnoth, commanding a force of 20 ships,
was accused (of some unspecified offence) to King Æthelred the Unready by Earl
Brihtric (or Beorhtric), Eadric Streona's brother. Wulfnoth retaliated
by ravaging the south coast, leading to Brihtric being sent with a force of 80
ships to deal with him. Brihtric's ships were caught in a storm, driven ashore,
and then burned by Wulfnoth and his men. Wulfnoth was sentenced to exile but
his son Godwin remained in England.
"Wulfnoth's brother Æthelnoth became Archbishop of Canterbury in
1020.
"The theory has been
advanced by Alfred Anscombe in 1913 and more recently by D.H. Kelley that
Harold Godwinson was descended through Godwin and Wulfnoth from King Æthelred
via Æthelmær the Stout and Æthelweard the Historian. The controversy is over
whether Wulfnoth was the son of Æthelmær the Stout. There were at least two
prominent men called Æthelmær at the time and it is often difficult to
establish which one did which. Æthelmær the Stout was also known as "Cild
of Sussex" and this line of ancestry is mentioned in the chronicle of John
of Worcester. However this is not mentioned in context of Harold's claim to the
throne, nor did Godwin ever claim it for himself. However had he done so he
might have been executed by Cnut instead of promoted — as was Æthelmær and his
son Æthelweard II and various sons of Æthelred the Unready. The Dictionary
of National Biography however, describe Godwin and Wulfnoth as parvenus of
obscure origin. John of Worcester also describes Godwin as the son of a
shepherd or swineherd,[4]
perhaps contradictarily due to dual authorship. Godwin and Wulfnoth's alleged
obscure origins have become part of accepted myth after 1066.
"In 1014, the will of
King Æthelred's son the Æthelstan Ætheling states that Godwin was to receive
"the estate at Compton which his father possessed." This land was
willed by Alfred the Great for the descendants of his elder brother Æthelred I
and has been used by Professor David Hurmiston Kelley amongst others as
evidence of Wulfnoth's descent from Æthelred.
"Æthelmær the Stout's
other son was Æthelnoth, who became Cnut's chaplain and later Archbishop of
Canterbury (even though Cnut executed his brother). The circumstances of
Wulfnoth's death are rather obscure, but occurred in 1015 at the same time as
Cnut's takeover. Professor Frank Barlow refers to Æthelnoth as Godwin's uncle.
This descent would give Harold (and his brothers) a prior claim to the throne,
even over the descendants of Alfred (since Æthelred was older than Alfred) but
the BBC History website states that he had no claim."
Wulnoth = son of
Generation 36
0.110111011011111101010011111010101111 Aethelmaer
Aethelmaer = son of
Generation 37
0.1101110110111111010100111110101011111 Aethelward "the historian"
Aethelward = son of
Generation 38
0.11011101101111110101001111101010111111 Eadric of Washington, Wessex
Eadric = son of
Generation 39
0.11011101101111110101001111101010111111 Aethelfrith (900-927), Ealdorman of Wessex
AKA Aethelfrith of Mercia
According to
Wikipedia: "Æthelfrith (c. 900 – 927) was an Ealdorman southern Mercia,
occurring in documents in the first part of the 10th century. Having married
Æthelgyth, daughter of Æthelwulf, he was father to four Ealdormen: Æthelstan
Half-King (East Anglia), Ælfstan (Mercia), Æthelwald (Kent), and Eadric
(Wessex), and apparently grandfather of Ealdorman Æthelweard 'the Historian'.
That the latter called himself 'grandson's grandson' of Æthelred I, as well as
documented patterns of land inheritance, have led to the hypothesis that
Æthelfrith was son of Aethelhelm, Ealdorman of Wiltshire, one of Æthelred's
sons. A further genealogical reconstruction would make Aethelweard, and hence
Æthelfrith, an ancestor of King Harold II."
Aethelfrith
= son of
Generation 40
0.110111011011111101010011111010101111111 Aethelhelm (c. 859-893), Ealdorman of Wiltshire md. 0.1101110110111111010100111110101011111110 Aethelgyth of Mercia
According to Wikipedia:
"Æthelhelm or Æþelhelm (c. 865 to c. 890) was the elder son of King
Æthelred of Wessex (Æþelræd). He was too young to become king in 871,
and the throne passed to his uncle, King Alfred the Great. Æthelhelm is listed
in Alfred's will in the mid 880s, but he is not heard of thereafter and
probably died soon afterwards. It has been suggested that he was the
Æthelhelm who was Ealdorman of Wiltshire, the probable father of Edward the
Elder's second wife Ælfflæd, but this is very unlikely as it was not the
practice for Æthelings (princes of the royal dynasty who were eligible to be
king) to become ealdormen, and a marriage between Edward and his first cousin
would have been forbidden as incestuous. On Alfred's death in 899 his younger
brother Æthelwold contested the succession and died in battle. The historian
Æthelweard claimed descent from King Æthelred and may therefore be a descendant
of Æthelhelm"
Aethelhelm = son of
Generation 41
0.1101110110111111010100111110101011111111 Ethelred II (c. 837-871), King
of Wessex (865-971), brother of Alfred the Great
According to Wikipedia:
"King Æthelred (sometimes rendered as Ethelred, "noble
counsel") was King of Wessex from 865 to 871. He was the fourth son of King
Æthelwulf. He succeeded his brother, Æthelberht (Ethelbert), as King of Wessex
and Kent in 865. He married Wulfrida and had two sons, Æthelwold, the elder,
and Æthelhelm,
the younger.
"Æthelred was not able
to control the increasing Danish raids on England. On 4 January 871 at the
Battle of Reading, Ethelred suffered a heavy defeat. Although Æthelred was able
to re-form his army in time to win a victory at the Battle of Ashdown, he
suffered another defeat on 22 January at the Battle of Basing, and was killed
at the Battle of Merton on 23 April 871.
"Æthelred is buried at
Wimborne in Dorset. Following his death, he was popularly regarded as a saint,
but never canonised. He was succeeded by his younger brother, Alfred the Great."
Ethelred = son of
Generation 42
0.11011101101111110101001111101010111111111 Ethelwulf of Wessex (AKA Aethelwulf)
(c. 800-858) King of Wessex (839-856) md. 0.11011101101111110101001111101010111111110 Osburga
(810-855) Overlapping
line, First Wessex Family
According
to Wikipedia: "Osburh or Osburga (died before 856) was the
first wife of King Æthelwulf of Wessex and mother of Alfred the Great. Alfred's
biographer, Asser, described her as "a most religious woman, noble in
character and noble by birth".
"Osburh's existence is
known only from Asser's Life of King Alfred. She is not named as witness
to any charters, nor is her death reported in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
So far as is known, she was the mother of all Æthelwulf's children, his five
sons Æthelstan, Æthelbald, Æthelberht, Æthelred and Alfred, and his daughter
Æthelswith, wife of King Burgred of Mercia. Osburh presumably died before 856
when her husband married the Carolingian princess Judith.
"She is best known for
Asser's story about a book of Saxon songs which she showed to Alfred and his
brothers, offering to give the book to whoever could first memorise it, a
challenge which Alfred took up and won. This exhibits the interest of high
status ninth-century women in books, and their role in educating their
children.
"Osburh
was the daughter of Oslac (who is also only known from Asser's Life), King
Æthelwulf's pincerna (butler), an important figure in the royal court
and household. Oslac is described as a descendant of King Cerdic's Jutish
nephews, Stuf and Wihtgar, who conquered the Isle of Wight."
According to Wikipedia:
"Æthelwulf, also spelled Aethelwulf or Ethelwulf;
means 'Noble Wolf' was King of Wessex from 839 to 856. He is the only son who
can indisputably be accredited to King Egbert of Wessex. He conquered the
kingdom of Kent on behalf of his father in 825, and was sometime later made
King of Kent as a sub-king to Egbert. He succeeded his father as King of Wessex
on Egbert's death in 839: his kingdom then stretched from the county of Kent in
the east to Devon in the west. At the same time his eldest son Æthelstan became
sub-king of Kent as a subordinate ruler.
"Historians
give conflicting assessments of Æthelwulf. According to Richard Humble,
Æthelwulf had a worrying style of Kingship. He had come to the throne of Wessex
by inheritance. He proved to be intensely religious, cursed with little
political sense, and with too many able and ambitious sons.To Frank Stenton
"Æthelwulf seems to have been a religious and unambitious man, for whom
engagement in war and politics was an unwelcome consequence of rank."
However Janet Nelson thought that his reign has been under-appreciated in
modern scholarship, and that he laid the foundations for Alfred's success,
finding new as well as traditional answers, and coping more effectively with
Scandinavian attacks than most contemporary rulers.[4]
"The most notable and
commonly used primary source is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The chronicle refers
to Æthelwulf's presence at some important battles. In the year 840 AD, he
fought at Carhampton against thirty-five ship companies of Danes, whose raids
had increased considerably. His most notable victory came in 851 at
"Acleah", possibly Ockley in Surrey or Oakley in Berkshire. Here,
Æthelwulf and his son Æthelbald fought against the heathen, and according to
the chronicle it was "the greatest slaughter of heathen host ever
made." Around the year 853, Æthelwulf, and his son-in-law, Burgred, King of
Mercia defeated Cyngen ap Cadell of Wales and made the Welsh subject to him.
The chronicle depicts more battles throughout the years, mostly against
invading pirates and Danes. This was an era in European history where nations
were being invaded from many different groups; there were Saracens in the
south, Magyars in the east, Moors in the west, and Vikings in the north. Before
Æthelwulf's death, raiders had wintered over on the Isle of Sheppey, and
pillaged at will in East Anglia. Over the course of the next twenty years the
struggles of his sons were to be "ceaseless, heroic, and largely
futile."
""One of
the first of Æthelwulf's acts as King was to split the kingdom. He gave the
eastern half, that of Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex to his eldest son
Æthelstan (not to be confused with the later Athelstan the Glorious). Æthelwulf
kept the ancient, western side of Wessex (Hampshire, Wiltshire, Dorset and
Devon) for himself. Æthelwulf and his first wife, Osburh, had five sons and a
daughter. After Æthelstan came Æthelbald, Æthelbert, Æthelred, and Alfred. Each
of his sons, with the exception of Æthelstan, succeeded to the throne. Alfred,
the youngest son, has been praised as one of the greatest kings to ever reign
in Britain. Æthelwulf's only daughter, Æthelswith, was married as a child to
king Burgred of Mercia.
"Religion was always an
important area in Æthelwulf's life. As early as the first year of his reign he
had planned a pilgrimage to Rome. Due to the ongoing and increasing raids he
felt the need to appeal to the Christian God for help against an enemy "so
agile, and numerous, and profane."
"In 853, Æthelwulf sent
his son Alfred, a child of about four years, to Rome. In 855, about a year
after his wife Osburga's death, Æthelwulf followed Alfred to Rome. In Rome, he
was generous with his wealth. He distributed gold to the clergy of St. Peter's,
and offered them chalices of the purest gold and silver-gilt candelabra of
Saxon work. During the return journey in 856 he married Judith, a Frankish
princess and a great-granddaughter of Charlemagne. She was about twelve years
old, the daughter of Charles the Bald, King of the West Franks.
"Upon their return to
England in 856 Æthelwulf met with an acute crisis. His eldest surviving son
Æthelbald (Athelstan had since died) had devised a conspiracy with the
Ealdorman of Somerset and the Bishop of Sherborne to oppose Æthelwulf's
resumption of the kingship once he returned. Æthelwulf mustered enough support
to fight a civil war, or to banish Æthelbald and his fellow conspirators. Instead
Æthelwulf yielded western Wessex to his son while he himself retained central
and eastern Wessex. The absence of coins in Æthelbald's name may also suggest
that West Saxon coinage was in Æthelwulf's name until his death. He ruled there
until his death on 13 January 858.
That the
king should have consented to treat with his rebellious son, to refer the
compromise to a meeting of Saxon nobles, to moderate the pugnacity of his own
supporters, and to resign the rule over the more important half of his dominions
- all this testifies to the fact that Æthelwulf’s Christian spirit did not
exhaust itself in the giving of lavish charities to the Church, but availed to
reconcile him to the sacrifice of prestige and power in the cause of national
peace.
"Æthelwulf's
restoration included a special concession on behalf of Saxon queens. The West
Saxons previously did not allow the queen to sit next to the king. In fact they
were not referred to as a queen, but merely the "wife of the king."
This restriction was lifted for Queen Judith, probably because she was a high
ranking European princess.
Ethelwulf
= son of
Generation 43
0.110111011011111101010011111010101111111111 Egbert of Wessex (c. 770-839), King of
Wessex (802-839) md. 0.110111011011111101010011111010101111111110
Redburga
According to Wikipedia:
"Redburga or Raedburh appears in a late medieval
manuscript held by Oxford University as wife of king Egbert of Wessex. She is
described there as "regis Francorum sororia", which means
"pertaining to the sister of the French king". This is somewhat vague
and has been taken to mean sister of Charlemagne, sister-in-law as the sister
of his fourth wife, Luitgard, or some more distant relationship. Her very
existence has been questioned, she being found only in manuscript of a much
later date, suggested to have been forged to link the early Kings of England to
the great West Emperor.
"Chronologically, it
has been suggested that Charlemagne arranged Raedburh's marriage to Egbert in
the year 800. Egbert, who had been forced into exile at Charlemagne's court by
Offa, King of Mercia, returned to England in 802, where he became King of
Wessex.
The uncertainty over
Redburga has been further complicated by the existence of an Egbert at the
Carolingian court, and attempts have been made to identify this continental
nobleman with the exiled Wessex prince. That Egbert, who was duke of all Saxony
between the Rhine and the Weser, died in 811. He was survived by his widow, who
devoted her life to helping the poor and became known as "Saint Ida of
Herzfeld", the patron saint of brides and widows. These identifications
would make Redburga identical to Saint Ida. However, unless the Egbert reported
in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to have regained his throne in Wessex in 802 was,
in fact, serving instead as a feudal supporter of Charlemagne in Saxony for
many of the years following his return to Wessex, Saint Ida was not the
Raedburh who married Egbert of Wessex. Given the irreconcilable differences in
the dates of death given for these two Egberts, this solution is dismissed by
most scholars."
According to Wikipedia:
"Egbert (also spelled Ecgberht or Ecgbriht) was King of Wessex from 802 until 839. His father was
Ealhmund of Kent. In the 780s Egbert was forced into exile by Offa of Mercia
and Beorhtric of Wessex, but on Beorhtric's death in 802 Egbert returned and
took the throne.
"Little is known of the
first twenty years of Egbert's reign, but it is thought that he was able to
maintain Wessex's independence against the kingdom of Mercia, which at that
time dominated the other southern English kingdoms. In 825 Egbert defeated
Beornwulf of Mercia and ended Mercia's supremacy at the Battle of Ellandun, and
proceeded to take control of the Mercian dependencies in southeastern England.
In 829 Egbert defeated Wiglaf of Mercia and drove him out of his kingdom,
temporarily ruling Mercia directly. Later that year Egbert received the
submission of the Northumbrian king at Dore, near Sheffield. The Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle subsequently described Egbert as a bretwalda, or
"Ruler of Britain."
"Egbert was unable to
maintain this dominant position, and within a year Wiglaf regained the throne
of Mercia. However, Wessex did retain control of Kent, Sussex and Surrey; these
territories were given to Egbert's son Æthelwulf to rule as a subking under
Egbert. When Egbert died in 839, Æthelwulf succeeded him; the southeastern
kingdoms were finally absorbed into the kingdom of Wessex after Æthelwulf's
death in 858."
Egbert =
son of
Generation 44
0.1101110110111111010100111110101011111111111
Ealhmund of
Kent, King of Kent
According to Wikipedia:
"Ealhmund was King of Kent in 784. The only contemporary evidence of him
is an abstract of a charter dated in that year, in which Ealhmund granted land
to the Abbot of Reculver. By the
following year Offa of Mercia seems to have been ruling directly, as he issued
a charter without any mention of a local king.
"There is a general consensus
that he is identical to the Ealhmund found in two pedigrees in the Winchester
(Parker) Chronicle, compiled during the reign of Alfred the Great. The
genealogical preface to this manuscript, as well as the annual entry (covering
years 855–859) describing the death of Æthelwulf, both make king Egbert of
Wessex the son of an Ealhmund, who was son of Eafa, grandson of Eoppa, and
great-grandson of Ingild, the brother of king Ine of Wessex, and descendant of
founder Cerdic, and therefore a member of the House of Wessex. A further entry
has been added in a later hand to the 784 annal, reporting Ealhmund's reign in
Kent. Finally, in the Canterbury Bilingual Epitome, originally compiled after
the Norman conquest of England, a later scribe has likewise added to the 784
annal not only Ealhmund's reign in Kent, but his explicit identification with
the father Egbert. Based on this reconstruction, in which a Wessex scion became
king of Kent, his own Kentish name and that of his son, Egbert, it has been
suggested that his mother derived from the royal house of Kent,a connection
dismissed by a recent critical review. It has likewise been suggested that
Ealhmund might actually have been a Kentish royal scion, and that his pedigree
was forged to give son Egbert the descent from Cerdic requisite to reigning in
Wessex."
Ealhmund = son of
Generation
45
0.11011101101111110101001111101010111111111111
Eafa (730) md. 0.11011101101111110101001111101010111111111110 Kentish princess
Eafa = son of
Generation
46
0.110111011011111101010011111010101111111111111 Eoppa (b. 706)
Eoppa = son of
Generation
47
0.1101110110111111010100111110101011111111111111 Ingild of Wessex (672-718)
Ingild = son of
Generation 48
0.11011101101111110101001111101010111111111111111
Coenred (b. 640)Coenred = son of
Generation
49
0.110111011011111101010011111010101111111111111111
CeolwaldGeneration 50
Ceolwald = son of
0.1101110110111111010100111110101011111111111111111
Cutha Cathwulf (b. 592)Cutha = son of
Generation
51
0.11011101101111110101001111101010111111111111111111
Cuthwine (d. 592)Cuthwine = son of
Generation
52
0.110111011011111101010011111010101111111111111111111
Ceawlin, King of Wessex (c. 535-592), reigned 560-592Ceawlin = son of
Generation
53
0.1101110110111111010100111110101011111111111111111111
Cynric, King of Wessex (c. 495-560), reigned 534-560Cynric = son of
Generation
54
0.11011101101111110101001111101010111111111111111111111
Cerdic, King of Wessex reigned 519-534According
to Wikipedia: "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle provides a pedigree
tracing Cerdic's ancestry back to Wōden
and the antediluvian patriarchs. Kenneth Sisam has shown that this pedigree
resulted from a process of elaboration upon a root pedigree borrowed from the
kings of Bernicia, and hence prior to Cerdic himself it has no
historical basis."
___________
0.1101110110111111010110100100100010 Hedwig de Namur
md. 0.1101110110111111010110100100100011 Gerhard, Duke of Lorraine (c. 1030 -
April 14, 1070)
Hedwige
= daughter of
Generation 34
0.11011101101111110101101001001000101 Albert I, Count of Namur and 0.11011101101111110101101001001000100 Ermengarde
Ermengarde = daughter of
Generation 35
0.110111011011111101011010010010001011 Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine (953-993)
According to Wikipedia:
"Charles of Lorraine (Laon, 953–993 in Orléans) was the son of Louis
IV of France and Gerberga of Saxony and younger brother of King Lothair. He was
a sixth generation descendant of Charlemagne.
Charles was excluded from the throne of France, and the German Emperor Otto II,
made him Duke of Lower Lorraine in 977."
Charles = son of
Generation 36
0.110111011011111101011010010010001011 Louis IV of King France (Sept. 10, 920 -
Sept. 30, 954) and 0.1101110110111111010110100100100010110
Gerberga
of Saxony (c. 913 - May 5, 984) Third Saxony Family
According to
Wikipedia: "Louis IV (10 September 920 – 30 September 954), called d'Outremer
or Transmarinus (both meaning "from overseas"), reigned
as King of Western Francia from 936 to 954.
He was a member of the Carolingian dynasty, the son of Charles III and Eadgifu
of England, a daughter of King Edward the
Elder.
"He was only two years
old when his father was deposed by the nobles, who set up Robert I in his
place. When he was only three years old, Robert died and was replaced by
Rudolph, duke of Burgundy. Rudolph's ally, a Carolingian himself, Count Herbert II of Vermandois, took Charles
captive by treachery and the young Louis's mother took the boy "over the
sea" to the safety of England, hence his nickname.
"Charles died in 929,
but Rudolph ruled on until 936, when Louis was summoned back to France
unanimously by the nobles, especially Hugh the Great, who had probably
organised his return to prevent Herbert II, or Rudolph's brother Hugh the
Black, taking the throne. He was crowned king at Laon by Artald, archbishop of
Rheims, on Sunday 19 June 936. The chronicler Flodoard records the events as
follows:
"The Bretons, returning
from the lands across the sea with the support of King Athelstan, came back to
their country. Duke Hugh sent across the sea to summon Louis, son of Charles,
to be received as king, and King Athelstan, his uncle, first taking oaths from
the legates of the Franks, sent him to the Frankish kingdom with some of his
bishops, and other followers. Hugh and the other nobles of the Franks went to
meet him and committed themselves to him[;] immediately he disembarked on the
sands of Boulogne, as had been agreed on both sides. From there he was
conducted by them to Laon, and, endowed with the royal benediction, he was
anointed and crowned by the lord Archbishop Artold, in the presence of the
chief men of his kingdom, with 20 bishops."
"Effectively, his
sovereignty was limited to the town of Laon and to some places in the north of
France, Louis displayed a keenness beyond his years in obtaining the
recognition of his authority by his feuding nobles. Nonetheless, his reign was
filled with conflict; in particular with Hugh the Great, count of Paris.
Louis IV fell from his horse and died 10 September
954, at Rheims,
in the Marne, and is interred there at Saint Rémi Basilica."
Louis = son of
Generation 37
0.1101110110111111010110100100100010111 Charles III, the Simple or the Straightforward,
King of France (Sept. 17, 879 - Oct. 7, 929) and 0.1101110110111111010110100100100010110 Eadgifu
of England, a
daughter of 0.1101110110111111010110100100100010110
1 King Edward the Elder. Third Family of Wessex
According to Wikipedia:
"Charles III (17 September 879 – 7 October 929), called the Simple or the
Straightforward (from the Latin Karolus Simplex), was the undisputed
King of France from 898 until 922 and the King of Lotharingia from 911 until
919/23. He was a member of the Carolingian dynasty, the third and posthumous
son of Louis the Stammerer by his second wife, Adelaide of
Paris.
"As a child, Charles was
prevented from succeeding to the throne at the time of the death in 884 of his
half-brother Carloman. The nobles of the realm instead asked his cousin,
Charles the Fat, to rule them. He was also prevented from succeeding the
unpopular Charles, who was deposed in November 887 and died in January 888,
although it is unknown if his deposition was accepted or even made known in West
Francia before his death. The nobility elected Odo, the hero of the Siege of
Paris, king, though there was a faction that supported Guy III of Spoleto. Charles was put under the
protection of Ranulf II, the Duke of Aquitaine, who may have tried to claim the
throne for him and in the end used the royal title himself until making peace
with Odo. Finally, in 893 Charles was crowned by a faction opposed to Odo at Reims
Cathedral. He only became the effectual monarch with the death of
Odo in 898.
"In 911 Charles defeated
the Viking leader Rollo, had him sign the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
that made Rollo his vassal and converted him to Christianity. Charles then gave
him land around Rouen, the heart of what would become Normandy and his daughter
Gisela in marriage. In the same year as the treaty with the Vikings, Louis the
Child, the King of Germany, died and the nobles of Lotharingia, who had been
loyal to him, under the leadership of Reginar Longneck, declared Charles their
new king, breaking from Germans who had elected Conrad of Franconia king Charles tried to win
their support by marrying a Lotharingian woman named Frederuna, who died in 917.
He also defended the country against two attacks by Conrad, King of the Germans
"On 7 October 919
Charles re-married to Eadgifu, the daughter of Edward the Elder, King of
England. By this time Charles' excessive favouritism towards a certain Hagano
had turned the aristocracy against him. He endowed Hagano with monasteries
which were already the benefices of other barons, alienating these barons. In
Lotharingia he earned the enmity of the new duke, Gilbert, who declared for the
German king Henry the Fowler in 919.[1]
Opposition to Charles in Lotharingia was not universal, however, and he
retained the support of Wigeric. In 922 some of the West Frankish barons, led by
Robert of Neustria and Rudolph of Burgundy, revolted. Robert, who was Odo's
brother, was elected by the rebels and crowned in opposition to Charles, who
had to flee to Lotharingia. On 2 July 922, Charles lost his most faithful
supporter, Herve, Archbishop of Rheims, who had succeeded Fulk in 900.
"He returned the next
year (923) with a Norman army but was defeated on 15 June near Soissons
by Robert, who died in the battle.[1]
Charles was captured and imprisoned in a castle at Péronne under the guard of
Herbert II of Vermandois.Rudolph was elected to succeed him. In 925 the
Lotharingians accepted Rudolph as their king. Charles died in prison on 7
October 929 and was buried at the nearby abbey of Saint-Fursy. Though he had
had many children by Frederuna, it was his son by Eadgifu who would eventually
be crowned in 936 as Louis IV of France. In the initial aftermath of Charles's
defeat, Eadgifu and Louis fled to England."
Charles = son of
Generation 38
0.11011101101111110101101001001000101111 Louis the Stammerer (Nov. 1, 846 - April 10, 879) md.
0.11011101101111110101101001001000101110 Adelaide of Paris Family of Toulouse
According to Wikipedia:
"Louis the Stammerer (1 November 846 – 10 April 879) was the King
of Aquitaine and later King of West Francia. He was the eldest son of Charles
the Bald and Ermentrude of Orléans. He succeeded his younger brother in
Aquitaine in 866 and his father in West Francia in 877, though he was never
crowned Emperor. In the French monarchial system, he is considered Louis II.
"Twice married, he and
his first wife, Ansgarde of Burgundy, had two sons: Louis (born in 863) and
Carloman (born in 866), both of whom became kings of France, and two daughters:
Hildegarde (born in 864) and Gisela (865–884), who married Robert, Count of
Troyes.
"With his second wife, Adelaide of Paris, he had one daughter, Ermentrude (875–914) — who was the mother of Cunigunde, wife of the Count Palatine Wigerich of Bidgau; they were the ancestors of the House of Luxemburg —, and a posthumous son, Charles the Simple, who would become, long after his elder brothers' deaths, king of France.
"He was crowned on 8
December 877 by Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, and was crowned a second time in
September 878 by Pope John VIII at Troyes while the pope was attending a
council there. The pope may even have offered the imperial crown, but it was
declined. Louis the Stammerer was said to be physically weak and outlived his
father by only two years. He had relatively little impact on politics. He was
described "a simple and sweet man, a lover of peace, justice, and
religion". In 878, he gave the counties of Barcelona, Gerona, and Besalú
to Wilfred the Hairy. His final act was to march against the Vikings
who were then the scourge of Europe. He fell ill and died on 10 April or
9 April 879 not long after beginning his final campaign. On his death, his
realms were divided between his two sons, Carloman and Louis."
Louis =
son of
Generation 39
0.110111011011111101011010010010001011111 Charles the Bald (June 13, 823 - Oct. 6, 877) Holy Roman Emperor
875-87 md. 0.110111011011111101011010010010001011110
Ermentrude of Orleans (823-869)
Continuation of Charles
the Bald's Ancestry by Another Line
_____________________
0.11011101101101111011101111111110 Bethoc of Scone
md. 0.11011101101101111011101111111111 Crinan of Dunkeld AKA Grimus, Mormaer
of Atholl, Lay Abbot of Dunkeld (b. c. 975 in Athoil, Perthshire, Scotland
killed in battle in 1045 at Dunkeld)
Bethoc =
daughter of
0.110111011011011110111011111111101 Malcolm
II, King of Scotland
(954-1034) reigned 1005-1034
Malcolm
= son of
Generation 35
0.1101110110110111101110111111111011 Kenneth
II, King of Scotland
(before 954-995) reigned 971-995
Kenneth = son of
Generation 36
0.11011101101101111011101111111110111 Malcolm I,
King of Scotland (900-954) reigned 943-954
Malcolm = son of
Generation 37
0.110111011011011110111011111111101111 Donald II,
King of Scotland, d. 900, reigned 889-900
Donald = son of
Generation 38
0.1101110110110111101110111111111011111 Constantine
I, King of Scotland d. 877, reigned 863-877
Constantine = son of
Generation 39
0.11011101101101111011101111111110111111 Kenneth I
mac Alpin, King of Scotland (c. 810-858) reigned 834?-858 (conqueror of the Picts, first king of
the Scots)
Kenneth = son of
Generation 40
0.110111011011011110111011111111101111111 Alpín mac Echdach
Alpin = son of
Generation 41
0.1101110110110111101110111111111011111111 ?Eochaid mac Áeda Find
Eochaid = son of
Generation 42
0.11011101101101111011101111111110111111111 Áed Find (Áed the White) AKA Áed mac Echdach (before
736–778) , King of Dál Riata (modern western Scotland).
Aed = son of
Generation 43
0.110111011011011110111011111111101111111111 Eochaid mac Echdach, King of Dál Riata (modern
western Scotland) reigned 726-733.
Eochaid = son of
Generation 44
0.110111011011011110111011111111101111111111 Eochaid mac Domangairt (d. c. 697), King
of Dál Riata (modern western Scotland)
Eochaid = son of
Generation 45
0.1101110110110111101110111111111011111111111 Domangart mac Domnaill (d. 673) a king in
Dál Riata (modern western Scotland)
Domangart = son of
Generation 46
0.11011101101101111011101111111110111111111111 Domnall Brecc AKA Donald the Freckled (d. 642
in Strathcarron) was King of Dál Riata, in modern Scotland, from about 629
until 642.
Domnall = son of
Generation 47
0.110111011011011110111011111111101111111111111 Eochaid Buide, King of Dál Riata,
reigned around 608-629. ("Buide" refers to the colour yellow, as in
the colour of his hair.)
Eochaid = son of
Generation 48
0.1101110110110111101110111111111011111111111111
Áedán mac Gabráin, King of Dál Riata from c.
574 onwards.
Aedan = son of
Generation 49
0.11011101101101111011101111111110111111111111111 Gabrán mac Domangairt, King of Dál Riata in the
middle of the 6th century.
Gabrán mac Domangairt = son
of
Generation 50
0.110111011011011110111011111111101111111111111111 ? Dungal
Dungal = son of
Generation 51
0.1101110110110111101110111111111011111111111111111 Fergus Mór mac Eirc, legendary founder
of Scotland
Fergus Mór mac Eirc = son of
Generation 52
0.11011101101101111011101111111110111111111111111111 Eirc
Eirc = son of
Generation 53
0.110111011011011110111011111111101111111111111111111 Eochaid Muinremuir
Eochaid Muinremuir = son of
Generation 54
0.1101110110110111101110111111111011111111111111111111 Oengusa Fir
Oengua Fir = son of
Generation 55
0.11011101101101111011101111111110111111111111111111111 Feideilmid
Feideilid = son of
Generation 56
0.110111011011011110111011111111101111111111111111111111 Oengusa
Oengusa = son of
Generation 57
0.1101110110110111101110111111111011111111111111111111111 Feideilmid
Feidelid = son of
Generation 58
0.11011101101101111011101111111110111111111111111111111111 Cormaicc, Wikipedia lists
the generations from Erc to Cormaicc in the Fergus Mor mac Eirc article and
says this comes from a Middle Irish genealogy of the kings of Alba [The Book of
Lismore], which lists an additional 46 generations
__________
0.110111011011111101001011001110 Agnes of Antioch md. 0.110111011011111101001011001111 Bela III, King of Hungary, AKA Caesar Alexius of the Byzantine Empire (1148-1196)
Agnes = daughter of
Generation 35
0.1101110110111111010010110011100
Constance of Antioch (1127 - 1163) md. 0.1101110110111111010010110011101 Raynald
of Chatillon, Prince of Antioch, Crusader
Constance = daughter
of
Generation 36
0.11011101101111110100101100111001
Bohemond II, Prince of Taranto and of Antioch, Crusader (1108 - 1130) md. 0.11011101101111110100101100111000 Alice of Jerusalem
Bohemond = son of
Generation 37
0.110111011011111101001011001110011 Philip I, King of France, "the
Amorous" (1052 - 1108) md. 0.110111011011111101001011001110010 Bertha
of Holland, Valois
Family
Philip = son of
Generation 38
0.1101110110111111010010110011100111
Henry I, King of France
(1008 - 1060) md. 0.1101110110111111010010110011100110
Anne of Kiev First Family of Kiev
Henry = son of
Generation
39
0.11011101101111110100101100111001111
Robert II, King of France
(972 - 1041) md. 0.11011101101111110100101100111001110
Constance of Arles
Robert =
son of
Generation 40
0.110111011011111101001011001110011111 Hugh
Capet, King of France (939 - 996) md.0.110111011011111101001011001110011110 Adelaide of Aquitaine
Hugh =
son of
Generation 41
0.1101110110111111010010110011100111111 Hugh Capet, "the Great", Duke of
France, Count of Paris, in the Divine Comedy Dante meets the soul of
Duke Hugh in Purgatory, lamenting the avarice of his descendants.
(898 - 956) md. 0.1101110110111111010010110011100111110
Hedwige of Saxony
Hugh = son of
Robert
I, King of France and Marquis of Neustria md. Beatrice of Vermandois (880 - 931) Family of Vermandois,
Valois Family
__________
0.1101110110111111010100111110101110
Ingegerd Olafsdottir, daughter of the King of Sweden md.
0.110111011011111101010011111010111 Yaroslav I the Wise (c. 978 - Feb. 20,
1054)
According
to Wikipedia: "Princess Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden (1001 – 10 February
1050) was a Swedish princess and a Grand Princess of Kiev, the daughter of
Swedish King Olof Skötkonung and Estrid of the Obotrites and the consort of
Yaroslav I the Wise of Kiev. Ingegerd was born in Sigtuna,[citation needed]
Sweden, and was engaged to be married to Norwegian King Olaf II, but when
Sweden and Norway got into a feud, Swedish King Olof Skötkonung wouldn't allow
for the marriage to happen. Instead, Ingegard's father quickly arranged for a
marriage to the powerful Yaroslav I the Wise of Novgorod. The marriage took
place in 1019. Once in Kiev, her name was changed to the Greek Irene. According
to several sagas, she was given as a marriage gift Ladoga and adjacent lands,
which later received the name Ingria (arguably a corruption of Ingegerd's
name). She set her friend jarl Ragnvald Ulfsson to rule in her stead. Ingegard
initiated the building of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev that was
supervised by her husband, who styled himself tsar. They had six sons and four
daughters, the latter of whom became Queens of France, Hungary, Norway, and
(arguably) England. The whole family is depicted in one of the frescoes of the
Saint Sophia. Upon her death, Ingegard was buried in the same cathedral."
Ingegerd Olfsdatter =
daughter of
Generation 35
0.11011101101111110101001111101011101
King Olof Skotkonung of Sweden (980? - 1021
or 1022?) md. 0.11011101101111110101001111101011100
Estrid or Astrid of the Obotrites (c.
979-1035)
According to Wikipedia:
"Olof Skötkonung (Old Icelandic: Óláfr sænski, Old Swedish: Olawær
skotkonongær) was the son of Eric the Victorious and Sigrid the Haughty. He was
born around 980 and he succeeded his father in 995. Our knowledge of Olof is
mostly based on Snorri Sturluson's and Adam of Bremen's accounts, which have
been subject to criticism from source-critical scholars. But according to Adam
of Bremen, Sweyn Forkbeard was forced to defend his Danish kingdom from attacks
by Olof who claimed the Danish throne. The conflict was resolved by Sweyn's
marriage with Olaf's mother and the two kings were thereafter allies. Also
Snorri Sturluson describes Sweyn and Olof as equal allies when they defeated
the Norwegian king Olav Tryggvason in the battle of Svolder 1000, and
thereafter divided Norway between themselves. Another possible
explanation[citation needed] of the name "Skötkonung" is that it
means "treasure king" and refer to the fact that he was the first
Swedish king to stamp coins. According to the Sagas, Olof's father Eric the
Victorious ruled together with Eric's brother Olof Björnsson. When Olof
Björnsson died, Olof was proclaimed co-ruler instead of his cousin Styrbjörn
Starke. This happened before he was even born. At his father's death, he
inherited the throne of Sweden and became its sole ruler."
According to Wikipedia:
"Estrid (or Astrid) of the Obotrites (ca. 979 – 1035), was a Medieval and
Viking age Swedish Queen consort and West Slavic Princess, married to Olof
Skötkonung, the King of Sweden, ca. 1000–1022, mother of king Anund Jacob of
Sweden and the Russian Saint and Queen (Grand Princess) Ingegerd
Olofsdotter."
Olof =
son of
Generation 36
0.110111011011111101010011111010111011
Eric the Victorious, King of Sweden (945? - c. 995) md.
0.110111011011111101010011111010111010
Sigrid the Haughty
According to Wikipedia
"Eric the Victorious (Old Norse: Eiríkr inn sigrsæli, Modern Swedish: Erik
Segersäll), (945? – c. 995), was the first Swedish king (970–995) about whom
anything definite is known.[1] Whether he actually qualifies as king of Sweden
is debatable as his son Olof Skötkonung was the first ruler documented to have
been accepted both by the Svear around Lake Mälaren and by the Götar around
Lake Vättern. Referring to Eric the Victorious as Eric VI (or with any other
numeral) is a later invention. The Swedish kings Erik XIV (1560–68) and Charles
IX (1604–11) took their numbers after studying a highly fictitious History of
Sweden.[2] His original territory lay in Uppland and neighbouring provinces. He
acquired the name "victorious" as a result of his defeating an
invasion from the south in the Battle of the Fýrisvellir close to Uppsala.[3] But
reports that Eric's brother Olof was the father of his opponent in that battle,
Styrbjörn the Strong, belong to the realm of myth.[4] The extent of his kingdom
is unknown. In addition to the Swedish heartland round lake Mälaren it may have
extended down the Baltic Sea coast as far south as Blekinge. According to the
Flateyjarbok, his success was due to the fact that he allied with the free
farmers against the aristocratic jarl class, and it is obvious from
archeological findings that the influence of the latter diminished during the
last part of the tenth century.[5] He was also, probably, the introducer of the
famous medieval Scandinavian system of universal conscription known as the
ledung in the provinces around Mälaren. In all probability he founded the town
of Sigtuna, which still exists and where the first Swedish coins were stamped
for his son and successor Olof Skötkonung.
"Eric the Victorious
appears in a number of Norse sagas, historical stories which nonetheless had a
heathy dose of fiction. In various stories, he is described as the son of Björn
Eriksson, and as having ruled together with his brother Olof. It was claimed
that he married the infamous (and likely fictional) Sigrid the Haughty,
daughter of the legendary Viking Skagul Toste, would later divorce her and give
her Götaland as a fief. According to Eymund's saga he took a new queen, Auð,
the daughter of Haakon Sigurdsson, the ruler of Norway.Before this happened,
his brother Olof died, and a new co-ruler had to be appointed, but the Swedes
are said to have refused to accept his rowdy nephew Styrbjörn the Strong as his
co-ruler. Styrbjörn was given 60 longships by Eric and sailed away to live as a
Viking. He would become the ruler of Jomsborg and an ally and brother-in-law of
the Danish king Harold Bluetooth. Styrbjörn returned to Sweden with an army,
although Harald and the Danish troops supposedly turned back. Eric won the
Battle of the Fýrisvellir at Old Uppsala, according to Styrbjarnar þáttr
Svíakappa after sacrificing to Odin and promising that if victorious, he would
give himself to Odin in ten years. Adam of Bremen relates that Eric was
baptised in Denmark but that he forgot about the Christian faith after he
returned to Sweden."
According to Wikipedia:
"Sigrid the Haughty, also known as Sigríð Storråda, is a queen of
contested historicity appearing in Norse sagas as wife first of King Eiríkr VI
Sigrsæll of Sweden, and then Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark. While given a Nordic
ancestry in the sagas, she has been hypothesized to be identical to historically
attested queens of Polish or Pomeranian origin. Alternatively, she is held to
be apocryphal by some modern scholars, e.g. Birgitta Fritz. Sigrid appears in
many sagas composed generations after the events they describe, but there is no
reliable evidence as to her existence as they describe her. It is unclear if
she was a real person, a compound person (with several real women's lives and
deeds attributed to one compound person), or a complete invention of the saga
authors."
_______________
0.11101101101111001100111111111110 Béatrice of Vermandois (c. 880 – after March 26, 931) (daughter of Herbert I of Vermandois
(c. 848/850 – 907)) md. 895 (his second wife) 0.11101101101111001100111111111111
Robert I (after September 866 – June 15, 923), king of West Francia (922 –
923) Family of Valois,
Family of Antioch
Beatrice
= daughter of
Generation 38
0.111011011011110011001111111111101 Herbert
I, Count of Vermandois,
Lord of Senlis, Peronne and Saint Quentin (848 - 907) md. 0.111011011011110011001111111111100
Bertha de Morvois
Herbert
= son of
Generation 39
0.1110110110111100110011111111111011 Pepin,
1st Count of Vermandois, Lord of Senlis Peronne and Saint Quentin (b. 815)
Pepin =
son of
Generation 40
0.11101101101111001100111111111110111 Bernard,
King of Italy (797 - 818) md. 0.11101101101111001100111111111110110 Cunigunda
Bernard
= son of
Generation 41
0.111011011011110011001111111111101111 Pepin,
"Carloman", King
of Italy (777 - 810) md. Bertha
Pepin =
son of
Generation 42
0.1110110110111100110011111111111011111 Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor (742 - 814) md. 0.1110110110111100110011111111111011110
Hildegarde of Vinzgouw
Charlemagne
= son of
Generation 43
0.11101101101111001100111111111110111111 Pepin the Short, King of the Franks (d.768) md. 0.11101101101111001100111111111110111110
Bertrada of Laon
Pepin =
son of
Generation 44
0.111011011011110011001111111111101111111 Charles Martel, "the Hammer", Mayor
of the Palace of Austrasia, commander of the European armies that defeated the
Moors at the Battle of Tours in 732 (688-741) md. 0.111011011011110011001111111111101111110 Rotrude
Charles
= son of
Generation 45
0.1110110110111100110011111111111011111111
Ansegiel md. 0.1110110110111100110011111111111011111110
Saint Begga (615 - 693) Family of Saint Begga
Continuation of Ansegiel's Ancestors from
another line
__________
0.11011101101101111001100011011001110 Ripsimia of Armenia
(911 - 969) md. 0.11011101101101111001100011011001111
Comita Nikola, Duke of Sofia
daughter of
Geneartion 37
0.110111011011011110011000110110011101 King Ashot II Bagratuni of Armenia (914-929)
son of
Gemeration 38
0.1101110110110111100110001101100111011 King Smbat I (850-912/914)
Generation 39
0.11011101101101111001100011011001110111 Ashot I (820-890) King of Armenia, Ashot
the Great, oversaw the beginning of Armenia's second golden age
son of
Generation 40
0.110111011011011110011000110110011101111 Smbat VIII the Confessor reigned 852-855
son of
Generation 41
0.1101110110110111100110001101100111011111 Ashot Msaker or Ashot IV Bagratuni, Prince of
Armenia, reigned 790 - 826
son of
Generation 42
0.11011101101101111001100011011001110111111 Smbat VII, presiding prince of
Arab-ruled Armenia (d. April 25, 775) reigned 770-775,
son of
Generation 43
0.110111011011011110011000110110011101111111 Ashot III Bagratuni AKA Ashot the Blind (c.
690-762) presiding prince of Armenia 732-748,
son of
Generation 44
0.1101110110110111100110001101100111011111111 Vasak
son of
Generation 45
0.11011101101101111001100011011001110111111111 Varaztirots II (d. 670)
son of
Generation 46
0.110111011011011110011000110110011101111111111 Smbat V of Armenia (c. 615 - 646)
aspet
son of
Generation 47
0.1101110110110111100110001101100111011111111111 Varaz-Tiroc II of Armenia (b. c. 590) ruled
as Armenian prince 628-634 md. Latavr of Iberia (b. c. 595)
son of
Generation 48
0.11011101101101111001100011011001110111111111111 Smbat IV of Armenia (b. c. 560, ruled
as marzban 604-616)
son of
Generation 49
0.110111011011011110011000110110011101111111111111 Manuel or Manvel Bagratuni (b. c. 530), aspet
son of
Generation 50
0.1101110110110111100110001101100111011111111111111 Varaztirots I Bagratuni (b. c. 495)
son of
Generation 51
0.11011101101101111001100011011001110111111111111111 Sapndiat Bagratuni (c. 465 - 505)
son of
Generation 52
0.110111011011011110011000110110011101111111111111111 Sahak II Bagratuni (b. c. 435, ruled
as marzban 481-482)
son of
Generation 53
0.1101110110110111100110001101100111011111111111111111 Tirots Bagratuni (c. 405 - 450)
son of
Generation 54
0.11011101101101111001100011011001110111111111111111111 Smbat III Bagratuni (c. 370 - 423)
son of
Generation 55
0.110111011011011110011000110110011101111111111111111111 Sahak I Bagratuni (aspet 378 - 388)
son of
Generation 56
0.1101110110110111100110001101100111011111111111111111111 Smbat II Bagratuni (aspet 367-374)
son of
Generation 57
0.11011101101101111001100011011001110111111111111111111111 Bagrat I Bagratuni (ruled as aspet
330-353)
son of
Generation 58
0.110111011011011110011000110110011101111111111111111111111
Smbat I Bagratuni (c. 265 - 314)
_________
0.11011101101101111001101110111111110 Rozala of
Lombardy (c. 950 - 1003)
md. 0.11011101101101111001101110111111111 Arnulf II Count of Flanders (960 or 961-988), she later marreid King
Robert II of France
Rozala = daughter of
Generation 37
0.110111011011011110011011101111111101 Berengar II of Italy (c. 900 - Au. 4, 966) md. 0.110111011011011110011011101111111100 Willa of Tuscany.
Berengar = son of
Generation 38
0.1101110110110111100110111011111111011 Adalbert I Margrave of Ivrea (d. Feb. 28, 929) md. 0.1101110110110111100110111011111111010 Gisela of Friuli daughter of 0.11011101101101111001101110111111110101 King Berengar I of Italy (c. 845 - 924) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110111111110100 Gertila of Spoleto (c. 860 - 915), Bergengar I was son of 0.110111011011011110011011101111111101011 Berhard Duke of Friuli (c.
808-866) md. 0.110111011011011110011011101111111101010 Gisela, daughter of 0.1101110110110111100110111011111111010101
Louis the Pious (c. 821- 874) Holy Roman Emperor and son
of 0.11011101101101111001101110111111110101011 Charlemagne (April2, 742- Jan. 28, 814)
Adalbert = son of
Generation 39
0.11011101101101111001101110111111110111 Anscar I, Margrave of Ivrea (860 - March 902)
Anscar = son of
0.110111011011011110011011101111111101111 Count Amadeus of Oscheret (c. 790-867)
____________
0.1101110110111111010110100100100010110
Gerberga of
Saxony (c. 913 - May 5, 984) md. 0.110111011011111101011010010010001011 Louis IV of King France (Sept. 10, 920 -
Sept. 30, 954)
Gerberga
= daughter of
Generation 37
0.11011101101111110101101001001000101101 Henry
the Fowler, king of Germany (876 - July 2, 936), and 0.11011101101111110101101001001000101100 Matilda of Ringelheim
According to Wikipedia:
"Henry I the Fowler (876 –
2 July 936) was the Duke of Saxony from 912 and King of the Germans from 919
until his death. First of the Ottonian Dynasty of German kings and emperors, he
is generally considered to be the founder and first king of the medieval German
state, known until then as East Francia. An avid hunter, he obtained the
epithet "the Fowler" because he was allegedly fixing his birding nets
when messengers arrived to inform him that he was to be king.
"Born in Memleben, in
what is now Saxony-Anhalt, Henry was the son of Otto the Illustrious, Duke of
Saxony, and his wife Hedwiga, daughter of Henry of Franconia and Ingeltrude and
a great-great-granddaughter of Charlemagne. In 906 he married Hatheburg,
daughter of the Saxon count Erwin, but divorced her in 909, after she had given
birth to his son Thankmar. Later that year he married St Matilda of Ringelheim,
daughter of Dietrich, Count of Westphalia. Matilda bore him three sons, one
called Otto, and two daughters, Hedwige and Gerberga and founded many religious
institutions, including the abbey of Quedlinburg where Henry is buried, and was
later canonized.
"Henry became Duke of
Saxony upon his father's death in 912. An able ruler, he continued to
strengthen Saxony, frequently in conflict with his neighbors to the South, the
dukes of Franconia.
"In 918 Conrad I, King
of East Francia and Duke of Franconia, died. Although they had been at odds
with each other from 912–15 over the title to lands in Thuringia, before he
died Conrad recommended Henry as his successor. Conrad's choice was conveyed by
Duke Eberhard of Franconia, Conrad's brother and heir, at the Reichstag of
Fritzlar in 919. The assembled Franconian and Saxon nobles duly elected Henry
to be king. Archbishop Heriger of Mainz offered to anoint Henry according to
the usual ceremony, but he refused to be anointed by a high church official —
the only King of his time not to undergo that rite — allegedly because he
wished to be king not by the church's but by the people's acclaim. Duke
Burchard II of Swabia soon swore fealty to the new King, but Duke Arnulf of
Bavaria did not submit until Henry defeated him in two campaigns in 921. Last,
Henry besieged Ratisbon (Regensburg) and forced Arnulf of Bavaria into
submission.
"In 920, Charles the
Simple invaded Germany and marched as far as Pfeddersheim near Worms, but
retired on hearing that Henry was arming against him.
"On November 7th, 921
Henry and Charles the Simple met each other and concluded a treaty between
them. However, with the beginning of civil war in France, Henry sought to wrest
Lorraine from the Western Kingdom. In the year of 923 Henry crossed the Rhine
twice. Later in the year he entered Lorraine with an army, capturing a large
part of the country. Until October of 924 the eastern part of Lorraine was left
in Henry's possession.
"Henry
regarded the kingdom as a confederation of stem duchies rather than as a feudal
kingdom and saw himself as primus inter pares. Instead of seeking to
administer the empire through counts, as Charlemagne had done and as his
successors had attempted, Henry allowed the dukes of Franconia, Swabia and
Bavaria to maintain complete internal control of their holdings.In 925, Giselbert
again rebelled. Henry invaded Lorraine and besieged Giselbert at Zillpich,
captured the town, and became master of a large portion of Lotharingia
(Lorraine). Thus he brought that realm, which had been lost in 910, back into
the German kingdom as the fifth stem duchy (the others being Saxony, Franconia,
Swabia, and Bavaria). Allowing Giselbert to remain in power as duke of
Lotharingia, Henry arranged the marriage of his daughter Gerberga of Saxony to
his new vassal in 928.
"Henry was an able
military leader. In 921 Hungarians invaded Germany and Italy. Although a
sizable force was routed near Bleiburg in Carinthia by Eberhard and the Count
of Meran and another group was routed by Liutfried, count of Elsace, Henry was
forced to pay a tribute to the Magyars, (Hungarians), who had repeatedly raided
Germany. By doing so he secured a ten-year truce so that he could fortify towns
and train a new elite cavalry force.
"During the truce with
the Magyars, Henry subdued the Northern Slavic Tribes. In the winter of 928, he
marched against the Havelli and seized their capital, Brandenburg. He then
invaded Dalemintzi on the lower Elbe, and conquered Jahna, the capital after a
siege. In 929, with the help of Duke Arnulf, Henry entered Bohemia. Wenceslas
surrendered his lands, but received them back as a fief of the German crown,
agreeing to pay a yearly tribute to the German emperor. Meanwhile, the Redarii
had driven away their chief and captured the town of Walsleben and massacred
the inhabitants. Counts Bernard and Thietmar marched against the fortress of
Lenzen on the right bank of the Elbe, and, after fierce fighting, completely
routed the enemy on 4 September 929. The Lusatians and the Ukrani on the lower
Oder were subdued and made tributary in 932 and 934, respectively.
"In 933 Henry, with the
end of his truce with the Magyars, refused to pay the regular tribute. When the
Magyars began raiding again, he led an army of all the German tribes to victory
at the Battle of Riade in 933 near the river Unstrut, thus stopping the Magyar
advance into Germany. He also pacified territories to the north, where the
Danes had been harrying the Frisians by sea. The monk and historian Widukind of
Corvey in his Res gestae Saxonicae reports that the Danes were subjects
of Henry the Fowler. Henry incorporated into his kingdom territories held by
the Wends, who together with the Danes had attacked Germany, and also conquered
Schleswig in 934
"Henry died of a
cerebral stroke on 2 July 936 in his palatium in Memleben, one of his favourite
places. By then all German tribes were united in a single kingdom. Henry I is
therefore considered the first German king and the founder of the eventual Holy
Roman Empire. He has sometimes been considered to be Henry I, Holy Roman
Emperor.
"His son Otto succeeded
him as Emperor. His second son, Henry, became Duke of Bavaria. A third son,
Brun (or Bruno), became archbishop of Cologne. His son from his first marriage,
Thankmar, rebelled against his half-brother Otto and was killed in battle in
936. After the death of her husband Duke Giselbert of Lotharingia, Henry's
daughter Gerberga of Saxony married King Louis IV of France. His youngest
daughter, Hedwige of Saxony, married Duke Hugh the Great of France and was the
mother of Hugh Capet, the first Capetian king of France.
"Henry
returned to public attention as a character in Richard Wagner's opera, Lohengrin
(1850). There are indications that Heinrich Himmler saw himself the
reincarnation of the first king of Germany"
Henry = son of
Generation 38
0.11011101101111110101101001001000101101 Otto I, Duke of Saxony ( the Illustrious)
md. 0.11011101101111110101101001001000101100
Hedwig of Franconia
Otto = son of
Generation 39
0.110111011011111101011010010010001011011 Liudolf, Duke of Saxony (c. 805 - March
12, 864 or 866) md. 0.110111011011111101011010010010001011010
Oda, daughter of 0.1101110110111111010110100100100010110101 Billung md. 0.1101110110111111010110100100100010110100 Aeda
According to Wikipedia:
"Liudolf (born about 805, died 12 March 864 or 866) was a Saxon count, son
of one count (Graf) Brun (Brunhart) and his wife Gisla von Verla; later authors
called him duke of the Eastern Saxons (dux orientalis Saxonum, probably since
850) and count of Eastphalia. Liudolf had extended possessions in eastern
Saxony, and was a leader in the wars of King Louis the German against Normans
and Slavs. The ruling Liudolfing House, also known as the Ottonian dynasty, is
named after him; he is its oldest verified member.
"Before 830 Liudolf
married Oda, daughter of a Frankish princeps named Billung and his wife
Aeda. Oda died on 17 May 913, supposedly at the age of 107... By marrying
a Frankish nobleman's daughter, Liudolf followed suggestions set forth by
Charlemagne about ensuring the integrity of the Frankish Empire in the
aftermath of the Saxon Wars through marriage.
"In 845/846, Liudolf
and his wife traveled to Rome in order to ask Pope Sergius II for permission to
found a house of secular canonesses, duly established at their proprietary
church in Brunshausen around 852, and moved in 881 to form Gandersheim Abbey.
Liudolf's minor daughter Hathumod became the first abbess.
"Liudolf is buried in
Brunshausen.
Liudolf = son of
Generation 40
0.1101110110111111010110100100100010110111 Graf Brun Bruhart md. 0.1101110110111111010110100100100010110110 Gisla von Verla
_________
0.110111011011111101001011001111110
Predslava of Kiev md. 0.110111011011111101001011001111110 Almos,
Prince of Hungary (c. 1070 or 1075 - Sept. 1, 1127 or 1129)
Predslava = daughter of
Generation 38
0.1101110110111111010010110011111101
Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich, Prince of Kiev
(1050-1130)
Sviatopolk = son of
Generation 39
0.11011101101111110100101100111111011
Iziaslav I, Prince of Kiev (1024 - Oct. 3,
1078) md. 0.11011101101111110100101100111111010
Gertrude of Poland, Family of Poland
____________
0.1101110110111111010110100100100010110
Eadgifu of England md.
0.1101110110111111010110100100100010111 Charles III, the Simple or the Straightforward,
King of France (Sept. 17, 879 - Oct. 7, 929)
According
to Wikipedia: "Eadgifu was
the second wife of King Charles III of France[
whom she married in 919 after the death of his first wife, Frederonne; she was
mother to Louis IV of France..
"In 922 Charles III was
deposed and the next year taken prisoner by Count Herbert II of Vermandois, an
ally of the then current king. To protect her son's safety Eadgifu took him to
England in 923 to the court of her half-brother, Athelstan of England. Because
of this, Louis IV of France became known as Louis d'Outremer of France. He
stayed there until 936, when he was called back to France to be crowned King.
Eadgifu accompanied him.
"She retired to a
convent in Laon. Then, in 951, she left the convent and married Herbert III,
Count of Vermandois."
Eadgifu
= daughter of
Edward the Elder., King of Wessex and England
md. Aelffaed daughter of Aethelhelm, ealdorman of Wiltshire
According to Wikipedia:
"Edward the Elder (c. 874-7– 17 July 924) was an English king. He became
king in 899 upon the death of his father, Alfred the Great. His court was at
Winchester, previously the capital of Wessex. He captured the eastern Midlands
and East Anglia from the Danes in 917 and became ruler of Mercia in 918 upon
the death of Æthelflæd, his sister.
"All but two of his
charters give his title as "king of the Anglo-Saxons" (Anglorum
Saxonum rex). He was the second king of the Anglo-Saxons as this title was
created by Alfred.[2]
Edward's coinage reads "EADVVEARD REX." The chroniclers record that
all England "accepted Edward as lord" in 920. But the fact that York
continued to produce its own coinage suggests that Edward's authority was not
accepted in Viking ruled Northumbria. Edward's eponym "the Elder" was
first used in Wulfstan's Life of St Æthelwold (tenth century) to
distinguish him from the later King Edward the Martyr.
"Of the five children
born to Alfred and Ealhswith who survived infancy, Edward was the second-born
and the elder son. Edward's birth cannot be certainly dated. His parents
married in 868 and his eldest sibling Æthelflæd was born soon
afterwards as she was herself married in 883. Edward was probably born rather
later, in the 870s, and probably between 874 and 877.
"Asser's Life of
King Alfred reports that Edward was educated at court together with his
youngest sister Ælfthryth. His second sister, Æthelgifu, was intended for a
life in religion from an early age, perhaps due to ill health, and was later
abbess of Shaftesbury. The youngest sibling, Æthelweard, was educated at a
court school where he learned Latin, which suggests that he too was intended
for a religious life. Edward and Ælfthryth, however, while they learned the
English of the day, received a courtly education, and Asser refers to their
taking part in the "pursuits of this present life which are appropriate to
the nobility"
"The first appearance
of Edward in the sources is in 892, in a charter granting land at North
Newnton, near Pewsey in Wiltshire, to ealdorman Æthelhelm, where he is called filius
regis, the king's son. Although he was the reigning king's elder son,
Edward was not certain to succeed his father. Until the 890s, the obvious heirs
to the throne were Edward's cousins Æthelwold and Æthelhelm, sons of Æthelred,
Alfred's older brother and predecessor as king. Æthelwold and Æthelhelm were
around ten years older than Edward. Æthelhelm disappears from view in the 890s,
seemingly dead, but a charter probably from that decade shows Æthelwold witnessing
before Edward, and the order of witnesses is generally believed to relate to
their status. As well as his greater age and experience, Æthelwold may have had
another advantage over Edward where the succession was concerned. While
Alfred's wife Ealhswith is never described as queen and was never crowned,
Æthelwold and Æthelhelm's mother Wulfthryth was called queen.
""When
Alfred died, Edward's cousin Æthelwold, the son of King Æthelred of Wessex,
rose up to claim the throne and began Æthelwold's Revolt. He seized Wimborne,
in Dorset, where his father was buried, and Christchurch (then in Hampshire,
now in Dorset). Edward marched to Badbury and offered battle, but Æthelwold
refused to leave Wimborne. Just when it looked as if Edward was going to attack
Wimborne, Æthelwold left in the night, and joined the Danes in Northumbria,
where he was announced as King. In the meantime, Edward is alleged to have been
crowned at Kingston upon Thames on 8 June 900
"In 901, Æthelwold came
with a fleet to Essex, and encouraged the Danes in East Anglia to rise up. In
the following year he attacked English Mercia and northern Wessex. Edward
retaliated by ravaging East Anglia, but when he retreated south the men of Kent
disobeyed the order to retire, and were intercepted by the Danish army. The two
sides met at the Battle of the Holme on 13 December 902. According to the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Danes "kept the place of slaughter", but
they suffered heavy losses, including Æthelwold and a King Eohric, possibly of
the East Anglian Danes.
"Relations with the
North proved problematic for Edward for several more years. The Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle mentions that he made peace with the East Anglian and
Northumbrian Danes "of necessity". There is also a mention of the
regaining of Chester in 907, which may be an indication that the city was taken
in battle
"In 909, Edward sent an
army to harass Northumbria. In the following year, the
Northumbrians retaliated by attacking Mercia, but they were met by the combined
Mercian and West Saxon army at the Battle of Tettenhall, where the Northumbrian
Danes were destroyed. From that point, they never raided south of the River
Humber.
"Edward then began the
construction of a number of fortresses (burhs), at Hertford, Witham and
Bridgnorth. He is also said to have built a fortress at Scergeat, but that
location has not been identified. This series of fortresses kept the Danes at
bay. Other forts were built at Tamworth, Stafford, Eddisbury and Warwick. These
burhs were built to the same specifications (within centimetres) as those
within the territory that his father had controlled; it has been suggested on
this basis that Edward actually built them all.
"Edward extended the
control of Wessex over the whole of Mercia, East Anglia and Essex, conquering
lands occupied by the Danes and bringing the residual autonomy of Mercia to an
end in 918, after the death of his sister, Æthelflæd. Ætheflæd's daughter,
Ælfwynn, was named as her successor, but Edward deposed her, bringing Mercia
under his direct control. He had already annexed the cities of London and
Oxford and the surrounding lands of Oxfordshire and Middlesex in 911. By 918,
all of the Danes south of the Humber had submitted to him. By the end of his
reign, the Norse, the Scots and the Welsh had acknowledged him as "father
and lord".This recognition of Edward's overlordship in Scotland led to his
successors' claims of suzerainty over that Kingdom.
"Edward reorganized the
Church in Wessex, creating new bishoprics at Ramsbury and Sonning, Wells and
Crediton. Despite this, there is little indication that Edward was particularly
religious. In fact, the Pope delivered a reprimand to him to pay more attention
to his religious responsibilities.
"He died leading an
army against a Welsh-Mercian rebellion, on 17 July 924 at Farndon-Upon-Dee and
was buried in the New Minster in Winchester, Hampshire, which he himself had established
in 901. After the Norman Conquest, the minster was replaced by Hyde Abbey to
the north of the city and Edward's body was transferred there. His last resting
place is currently marked by a cross-inscribed stone slab within the outline of
the old abbey marked out in a public park...
"Edward had four
siblings, including Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, and Ælfthryth, Countess of
Flanders.
"King Edward had about
fourteen children from three marriages, (or according to some sources, an
extramarital relationship and two marriages).
"Edward first married
Ecgwynn around 893 and they became the parents of the future King Athelstan and
a daughter who married Sihtric Cáech, King of Dublin and York in 926.
Conflicting information about Ecgwynn is given by different sources, none of
which pre-date the Conquest.
"When he became king in
899, Edward married Ælfflæd, a daughter of Æthelhelm, the ealdorman of
Wiltshire.Their son Ælfweard may have briefly succeeded his father, but died
just over two weeks later and the two were buried together. Edward and Ælfflæd
had six daughters: Eadgyth who married Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor; Eadgifu,
married to Charles the Simple; Eadhild, who married Hugh the Great, Duke of
Paris; Ælfgifu who married "a prince near the Alps", sometimes
identified with Conrad of Burgundy or Boleslaus II of Bohemia; and two nuns
Eadflæd and Eadhild. A son, Edwin Ætheling who drowned in 933 was possibly
Ælfflæd's child, but that is not clear.
"Edward married for a
third time, about 919, to Eadgifu, the daughter of Sigehelm, the ealdorman of
Kent. They had two sons who survived infancy, Edmund and Eadred, and two
daughters, one of whom was Saint Edburga of Winchester the other daughter,
Eadgifu, married "Louis, Prince of Aquitaine", whose identity is
disputed.
"Eadgifu outlived her
husband and her sons, and was alive during the reign of her grandson, King
Edgar. William of Malmsbury's history De antiquitate Glastonie ecclesiae
claims that Edward's second wife, Ælfflæd, was also alive after Edward's death,
but this is the only known source for that claim."
Edward = son of
Generation 38
0.11011101101111110101101001001000101101 Alfred the Great, Saxon King of England
(Wessex) (849-899), reigned 871-899 md. 0.11011101101111110101101001001000101100 Ealhswith (c. 852-905), daughter of 0.110111011011111101011010010010001011001
Aethered Mucil, Ealdorman of the Gaini
Alfred = son of
Generation 39
0.110111011011111101011010010010001011011 Ethelwulf of Wessex (AKA Aethelwulf)
(c. 800-858) King of Wessex (839-856) md. 0.110111011011111101011010010010001011010
Osburga (810-855)
First Wessex Family
with earlier ancestors
___________
0.11011101101111110101101001001000101110 Adelaide of Paris (c. 850/853 - Nov.
10, 901) md. 0.11011101101111110101101001001000101111 Louis the
Stammerer (Nov. 1, 846 - April 10, 879)
According
to Wikipedia: "Adélaïde de Paris, or Aélis (c. 850/853 – 10
November 901) was the second wife of Louis the Stammerer, King of Western
Francia, and was the mother of Charles the Simple. Adelaide was the daughter of
the count palatine Adalard of Paris. Her great-grandfather was Bégon, Count of
Paris. Her great-grandmother, Alpaïs, wife of Bégon, was the illegitimate
daughter of Louis the Pious by an unnamed mistress.
"Adelaide was chosen by
Charles the Bald, King of Western Francia, to marry his son and heir, Louis the
Stammerer, despite the fact that Louis had secretly married Ansgarde of
Burgundy against the wishes of his father. Although Louis and Ansgarde already
had two children, Louis and Carloman, Charles prevailed upon Pope John VIII, to
dissolve the union. This accomplished, Charles married his son to Adelaide in
February 875.
"However, the marriage
was called into question because of the close blood-kinship of the pair. When
on 7 September 878 the pope crowned Louis (who had succeeded his father in the
previous year), the pope refused to crown Adelaide.
"When Louis the
Stammerer died in Compiegne on 10 April 879, he had no heirs by Adelaide; she
was, however, pregnant, giving birth on 17 September 879, to Charles the
Simple.The birth of this child led to a dispute between Adelaide and her
deceased husband's repudiated wife, Ansgarde. Ansgarde and her sons accused
Adelaide of adultery; Adelaide in turn disputed the right of Ansgarde's sons to
inherit. Eventually, Adelaide succeeded in winning the case; but despite this,
Ansgarde's sons Louis and Carloman remained kings until their deaths without
heirs in 882 and 884 respectively, with the crown then being contested between
Odo, Count of Paris and Charles the Fat.
"Charles the Simple
eventually succeeded to his father's throne in 898; his mother assisted in
crowning him.
"Adelais of Paris died
in Laon on 10 November 901. She was buried in the Abbey of Saint-Corneille,
Compiègne, Picardy, France."
Adelaide = daughter of
Generation 39
0.110111011011111101011010010010001011101 Count Palatine Adalard of Paris (c. 830
- 890)
Adalard = son of
Generation 40
Adelaide
= daughter of
0.1101110110111111010110100100100010111011 Beggo, Count of Toulouse (d.
816) md. 0.1101110110111111010110100100100010111010 Alpais or Amaudru
According to Wikipedia:
"Beggo (died 816) was the
son of Gerard I of Paris and Rotrude, daughter of Carloman, son of Charles
Martel. He was appointed Count of Toulouse, Duke of Septimania, Duke of
Aquitaine, and Margrave of the Hispanic March in 806 and followed his father as
Count of Paris in 815.
"In 806, William of
Gellone abdicated and Charlemagne appointed Beggo to take his place in Toulouse
and Gothia. He did not succeed his father in Paris, but was later placed in the
comital office there, but did not live long after that.
"He married either
Amaudru, illegitimate daughter of Charlemagne or her niece, Alpais,
illegitimate daughter of Louis the Pious."
Beggo = son of
Generation 41
0.11011101101111110101101001001000101110111 Gerard I of Paris md. 0.11011101101111110101101001001000101110110
Rotrude
Rotrude = daughter of
Generation 42
0.110111011011111101011010010010001011101111 Carloman, Mayor of the Palace (b.
between 706 and 716 - Aug. 17, 754)
According to Wikipedia:
"Carloman (between 706 and 716 – 17 August 754) was the eldest son
of Charles Martel, major domo or mayor of the palace and duke of the
Franks, and his wife Chrotrud. On Charles' death (741), Carloman and his
brother Pippin the Short succeeded to their father's legal positions, Carloman
in Austrasia, and Pippin in Neustria. He was a member of the family later
called the Carolingians and it can be argued that he was instrumental in
consolidating their power at the expense of the ruling Merovingian
kings of the Franks. He withdrew from public life in 747 to take up the
monastic habit.
"After the death of his
father, power was not initially divided to include Grifo, another of Charles'
sons, by his second wife Swanachild. This was per Charles' wishes, though Grifo
demanded a portion of the realm from his brothers, who refused him. By 742,
Carloman and Pippin had ousted their half-brother, Grifo and forced him into a
monastery, and each turned his attention towards his own area of influence as major
domo, Pippin in the West (in what was called Neustria, roughly what is now
France) and Carloman in the East (in what was called Austrasia, roughly what is
now Germany), which was the Carolingian base of power.
"With Grifo contained,
the two mayors, who had not yet proved themselves in battle in defence of the
realm as their father had, on the initiative of Carloman, installed the
Merovingian Childeric III as king (743), even though Martel had left the throne
vacant since the death of Theuderic IV in 737.
"Unlike most medieval
instances of fraternal power sharing, Carloman and Pippin for seven years
seemed at least willing to work together; certainly, they undertook many
military actions together. Carloman joined Pippin against Hunald of Aquitaine's
rising in 742 and again in 745. Pippin assisted Carloman against the Saxons
742-743, when Duke Theoderic was forced to come to terms, and against Odilo of
Bavaria in 742 and again in 744, when peace was established between the
brothers and their brother-in-law, for Odilo had married their sister Hiltrude.
"In his own realm,
Carloman strengthened his authority in part via his support of the Anglo-Saxon
missionary Winfrid (later Saint Boniface), the so-called "Apostle of the
Germans," whom he charged with restructuring the church in Austrasia. This
was in part the continuation of a policy begun under his grandfather, Pippin of
Herstal, and continued to under his father, Charles Martel, who
erected four dioceses in Bavaria (Salzburg, Regensburg, Freising, and Passau)
and gave them Boniface as archbishop and metropolitan over all Germany east of
the Rhine, with his seat at Mainz. Boniface had been under Charles Martel's
protection from 723 on; indeed the saint himself explained to his old friend,
Daniel of Winchester, that without it he could neither administer his church,
defend his clergy, nor prevent idolatry. Carloman was instrumental in convening
the Concilium Germanicum in 742, the first major synod of the Catholic
Church to be held in the eastern regions of the Frankish kingdom. Chaired
jointly by him and Boniface, the synod ruled that priests were not allowed to
bear arms or to host females in their houses and that it was one of their
primary tasks to eradicate pagan beliefs. While his father had frequently
confiscated church property to reward his followers and to pay for the standing
army that had brought him victory at Tours, (a policy supported by Boniface as
necessary to defend Christianity) by 742 the Carolingians were wealthy enough
to pay their military retainers and still support the Church. For Carloman, a
deeply religious man, it was a duty of love, for Pippin a practical duty. Both
saw the necessity of strengthening the ties between their house and the Church.
Therefore, Carloman sought to increase the assets of the Church. He donated,
for instance, the land for one of Boniface's most important foundations, the
monastery of Fulda.
"Despite
his piety, Carloman could be ruthless towards real or perceived opponents.
After repeated armed revolts and rebellions, Carloman in 746 convened an
assembly of the Alamanni magnates at Cannstatt and then had most of the
magnates, numbering in the thousands, arrested and executed for high treason in
the Blood Court at Cannstatt. This eradicated virtually the entire tribal
leadership of the Alamanni and ended the independence of the tribal duchy of
Alamannia, which was thereafter governed by counts appointed by their Frankish
overlords.
"These actions
strengthened Carloman's position, and that of the family as a whole, especially
in terms of their rivalries with other leading barbarian families such as the
Bavarian Agilolfings.
"On 15 August 747,
Carloman renounced his position as major domo and withdrew to a monastic
life, being tonsured
in Rome by Pope Zachary. All sources from the period indicate that Carloman's
renunciation of the world was volitional, although some have speculated that he
went to Rome for other, unspecified reasons and was "encouraged" to
remain in Rome by the pope, acting on a request from Pepin to keep Carloman in
Italy.[3]
"Carloman founded a
monastery on Monte Soratte and then went to Monte Cassino. All sources from the
period indicate that he believed his calling was the Church. He withdrew to
Monte Cassino and spent most of the remainder of his life there, presumably in
meditation and prayer. His son, Drogo, demanded from Pippin the Short his
father's share of the family patrimony, but was swiftly neutralised.
"At the time of
Carloman's retirement, Grifo escaped his imprisonment and fled to Bavaria,
where Duke Odilo provided support and assistance. But when Odilo died a year
later and Grifo attempted to seize the duchy of Bavaria for himself, Pippin,
who had become sole major domo and dux et princeps Francorum,
took decisive action by invading Bavaria and installing Odilo's infant son, Tassilo III, as duke under Frankish
suzerainty. Grifo continued his rebellion, but was eventually killed in the
battle of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne in 753.
"Seven years after
Carloman's retirement and on the eve of his death, he once more stepped briefly
on the public stage. In 754, Pope Stephen II had begged Pippin, now king, to
come to his aid against the king of the Lombards, Aistulf. Carloman left Monte
Cassino to visit his brother to ask him not to march on Italy (and possibly to
drum up support for his son Drogo). Pippin was unmoved, and imprisoned Carloman
in Vienne, where he died on 17 August. He was buried in Monte Cassino."
Carloman = son of
Generation 43
0.1101110110111111010110100100100010111011111 Charles "The Hammer" Martel (688-741)
Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia and King or Duke of the Franks, won the Battle
of Tours in 732, halting Muslim expansion in Europe. md. 0.1101110110111111010110100100100010111011119
Rotrude of Treve (690-724) (daughter of St. Leutwinus, Count and
Bishop of Treves Family
of Treve, Ancestors of Charles Martel from another line
___________
0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110 Judith
of Flanders (Oct. 844-870) md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111111 Baldwin I of Flanders
Judith = character in
"The Marsh King" by C. Walter Hodges and in "Judith of
France" and "Journey for a Princess" by Margaret C. Leighton.
According to Wikipedia:
"Judith of Flanders (844 – 870) was a daughter of the Frankish king
Charles the Bald. Through her marriage to two kings of Wessex she was first a
queen, then later through her third marriage to Baldwin, she became Countess of
Flanders. Judith was born in October of 844, the daughter of Charles the Bald,
King of the Franks, and Ermentrude. Her father gave her in marriage to
Ethelwulf, King of Wessex on October 1, 856 at Verberie sur Oise, France. Soon
after, Ethelwulf's son Ethelbald forced his father to abdicate. Following
Ethelwulf's death on January 13, 858, Ethelbald married his widowed stepmother
Judith. However, the marriage was annulled in 860 on the grounds of consanguinity.
Judith eloped with Baldwin in January 862. They were likely married at the
monastery of Senlis before they eloped. The couple was in hiding from Judith's
father, King Charles the Bald, until October after which they went to her uncle
Lothair II for protection. From there they fled to Pope Nicholas I. The pope
took diplomatic action and asked Judith's father to accept the union as legally
binding and welcome the young couple into his circle - which ultimately he did.
The couple then returned to France and were officially married at Auxerre.
Baldwin was accepted as son-in-law and was given the land directly south of the
Scheldt to ward off Viking attacks. Although it is disputed among historians as
to whether King Charles did this in the hope that Baldwin would be killed in
the ensuing battles with the Vikings, Baldwin managed the situation remarkably
well. Baldwin succeeded in quelling the Viking threat, expanded both his army
and his territory quickly, and became one of the most faithful supporters of
King Charles. The March of Baldwin came to be known as the County of Flanders
and was for a long time the most powerful principality of France."
Judith = daughter of
Generation 39
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101 Charles the
Bald (June 13, 823 - Oct. 6, 877) Holy Roman Emperor 875-877
md. 842 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111100 Ermentrude of Orleans (823-869)
According to Wikipedia: "Charles the Bald[1] (13 June 823 – 6 October 877), Holy Roman Emperor (875–877, as Charles II) and King of West Francia (840–877), was the youngest son of the Emperor Louis the Pious by his second wife Judith."
According to Wikipedia: "Ermentrude of Orléans (also Hirmentrude or Irmintrud) (September 27, 823 – October 6, 869) was Queen of Franks by her marriage to Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor and King of West Francia. She was the daughter of Odo, Count of Orleans and his wife, Engeltrude."
Charles = son of
Generation 40
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011 Louis the
Pious AKA Louis I, Louis the Fair, Louis the Debonaire (778 - June 20, 840)
Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Franks 813-840 md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111010 Judith of Bavaria (805-843) daughter of
Count Welf and Hedwig Duchess of Bavaria
According to Wikipedia: "Louis the Pious (778 – 20 June 840), also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781 and co-Emperor (as Louis I) and King of the Franks with his father, Charlemagne, from 813. As the only surviving adult son of Charlemagne, he became the sole ruler of the Franks after his father's death in 814, a position which he held until his death, save for the period 833–34, during which he was deposed. During his reign in Aquitaine Louis was charged with the defence of the Empire's southwestern frontier. He reconquered Barcelona from the Muslims in 801 and re-asserted Frankish authority over Pamplona and the Basques south of the Pyrenees in 813. As emperor he included his adult sons—Lothair, Pepin, and Louis—in the government and sought to establish a suitable division of the realm between them. The first decade of his reign was characterised by several tragedies and embarrassments, notably the brutal treatment of his nephew Bernard of Italy, for which Louis atoned in a public act of self-debasement. In the 830s his empire was storn by civil war between his sons, only exacerbated by Louis's attempts to include his son Charles by his second wife in the succession plans. Though his reign ended on a high note, with order largely restored to his empire, it was followed by three years of civil war. Louis is generally compared unfavourably to his father, though the problems he faced were of a distinctly different sort."
According to Wikipedia:
"Queen Judith or Iudit (805 - April 19 or 23, 843), also known as Judith
of Bavaria, was the daughter of Count Welf and a Saxon noblewoman named Hedwig,
Duchess of Bavaria (780 - 826). She became Queen consort of the Franks.
She became the second wife of Louis the Pious, Holy Roman Emperor and King of
the Franks; they married in Aachen in 819."
Louis = son of
Generation 41
0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111 Charlemagne (747-814) Holy Roman Emperor md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110110 Hildegarde
(758 - 783) Family of Bavaria
According to Wikipedia:
"Charlemagne (Latin: Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus, meaning Charles the
Great) (747 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768 to his death. He
expanded the Frankish kingdoms into a Frankish Empire that incorporated much of
Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was
crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800 as a rival of the
Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople. His rule is also associated with the
Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the
medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal
reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the Middle Ages. He
is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of France, Germany, and the Holy
Roman Empire. The son of King Pippin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, he
succeeded his father and co-ruled with his brother Carloman I. The latter got
on badly with Charlemagne, but war was prevented by the sudden death of
Carloman in 771. Charlemagne continued the policy of his father towards the papacy
and became its protector, removing the Lombards from power in Italy, and waging
war on the Saracens, who menaced his realm from Spain. It was during one of
these campaigns that Charlemagne experienced the worst defeat of his life, at
Roncesvalles (778). He also campaigned against the peoples to his east,
especially the Saxons, and after a protracted war subjected them to his rule.
By forcibly converting them to Christianity, he integrated them into his realm
and thus paved the way for the later Ottonian dynasty. Today he is regarded not
only as the founding father of both French and German monarchies, but also as
the father of Europe: his empire united most of Western Europe for the first
time since the Romans, and the Carolingian renaissance encouraged the formation
of a common European identity.[1] Pierre Riché reflects ". . . he enjoyed
an exceptional destiny, and by the length of his reign, by his conquests,
legislation and legendary stature, he also profoundly marked the history of
western Europe.""
According to Wikipedia:
"Hildegard (758-30 April 783) was the daughter of Count Gerold of Vinzgouw
and Emma of Alamannia, daughter of Hnabi, Duke of Alamannia. Hildegard was the
second wife of Charlemagne, who married her about 771."
Charlemagne = son of
Generation 42
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111 Pepin or Pippin AKA Pepin the Younger or
Pepin III (714-768), Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia and Duke of the
Franks 741-768), King of the Franks 751-768) md. 744, 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101110 Bertrada of Laon (720-783) daughter
of 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011101 Caribert, Count of Laon, who was son of 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111011 Martin, Count of Laon
According
to Wikipedia: "Pepin or Pippin (714 – 24 September 768), called the Short,
and often known as Pepin the Younger or Pepin III,[1] was the Mayor of the
Palace and Duke of the Franks from 741 and King of the Franks from 751 to 768.
He was the father of Charlemagne.
He was the son of Charles
Martel, mayor of the palace and duke of the Franks, and of Rotrude of Trier
(690-724). Pepin's father, Charles Martel, died in 741. He divided the rule of
the Frankish kingdom between Pepin and his elder brother, Carloman, his surviving
sons by his first wife: Carloman became Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Pepin
became Mayor of the Palace of Neustria. Grifo, Charles' son by his second wife,
Swanahild (aka Swanhilde), may also have been intended to receive an
inheritance, but he was imprisoned in a monastery by his two half-brothers.
Carloman, who by all evidence was a deeply pious man, retired to a monastery in
747. This left Francia in the hands of Pepin as sole mayor of the palace and
dux et princeps Francorum, a title originated by his grandfather and namesake
Pepin of Heristal."
According to Wikipedia:
"Bertrada of Laon, also called Bertha Broadfoot, (720 – July 12, 783) was
a Frankish queen. She was born in Laon, in today's Aisne, France, the daughter
of Caribert of Laon. She married Pepin the Short, the son of the Frankish Mayor
of the Palace Charles Martel, in 740, although the union was not canonically
sanctioned until several years later. Eleven years later, in 751, Pepin and
Bertrada became King and Queen of the Franks, following Pepin's successful coup
against the Frankish Merovingian monarchs. Bertrada and Pepin are known to have
had four children, three sons and one daughter: of these, Charles
(Charlemagne), Carloman, and Gisela survived to adulthood, whilst Pepin died in
infancy. Charlemagne and Carloman would inherit the two halves of their
father's kingdom when he died, and Gisela became a nun. Bertrada lived at the
court of her elder son Charles, and according to Einhard their relationship was
excellent. She recommended he marry his first wife, Desiderata, a daughter of
the Lombard king Desiderius, but he soon divorced her. Einhard claims this was
the only episode that ever strained relations between mother and son. Bertrada
lived with Charlemagne until her death in 783; the king buried her in Saint
Denis Basilica with great honors."
Pepin = son of
Generation 43
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111 Charles "The Hammer" Martel
(688-741) Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia and King or Duke of the Franks, won
the Battle of Tours in 732, halting Muslim expansion in Europe. md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011110 Rotrude of Treve (690-724) daughter
of 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111101 St. Leutwinus, Count and Bishop of Treves Family of Treve
According
to Wikipedia: "Charles "The Hammer" Martel (Latin: Carolus
Martellus, English: Charles "the Hammer") (ca. 688 – 22 October 741)
was proclaimed Mayor of the Palace and ruled the Franks in the name of a
titular King. Late in his reign he proclaimed himself Duke of the Franks (the
last four years of his reign he did not even bother with the façade of a King)
and by any name was de facto ruler of the Frankish Realms. In 739 he was
offered an office of Roman consul by the Pope, which he rejected possibly
not to conflict with Theodatus Ursus who already occupied the office by
appointment of the Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian. He expanded his rule
over all three of the Frankish kingdoms: Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy.
Martel was born in Herstal, in present-day Belgium, the illegitimate son of
Pippin the Middle and his concubine Alpaida (or Chalpaida). He was described by
Louis Gustave and Charles Strauss in their book "Moslem and Frank; or,
Charles Martel and the rescue of Europe" as a tall, powerfully built man,
who was more agile than his size would lead men to believe. He is best
remembered for winning the Battle of Tours in 732, which has traditionally been
characterized as an event that halted the Islamic expansionism in Europe that
had conquered Iberia."Charles's victory has often been regarded as
decisive for world history, since it preserved western Europe from Muslim
conquest and Islamization." In addition to being the leader of the army
that prevailed at Tours, Charles Martel was a truly giant figure of the Middle
Ages. A brilliant general, he is considered the forefather of western heavy
cavalry, chivalry, founder of the Carolingian Empire (which was named after
him), and a catalyst for the feudal system, which would see Europe through the
Middle Ages. Although some recent scholars have suggested he was more of a
beneficiary of the feudal system than a knowing agent for social change, others
continue to see him as the primary catalyst for the feudal system."
According to Wikipedia:
"Rotrude of Treves (variously spelled Chrotrude, Chrotrud, Rotrude,
Chotrude, Chrotude, Chrotrudis), also known as Rotrou of Treves, was born in
690 in Austrasia; died 724, daughter of St. Leutwinus, Bishop of Treves, Bishop
of Trier, and Daughter of Chrodobertus II. She married Charles Martel, son of
Pepin of Heristal."
Charles = son of
Generation 44
0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111111 Pepin of Herstal AKA Pepin II or Pepin the
Middle (635-616) Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, and of Neustria and
Burgundy md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111110 Alpaida
According to Wikipedia:
"Pepin (also Pippin, Pipin, or Peppin) of Herstal (c. 635 – 16 December
714) was the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia from 680 to his death and of
Neustria and Burgundy from 687 to 695. He was also the first mayor of the
palace to "reign" as Duke and Prince of the Franks and he by far
overshadowed the Merovingian rois fainéants. Pepin, sometimes called Pepin II
and Pepin the Middle was the grandson and namesake of Pepin I the Elder by the
marriage of Pepin I's daughter Begga and Ansegisel, son of Arnulf of Metz. That
marriage united the two houses of the Pippinids and the Arnulfings which
created what would be called the Carolingian dynasty. Pepin II was probably
born in Herstal (Héristal), modern Belgium (where his centre of power lay),
whence his byname (sometimes "of Heristal")."
Pepin = son of
Generation 45
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111 Ansegisel (602 or
610-murdered before 679 or 662) md. d. 652) 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111110 Saint Begga
(615-693) Family of
Saint Begga
Overlapping lines. We are also descended from Ansegisel's
brother Saint Clodulf
According
to Wikipedia: "Ansegisel (also Ansgise) (also Ansegus) (alsoAnchises) (c.
602 or 610 – murdered before 679 or 662) was the son of Saint Arnulf, bishop of
Metz and his wife Saint Doda. He served King Sigbert III of Austrasia (634-656)
as a duke (Latin dux, a military leader) and domesticus. He was killed sometime
before 679, slain in a feud by his enemy Gundewin."
According to Wikipedia:
"Saint Begga (also Begue) (615 – December 17, 693) was the daughter of
Pepin of Landen, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, and his wife Itta. On the death
of her husband, she took the veil, founded several churches, and built a
convent at Andenne on the Meuse River (Andenne sur Meuse) where she spent the
rest of her days as abbess. Some hold that the Beguine movement which came to
light in the 12th century was actually founded by St. Begga; and the church in
the beguinage of Lier, Belgium, has a statue of St. Begga standing above the
inscription: St. Begga, our foundress. The Lier beguinage dates from the 13th
century. More than likely, however, the Beguines derived their name from that
of the priest Lambert le Begue, under whose protection the witness and ministry
of the Beguines flourished."
Ansegisel
= son of
Generation 46
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111111 Saint
Arnulf of Metz (582 - 640) md. around 584 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111110 Saint Doda
(b. around 584) md. around 596 Family of Saint Doda
According
to Wikipedia: "Saint Arnulf of Metz was born of an important Frankish
family at an uncertain date around 582. In his younger years he was called to
the Merovingian court to serve king Theudebert II (595-612) of Austrasia and as
dux at the Schelde. Later he became bishop of Metz. During his life he was
attracted to religious life and he retired as a monk. After his death he was
canonized as a saint. In the French language he is also known as Arnoul or
Arnoulf."
According to Wikipedia:
"Dode or Doda, also called Dode of Metz, Dode of Old Saxony or Doda the
Saxon, who became a nun in 612 at Treves becoming called also Clothilde of
Treves, born ca 584, married ca 596 to Arnulf of Metz."
_______________________
0.110111011011011110011011100110111111110
Ascrida Rognvaldsdatter md. c. 819 0.110111011011011110011011100110111111111 Eystein
Ivarsson b. 788 in Maer, Nord-Trondelag, Norway, a "petty" king of
Norway md.
Ascrida
= daughter of
Generation 39
0.1101110110110111100110111001101111111101 Ragnvald
(or Rognvald) "the Mountain-High" Olafsson was a petty king of
Vestfold in what is today Norway.
Ragnvald = son of
Generation 40
0.1101110110110111100110111001101111111101 Olaf
Gudrødsson, or as he
was named after his death Olaf Geirstad-Alf, was a legendary Norwegian
king of the House of Yngling from the Ynglinga saga. (Brother of Halfdan the
Black).
Olaf = son of
Generation 41
0.11011101101101111001101110011011111111011 Gudrød
the Hunter was a semi-legendary king in south-east Norway, during the early
Viking Age.
Gudrød =
son of
Generation 42
0.110111011011011110011011100110111111110111
Halfdan the Mild of the House of Yngling, King of Romerike and Vestfold in what
now in Norway md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110111111110110
Liv daughter of 0.110111011011011110011011100110111111110110
1 King Dag of Vestmar
Halfdan "was said to be
generous in gold but to starve his men with food. He was a great warrior who
often pillaged and gathered great booty."
Halfdan
= son of
Generation 43
0.1101110110110111100110111001101111111101111 Eystein
Halfdansson, King
of Romerike and Vestfold in what is now Norway md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101111111101110
Hild daughter of 0.11011101101101111001101110011011111111011101
Erik Agnarsson, King of Romerike and Vestfold
Eystein = son of
Generation 44
0.11011101101101111001101110011011111111011111 Halfdan
Hvitbeinn, a mythical petty king in Norway (described in Ynglinga saga, written
in the 1220s by Snorri Sturluson) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011011111111011110
Asa daughter of 0.110111011011011110011011100110111111110111101
Eystein, king of Oppland and Hedmark
Halfdan = son of
Generation 45
0.110111011011011110011011100110111111110111111 Olaf
Tree Feller or Olof
Tratalja of the House of Yngling
Sacrificed
to Odin by the Swedish settlers in Värmland because of a famine.
Olaf = son of
Generation 46
0.1101110110110111100110111001101111111101111111 Ingjald III, King of Sweden md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101111111101111110
Gauthild Algautsdottir
(7th century), daughter of 0.11011101101101111001101110011011111111011111101
Algaut, Geatish King ruler
of West Gotaland according to the Heimskringla. (Snorri Sturluson
relates that he was burnt to death by his son-in-law, the Swedish king Ingjald
Ill) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011011111111011111100
unknown, daughter of 0.110111011011011110011011100110111111110111111001
Olof the Sharp-Sighted, King of Nerike
__________
0.11011101101111110100101100111111010
Gertrude of
Poland md. 0.11011101101111110100101100111111011
Iziaslav I, Prince of Kiev (1024 -
Oct. 3, 1078)
Gertrude = daughter of
Generation 40
0.110111011011111101001011001111110101
Mieszko
II Lambert, King of Poland (990-1034) md. 0.110111011011111101001011001111110100 Richeza of Lotharingia
Mieszko = son of
Generation 41
0.1101110110111111010010110011111101011
Bolesaw
I, "the Brave", King of Poland (967-1025) md. 0.1101110110111111010010110011111101010 Enmilda
Bolesaw = son of
Generation 42
0.11011101101111110100101100111111010111
Mieszko I, King
of Poland md. 0.11011101101111110100101100111111010110
Dobrawa (940-977) Family of Bohemia
_______________
0.11011101101101111001101110111111111110 Aelfthryth (d. 929) md.0.11011101101101111001101110111111111111 Baldwin
II Count of Flanders (875-918)
Aeltfhryth
= daughter of
Generation 40
0.110111011011011110011011101111111111101 Alfred
the Great, Saxon King of England (Wessex) (849-899), reigned 871-899 md. 0.110111011011011110011011101111111111100 Ealhswith (c.
852-905), daughter of Aethered Mucil, Ealdorman of the Gaini
(see Anglo-Saxon Chronicles)
Alfred = son of
Generation 41
0.1101110110110111100110111011111111111011 King
Ethelwulf of Wessex (795-858), reigned 839-856
md. 0.1101110110110111100110111011111111111010 Osburga
Aethelwulf = son of
Generation 42
0.11011101101101111001101110111111111110111 King Egbert (Egberht) of Wessex, first king of
England (d. 839), reigned 829-839
Egbert = son of
Generation 43
0.110111011011011110011011101111111111101111 Ealmund of Kent
(745-827)
Ealmund = son of
Generation 44
0.1101110110110111100110111011111111111011111 Eafa the West Saxon (b. c. 730) md. 0.1101110110110111100110111011111111111011110
daughter of 0.11011101101101111001101110111111111110111100 Aethelbert II of Kent
Eafa = son of
Generation 45
0.11011101101101111001101110111111111110111111 Eoppa (born c. 706) md. Kentish princess
Eoppa =
son of
Generation 46
0.110111011011011110011011101111111111101111111 Ingild of Wessex
(672-718)
Ingild = son of
Generation 47
0.1101110110110111100110111011111111111011111111 Cenred of Wessex (b. 640)
Cenred = son of
0.11011101101101111001101110111111111110111111111 Ceolwald of Wessex
Generation 48
Ceolwald
= son of
0.110111011011011110011011101111111111101111111111 Cutha Cathwulf of Wessex (b. 592)
Cutha Cathwulf = son of
Generation 49
0.1101110110110111100110111011111111111011111111111 Cuthwine of Wessex
Cuthwine = son of
Generation 50
0.11011101101101111001101110111111111110111111111111 Cealwin of Wessex (d. 593)
Cealwin = son of
Generation 51
0.110111011011011110011011101111111111101111111111111 Cynric of Wessex, king of
Wessex 534-560
Cynric = son of
Generation 52
0.1101110110110111100110111011111111111011111111111111 Cerdic of
Wessex (d. 534) ruled as King of Wessex 519-534 = leader of the first group
of West Saxons to come to England in 495.
He and his son are portrayed in the movie King Arthur as killed in battle by
King Arthur and Sir Lancelot.
_________________
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111110 Saint Begga
(615-693) md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111 Ansegisel
(602 or 610-murdered before 679 or 662) md. d. 652)
Overlapping lines. You are also descended from Pepin I's son
Herbert I, Count of Vermandois
Begga = daughter of
Generation 46
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111101 Pepin I the Elder of Landen
(580-640) Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111100 Saint Itta, daughter of 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111111001 Arnoald, Bishop of Metz, son of 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111110011 Ansbertus md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111110010 Blithilde
According to Wikipedia:
"Pepin (also Peppin, Pipin, or Pippin) of Landen (c. 580 – 27 February
640), also called the Elder or the Old, was the Mayor of the Palace of
Austrasia under the Merovingian king Dagobert I from 623 to 629. He was also
the mayor for Sigebert III from 639 until his own death. Pepin's father is
named Carloman by the Chronicle of Fredegar, the chief source for his life. His
byname comes from his probable birthplace: Landen, modern Belgium. He is
sometimes called Pepin I and his other nicknames (Elder and Old) come from his
position at the head of the family called the Pippinids after him. Through the
marriage of his daughter Begga to Ansegisel, a son of Arnulf of Metz, the clans
of the Pippinids and the Arnulfings were united, giving rise to a family which
would eventually rule the Franks as the Carolingians."
According to Wikipedia:
"Saint Itta or Itta of Metz (also Ida, Itte or Iduberga) (592-652), was
the wife of Pepin of Landen, mayor of the palace of Austrasia. Her brother was
Saint Modoald, bishop of Trier. Her sister was abbess Saint Severa. Their
parents were Arnoald, Bishop of Metz, son of Ansbertus. On the advice of the
missionary bishop Saint Amand, bishop of Maastricht, after Pippin's death, she
founded the Benedictine nunnery at Nivelles, with a monastery under the abbess.
She herself entered it and installed as abbess her daughter Gertrude, perhaps
after resigning the post herself. She had by Pepin another daughter, Abbess
Begga of Andenne who married Ansegisel, son of Arnulf of Metz. By Begga, she is
the grandmother of Pepin of Herstal and one of the matriarchs of the great
Carolingian family. Her only son was Grimoald, later mayor of the palace, and
father of King Childebert the Adopted. Both her daughters were later canonised,
as was she. Her feast day is May 8."
Pepin = son of
Generation 47
0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111111011 Carloman
________
0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110110 Hildegarde (758 -
783) md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111 Charlemagne,
Holy Roman Emperor (747-814)
According to Wikipedia:
"Charlemagne (Latin: Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus, meaning Charles the
Great) (747 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768 to his death. He
expanded the Frankish kingdoms into a Frankish Empire that incorporated much of
Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned
Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800 as a rival of the
Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople. His rule is also associated with the
Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the
medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal
reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the Middle Ages. He
is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of France, Germany, and the Holy
Roman Empire. The son of King Pippin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, he
succeeded his father and co-ruled with his brother Carloman I. The latter got
on badly with Charlemagne, but war was prevented by the sudden death of
Carloman in 771. Charlemagne continued the policy of his father towards the
papacy and became its protector, removing the Lombards from power in Italy, and
waging war on the Saracens, who menaced his realm from Spain. It was during one
of these campaigns that Charlemagne experienced the worst defeat of his life,
at Roncesvalles (778). He also campaigned against the peoples to his east,
especially the Saxons, and after a protracted war subjected them to his rule.
By forcibly converting them to Christianity, he integrated them into his realm
and thus paved the way for the later Ottonian dynasty. Today he is regarded not
only as the founding father of both French and German monarchies, but also as
the father of Europe: his empire united most of Western Europe for the first
time since the Romans, and the Carolingian renaissance encouraged the formation
of a common European identity.[1] Pierre Riché reflects ". . . he enjoyed
an exceptional destiny, and by the length of his reign, by his conquests,
legislation and legendary stature, he also profoundly marked the history of
western Europe.""
According
to Wikipedia: "Hildegard (758-30 April 783) was the daughter of Count
Gerold of Vinzgouw and Emma of Alamannia, daughter of Hnabi, Duke of Alamannia.
Hildegard was the second wife of Charlemagne, who married her about 771."
Hildegarde was the daughter
of
Generation 42
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101101 Count Gerold of Vinzgouw (725-799)
Margrave of the Avarian March and Prefect of Bavaria md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101100 Emma of Alamannia (730-789) Family of Alamannia
According
to Wikipedia: "Gerold of Vinzgouw (also Vintzgau or Anglachgau; c. 725 –
799) was an Alamannian nobleman, serving the Frankish King as Margrave of the
Avarian March and Prefect of Bavaria. Gerold played a significant role in the
integration of Bavaria into the Frankish Kingdom. Being related to the family
of the Agilofings, he was appointed Prefect of Bavaria after the deposition of
Duke Tassilo III in 788. In 784 generous donations to the monastery of Lorsch
by Gerold and Emma are recorded. In 799 he fell in a battle against the Avars,
a short while after his son Eric was killed by the treachery of the same. He
was succeeded by his surviving sons Gerold II and Udalrich I."
_________
0.11011101101111110100101100111111010110 Dobrawa
(940-977) md. 0.11011101101111110100101100111111010111
Mieszko I, King of Poland md.
Dobrawa = daughter of
Generation 43
0.110111011011111101001011001111110101101
Boleslaus
I, "the Cruel", Duke of Bohemia (d. 967) md. 0.110111011011111101001011001111110101100 Biagota
Brother of "Good King Wenceslaus", who killed Wenceslaus to get his throne.
Boleslaus = son of
Generation 44
0.1101110110111111010010110011111101011011
Vratislaus
I, Duke of Bohemia (888-921) md. 0.1101110110111111010010110011111101011010 Drahomira
Vratislaus = son of
Generation 45
0.11011101101111110100101100111111010110111
Borivoj I, Duke of Bohemia md.
0.11011101101111110100101100111111010110110 Saint
Ludmila (c. 860-921) daughter of 0.110111011011111101001011001111110101101101
Slavibor a Sorbian prince,
reigned 859-894
According to Wikipedia: "Saint Ludmila (c. 860 – September
15, 921) is a saint and martyr venerated by the Orthodox and the Roman
Catholics. She was born in Melník as daughter of a Slavic prince Slavibor.
Saint Ludmila was the grandmother of Saint Wenceslaus, who is widely referred
to as Good King Wenceslaus.
Ludmila was married to Borivoj I of Bohemia, who was the first Christian Duke
of Bohemia. The couple was converted to Christianity around 871, probably
through the efforts of Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their efforts to convert
Bohemia to Christianity were initially not well received, and they were driven
from their country for a time by the pagans. Eventually the couple returned,
and ruled for several years before retiring to Tetín, near Beroun.
The couple was succeeded by their son Spytihnev, who ruled for two
years before he died. Spytihnev, was succeeded by his
brother Vratislav. When Vratislav died in 921, his eight year old son Wenceslas
became the next ruler of Bohemia. It was mainly Ludmila who raised her
grandson.
Wenceslaus'
mother Drahomíra became jealous of Ludmila's influence over Wenceslaus. She had
two noblemen murder Ludmila at Tetín, and part of Ludmila's story says that she
was strangled with her veil. Initially Saint Ludmila was buried at St.
Michael's at Tetín. Sometime before the year 1100 her remains were removed to
the church of St. George at Prague, Czech Republic.
Saint Ludmila is
venerated as a patroness of Bohemia. Her feast day is celebrated on September
16. She is considered to be a patron saint of Bohemia, converts, Czech
Republic, duchesses, problems with in-laws, and widows. She was canonized
shortly after her death.
___________
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101100 Emma of Alamannia (730-789) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011011 Count Gerold of Vinzgouw (725-799)
Margrave of the Avarian March and Prefect of Bavaria
Emma =
daughter of
Generation 43
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011001 Hnabi or Nebi (c. 710-c. 788) Alemannic
duke md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011000
Hereswind
Hnabi = son of
Generation 44
0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110110011 Huoching
Huoching
= ? son of
Generation 45
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101100111 Duke Gotfrid or Godefroy (d. 709) Duke
of Alemannia in Bavaria md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101100110 a
daughter of 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011001101 Theodo of Bavaria Family
of Austrasia
__________________
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011110 Rotrude of Treve (690-724) md.
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111 Charles "The Hammer" Martel (688-741) Mayor of the Palace
of Austrasia and King or Duke of the Franks, won the Battle of Tours in 732,
halting Muslim expansion in Europe.
According
to Wikipedia: "Charles "The Hammer" Martel (Latin: Carolus
Martellus, English: Charles "the Hammer") (ca. 688 – 22 October 741)
was proclaimed Mayor of the Palace and ruled the Franks in the name of a
titular King. Late in his reign he proclaimed himself Duke of the Franks (the
last four years of his reign he did not even bother with the façade of a King)
and by any name was de facto ruler of the Frankish Realms. In 739 he was
offered an office of Roman consul by the Pope, which he rejected possibly
not to conflict with Theodatus Ursus who already occupied the office by
appointment of the Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian. He expanded his rule
over all three of the Frankish kingdoms: Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy.
Martel was born in Herstal, in present-day Belgium, the illegitimate son of
Pippin the Middle and his concubine Alpaida (or Chalpaida). He was described by
Louis Gustave and Charles Strauss in their book "Moslem and Frank; or,
Charles Martel and the rescue of Europe" as a tall, powerfully built man,
who was more agile than his size would lead men to believe. He is best
remembered for winning the Battle of Tours in 732, which has traditionally been
characterized as an event that halted the Islamic expansionism in Europe that
had conquered Iberia."Charles's victory has often been regarded as
decisive for world history, since it preserved western Europe from Muslim
conquest and Islamization." In addition to being the leader of the army
that prevailed at Tours, Charles Martel was a truly giant figure of the Middle
Ages. A brilliant general, he is considered the forefather of western heavy
cavalry, chivalry, founder of the Carolingian Empire (which was named after
him), and a catalyst for the feudal system, which would see Europe through the
Middle Ages. Although some recent scholars have suggested he was more of a
beneficiary of the feudal system than a knowing agent for social change, others
continue to see him as the primary catalyst for the feudal system."
According to Wikipedia:
"Rotrude of Treves (variously spelled Chrotrude, Chrotrud, Rotrude,
Chotrude, Chrotude, Chrotrudis), also known as Rotrou of Treves, was born in
690 in Austrasia; died 724, daughter of St. Leutwinus, Bishop of Treves, Bishop
of Trier, and Daughter of Chrodobertus II. She married Charles Martel, son of
Pepin of Heristal."
Rotrude = daughter of
Generation 44
0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111101 Saint
Leudwinus, Count and Bishop of Treves (660-722) Count and bishop of Trier md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111100 the daughter of 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111001 Chrodobertus II
According
to Wikipedia: "Leudwinus (St. Leudwinus, Leutwinus, Lievin, Liutwin) (660
- 722), was Count and bishop of Trier, 697-715 or 685-704. His parents were
Warinus, Count of Poitiers (638-677) and Kunza of Metz, daughter of Clodoule,
Bishop of Metz, making him the great-grandson of Arnulf of Metz. He was buried
at Mettlach.... He married Daughter of Chrodobertus II and they had the
following: Rotrude of Treves who married Charles Martel."
Leudwinus = son of
Generation 45
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111011 Warinus, Count of Poitier (638-677 md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111010 Kunza
of Metz,
Generation
46
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011110101 Saint Clodulf, Bishop of Metz AKA Saint Cloud
(605-696 or 697), who was the son of 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111101011 Saint
Arnulf, Bishop of Metz (b. around 582)
[Overlapping
lines. We are also descended from Ansegisel's brother of Clodulf
According to Wikipedia: "Saint Chlodulf (Clodulphe or Clodould) or more commonly Saint Cloud (605 – June 8, 696 or June 8, 697, others say May 8, 697) was bishop of Metz approximately from 657 to 697. Chlodulf was the son of Arnulf, bishop of Metz, and the younger brother of Ansegisel, mayor of the palace of Austrasia. Before his ordination Chlodulf had married an unknown woman and had begotten a son called Aunulf. In 657, he became bishop of Metz, the third successor of his father, and held that office for 40 years. During this time he richly decorated the cathedral St. Stephen. He also was in close contact with his sister-in-law Saint Gertrude of Nivelles."
_______________
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101100110 Name Unknown md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101100111 Duke Gotfrid or Godefroy (d. 709) Duke
of Alemannia in Bavaria
Name
Unknown was the daughter of
Generation 46
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011001100 Regintrude of Austrasia md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011001101 Theodo of Bavaria (c. 625-716) AKA
Theodo V and Theodo II, Duke of Bavaria 670 or 680 - 716
Regintrude = daughter of
Generation 47
0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110110011001 Dagobert I (603-639)
King of Austrasia 623-634 and King of all the Franks 6290634 and King of
Neustria and Burgundy 629-639 "last of the Merovingian Dynasty to wield
any real royal power." md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110110011000 Nanthild
(608 or 610-642)
Dagobert = son of
Generation 48
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101100110011 Chlothar II or Lothair (584-629) the
Great or the Young, King of Neustria 613-629 King of the Franks md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101100110010 Haldetrude (575-604)
Chlothar = son of
Generation 49
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011001100111 Chilperic I (c. 539 - 584) king
of Neustria or Soissons from 561 - 584 md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011001100110 Fredegund (d. 597)
Chilperic = son of
Generation 50
0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110110011001111 Clothar I (497-562)
the Old sole king of the Franks md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110110011001110 Aregund Overlapping lines. You
are also descended from Clothar I by way of his daughter Blithilde
Clothaire = son of
Generation 51
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101100110011111 Clovis ( 466- 511) first King of the Franks to unite all the
Frankish tribes under one ruler. Merovingian. Considered the founder of France
and of the Merovingian dynasty.
"Mary
Magdalene was of royal descent (through the Jewish House of Benjamin) and was
the wife of Jesus, of the House of David. That she was a prostitute was slander
invented by the Church to obscure their true relationship. At the time of the
Crucifixion, she was pregnant. After the Crucifixion, she fled to Gaul, where
she was sheltered by the Jews of Marseille. She gave birth to a daughter, named
Sarah. The bloodline of Jesus and Mary Magdalene became the Merovingian dynasty
of France." Wikipedia about the book The Da Vinci Code
Clovis = son of
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011001100111111 Childeric I (437-
c. 481) Merovingian king of the Salian Franks 457-481, "In about 463 in
Orleans, in conjunction with the roman General Aegidius, who was based in
soisson, he defeated the Visigoths..." md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110110011001111110 Basina Queen of Thuringia (married him on her
own initiative, unusual for that time) (see Gregory of Tours' Libri Historiarum
Book ii 12).
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101100110011111101 Merovech or Meroveus or Merovius (c.
437-481) legendary founder of the Merovingian dynasty of Salian Franks that
later became the dominant Frankish tribe.
According to another legend,
Merovech was conceived when Pharamond's wife encountered a Quinotaur, a sea
monster which could change shapes while swimming. Though never stated, it is
implied that she was impregnated by it. This legend was related by Fredegar in
the seventh century, and may have been known earlier.
__________
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111110 Saint Doda
(b. around 584) md. around 596 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111111 Saint Arnulf of Metz (582 - 640)
Doda = daughter of
Generation
47
0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111111101 Arnoald (c. 560 - c. 611)
md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111111100 Oda
According to Wikipedia:
"Arnoald, also called Arnoldus or Arnual (ca 560 – ca 611), was a Bishop
of Metz between 601 and 609 or 611, the successor of Agilulf, and a Margrave of
Schelde. He was the son of Ansbertus, a Senator, and wife Blithilde. Married
before 584 to Oda (?), born ca 564"
Arnoald = son of
Generation 48
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111011 Ansbertus, a
Senator (505 or c. 535 - 570 or 611) md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111010 Blithilde (c. 538
- c. 603), daughter of 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111110101 Chlothar I, King of the Franks
(497-561) md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111010 0 Waldrada, a Lombard princess
Merovingian
Family
According to Wikipedia: "Ansbertus (505 or ca 535 – 570 or 611), "Ansbertus nobilissimus genuit Arnoldum ex Blitchildi filia Clotharii regis Francorum, et Feriolum et Modericum et Tarsiciam.", was a Gallo-Roman Senator. He was the son of Ferreolus, Senator of Narbonne (b. 470) and his wife Saint Dode. He was the great-grandson of Tonantius Ferreolus and wife Papianilla. He married Blithilde, also called Bilichilde (ca 538 – ca 603), "Blithilde filia Clotharii regis Francorum." or "filiam Hlotharii regis Francorum.", daughter of Chlothar I, King of the Franks, and wife Waldrada, a Lombard princess, before 555"
Ansbertus = son of
Generation 49
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111110111 Ferreolus, Senator of Narbonne (b. 470
or c. 475) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111110110 Saint Dode, daughter of 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111111101101 King Chloderic of the Ripuarian Franks (d.
509) King Cloderic was son of 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111011011 Sigobert the Lame (d. c. 509) king of
the Franks in the area of Zulpich and Cologne
According to Wikipedia:
"Ferreolus, also called Ferreolus of Rodez (b. 470 or ca 475) was a
Senator of Narbonne, then Narbo, who lived in Rodez and was also a Senator
there. He was the son of Tonantius Ferreolus and wife Industria. Married firstly
ca 531 to a Princess of the Salian Franks, born before 511, daughter of
Chlodwig I, without issue, he later married secondly Saint Dode, born before
509, daughter of King Chloderic of the Ripuarian Franks"
According to Wikipedia:
"Saint Dode (born before 509) was an Abbess of Saint Pierre de Reims and a
French Saint whose Feast Day is April 24. She was the daughter of Chloderic,
King of the Franks, and the sister of Munderic. She married ca 531 Ferreolus, a
Senator in Narbonne, who lived at Rodez and was also a Senator there."
According to Wikipedia:
"Chlodoric (or Chloderic) the Parricide (died c. 509) murdered his own
father, Sigobert the Lame, in order to take his kingdom. Chlodoric acted upon
the instigation of Clovis I a rival king of the Salian Franks. After Sigobert's
death Clovis then accused Chlodoric of the murder and had him killed in his
turn for the crime. In this way Clovis became king of Sigobert's and
Chlodoric's people. Gregory suggest that Chlodoric was murdered in the same
campaign that also killed the Frankish King Chararic. Before, Clovis had killed
King Ragnachar and his brothers. After all these murders Gregory tells us that
Clovis lamented that he had left no family anymore, implying that amongst his
own casualties were close relatives."
Ferreolus = son of
Generation 50
0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111111101111 Tonantiius Ferreolus (440 or 450 - 511 of
after 517) Roman Senator who lived in Narbonne md. before 475 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111111101110 Industria of Narbonne (450 or 465),
daughter of 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111011101 Flavius Probus, Roman Senator md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111011100 Eulalia
According to Wikipedia:
"Tonantius Ferreolus (also called Tonance Ferréol) (440 or say 450 – 511
or after 517), Vir clarissimus between 507 and 511, was a Roman Senator who
lived in Narbonne, then Narbo, and a Senator of Narbonne between 479 and 517.
He was also present and seen at Rome in 469 and 475 and was known to be a friend
and relative of Sidonius Apollinaris. He was the son of Tonantius Ferreolus and
wife Papianilla. His wife's name was thought to have been lost to the ages but,
according to the reference below she was Industria of Narbonne, then Narbo,
born ca 450 or 465, whom he married before 475, daughter of Flavius Probus,
Roman Senator, and wife Eulalia (?) (a german cousin of Sidonius Apollinaris).
Tonantius Ferreolus was a witness when Sidonius Apollinaris, then bishop of
Clermont, between 461 and 467, sent a letter to his friend, Donidius,
describing a visit he made, a "most delightful time in the most beautiful
country in the company of Tonantius Ferreolus (the elder) and Apollinaris, the
most charming hosts in the world". He was on the estates of his father
when Sidonius Appolinarius visited between 461 and 467. As Sidonius relates,
"at Prusianum, as the other (estate) is called, (the young) Tonantius and
his brothers turned out of their beds for us because we could not be always
dragging our gear about: they are surely the elect among the nobles of our own
age". He was visited by his cousin St. Apollinaris of Valence in
517."
Tonantius Ferreolus = son of
Generation 51
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111011111 Tonantius Ferreolus (405 or c. 420 -
475) Praetorian Prefect of Gaul) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111110111110 Papianilla (b.
around 415) niece of Emperor Avitus
(c. 385 - after Oct. 17, 456 or in 457), reigned July 9, 455 - Oct. 17, 456;
According to Wikiipedia:
"Tonantius Ferreolus (405 or ca 420 – 475), was the Praetorian Prefect of
Gaul (praefectus praetorio Galliarum) from 451. He was either "personally
related to" or "connected through (...) relatives" with Sidonius
Apollinaris, and was associated with Thaumastus in the impeachment of Arvandus.
He was the son of Ferreolus, born say 390, and wife Syagria, clarissima femina
(?), born say 390, and thus maternal grandson of Flavius Afranius Syagrius, Consul
in 382. He married Papianilla, clarissima femina, born ca 415, a niece of
Emperor Avitus and the first cousin of another Papianilla, wife of Sidonius
Apollinaris, and they had many children, among whom Tonantius Ferreolus. She
was a partner who shared his troubles, according to Sidonius."
Tonantius = son of
Generation 52
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111110111111 Ferreolus (b. 390) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111110111110 Syagria (b. 390) Family of Ancient Rome
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111010 Blithilde (c. 538 - c. 603) md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111011 Ansbertus a Senator (505 or c. 535 -
570 or 611) Family of Ancient
Rome
According to Wikipedia:
"Ansbertus (505 or ca 535 – 570 or 611), "Ansbertus nobilissimus
genuit Arnoldum ex Blitchildi filia Clotharii regis Francorum, et Feriolum et
Modericum et Tarsiciam.", was a Gallo-Roman Senator. He was the son of Ferreolus,
Senator of Narbonne (b. 470) and his wife Saint Dode. He was the great-grandson
of Tonantius Ferreolus and wife Papianilla. He married Blithilde, also called
Bilichilde (ca 538 – ca 603), "Blithilde filia Clotharii regis
Francorum." or "filiam Hlotharii regis Francorum.", daughter of
Chlothar I, King of the Franks, and wife Waldrada, a Lombard princess, before
555"
Blithilde = daughter of
Generation 49
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111110101 Chlothar I, King of the Franks
(497-561) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111110100 Waldrada, a Lombard
princess, daughter of 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111111101001 Wacho King of the Lombards, reigned 510-539
md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111111101000 Ostrogotha or Austrigusa; Wacho or Waccho or
Waldchis was son of 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111010011 Unchis
According to Wikipedia:
"Chlothar I (or Chlothachar, Chlotar, Clothar, Clotaire, Chlotochar, or
Hlothar, giving rise to Lothair; 497 – 561), called the Old (le Vieux), King of
the Franks, was one of the four sons of Clovis. He was born about 497 in
Soissons (now in Aisne département, Picardie, France). On the death of his
father in 511, he received, as his share of the kingdom, the town of Soissons,
which he made his capital; the cities of Laon, Noyon, Cambrai, and Maastricht;
and the lower course of the Meuse River. But he was very ambitious, and sought
to extend his domain."
According to Wikipedia:
"Waldrada, widow (firstly) of Theudebald King of the Franks (ruled 548-555
CE), repudiated wife (secondly) of Clotaire I King of the Franks (ruled c.
558-561 CE), daughter of Wacho King of the Lombards (ruled c.510-539 CE) and his
second wife Ostrogotha of the Gepids. The Origo Gentis Langobardorum names
"Wisigarda?secundæ Walderada" as the two daughters of Wacho and his
second wife, specifying that Waldrada married "Scusuald regis
Francorum" and later "Garipald"[1]. The Historia Langobardorum
names "Waldrada" as Wacho's second daughter by his second wife,
specifying that she married "Chusubald rex Francorum"[2]. Paulus
Diaconus names "Wisigarda?[et] secunda Walderada" as the two
daughters of King Wacho & his second wife, specifying that Walderada
married "Cusupald alio regi Francorum" and later
"Garipald"[3]. Gregory of Tours names Vuldetrada as the wife of King
Theodebald[4]. Herimannus names "Wanderadam" wife of
"Theodpaldus rex Francorum" when recording her second marriage to
"Lotharius rex patris eius Theodeberti patruus"[5]. According to
Gregory of Tours, King Clotaire "began to have intercourse" with the
widow of King Theodebald, before "the bishops complained and he handed her
over to Garivald Duke of Bavaria"[6], which does not imply that King
Clotaire married Waldrada."
According to Wikipedia:
"Wacho or Waccho (probably Waldchis) was king of the Lombards before they
entered Italy from an unknown date (perhaps circa 510) until his death in 539.
His father was Unichis. Wacho usurped the throne by assassinating (or having
assassinated) his uncle, King Tato (again, probably around 510). Tato's son
Ildchis fought with him and fled to the Gepids where he died.[1] Wacho had good
relations with the Franks. Wacho married three times. His first marriage was to
Radigunde, daughter of Bisinus, King of the Thuringi. His second marriage was
to Austrigusa, a Gepid possibly named after her maternal descent from
Ostrogothic rulers. Austrigusa was the mother of two daughters: Wisigarda (who
married Theudebert I of Austrasia) and Waldrada (who married firstly Theudebald
of Austrasia, secondly Chlothar I, King of the Franks, and thirdly Garibald I
of Bavaria). Wacho's third marriage was to Silinga, a Heruli-mother of
Waltari"
Clothar = son of
Generation 50
0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111111101011 Clovis (c. 466 - Nov. 27, 511)
converted to Roman Catholicism md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111111101010 Saint
Clotilde (475-545), daughter of 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111010101 Chilperic
II of Burgundy (c. 450-493) md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111010100 Caretena
According to Wikipedia:
"Clovis (c. 466 –
November 27, 511) was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish
tribes under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of royal
chieftains to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed
down to his heirs. He is considered to have been the founder of the Merovingian
dynasty, which ruled the Frankish kingdom for the next two centuries.
Clovis was the son of
Childeric I, a Merovingian king of the Salian Franks, and Basina, a Thuringian
princess. In 481, at the age of fifteen,[4] Clovis succeeded his
father. He conquered the remaining rump state of the Western Roman Empire at
the Battle of Soissons (486), and by his death in 511 he had conquered much of
the northern and western parts of what had formerly been Roman Gaul.
Clovis is important in the
historiography of France as "the first king of what would become
France". His name is Germanic, composed of the elements hlod
("fame") and wig ("combat"), and is the origin of
the later French given name Louis, borne by 18 kings of France. Dutch,
the most closely related modern language to Frankish, reborrowed the name as Lodewijk
from German in the 12th century.[6]
Clovis is also significant
due to his conversion to Christianity in 496, largely at the behest of his
wife, Clotilde, who would later be venerated as a saint for this act,
celebrated today in both the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church.
Clovis was baptized on Christmas Day in 508.[7] The adoption by
Clovis of Catholicism (as opposed to the Arianism of most other Germanic
tribes) led to widespread conversion among the Frankish peoples, to religious
unification across what is now modern-day France, Belgium and Germany, and
three centuries later to Charlemagne's alliance with the Bishop of Rome and in
the middle of the 10th century under Otto I the Great to the consequent birth
of the early Holy Roman Empire.
According
to Wikipedia: "Saint Clotilde (475 – 545), also known as Clotilda or
simply Clotild, was the daughter of Chilperic II of Burgundy and Caretena, and
wife of the Frankish king Clovis I. Venerated as a Saint by Roman Catholics,
she was instrumental to her husband's famous conversion to Christianity and, in
her later years, was known for her almsgiving and penitential works of
mercy."
According to Wikipedia:
"Chilperic II (c. 450 – 493) was the King of Burgundy from 473 until his
death, though initially co-ruler with his father from 463. He began his reign
in 473 after the partition of Burgundy with his brothers Godegisel, Godomar,
and Gundobad; he ruled from Valence and his brothers ruled respectively from
Geneva, Vienne, and Lyon. They were all sons of Gundioch. Sometime in the early
470s Chilperic was forced to submit to the authority of the Roman Empire by the
magister militum Ecdicius Avitus. In 475 he probably sheltered an exiled
Ecdicius after the Visigoths had obtained possession of the Auvergne. After his
brother Gundobad had removed his other brother Godomar (Gundomar) in 486, he
turned on Chilperic. In 493 Gundobad assassinated Chilperic and drowned his
wife, Caretena, then exiled their two daughters, Chroma and Clotilda. Chroma
became a nun and Clotilda fled to her uncle, Godegisel. When the Frankish king,
Clovis I, requested the latter's hand in marriage, Gundobad was unable to
decline. Clovis and Godegisel allied against Gundobad in a long, drawn out
civil war."
Wikipedia
about the book The Da Vinci Code "Mary Magdalene
was of royal descent (through the Jewish House of Benjamin) and was the wife of
Jesus, of the House of David. That she was a prostitute was slander invented by
the Church to obscure their true relationship. At the time of the Crucifixion,
she was pregnant. After the Crucifixion, she fled to Gaul, where she was
sheltered by the Jews of Marseille. She gave birth to a daughter, named Sarah. The
bloodline of Jesus and Mary Magdalene became the Merovingian dynasty of
France."
Clovis = son of
Generation 51
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111010111 Childreric I (c. 440 - c. 481) md. 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111010110 Queen
Basina of Thuringia
According to Wikipedia:
"Childeric I (c. 440– c. 481) was the Merovingian king of the Salian
Franks from 457 until his death, and the father of Clovis. He succeeded his
father Merovech (Latinised as Meroveus or Merovius) as king, traditionally in
457 or 458. With his Frankish warband he was established with his capital at
Tournai, on lands which he had received as a foederatus of the Romans, and for
some time he kept the peace with his allies."
According to Wikipedia:
"Basina was queen of Thuringia in the middle of the fifth century. She
left her husband king Bisinus and went to Roman Gaul. She herself took the
initiative to ask for the hand of Childeric I, king of the Franks, and married
him. For as she herself said, "I want to have the most powerful man in the
world, even if I have to cross the ocean for him". This remark of her may
have been related to Childeric's successful invasion of the Roman Empire and
his attempt to settle a Frankish kingdom on Roman soil. Basina's name is probably
Low Franconian for 'female boss'. She is the mother of the man who is
remembered as the founder of the Frankish realm and modern France. She (not her
husband Childeric) named her son Chlodovech, but he is better remembered under
his Latinized name Clovis I. The simple fact that Chlodovech's name comes from
Basina is remarkable since it was a common practice for the Franks to name a
son after a member of the family of the male-line of ancestors. Through the
ages historians have been intrigued by the story of Basina since she obviously
acted as a player and not as bystander — which is not uncommon for the women of
the Franks, but highly uncommon for the Italians."
Childreic was son of
Generation 52
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111110101111 Merovech AKA Meroveus
or Merovius (411-457);
According to Wikipedia:
"Merovech (415-457) is the
semi-legendary founder of the Merovingian dynasty of the Salian Franks
(although either Childeric I, his supposed son, or Clovis I, his supposed
grandson, may in fact be the founder), which later became the dominant Frankish
tribe. He is said to be one of several barbarian warlords and kings that joined
forces with the Roman general Aetius against the Huns under Attila on the
Catalaunian fields in Gaul. The first Frankish royal dynasty called themselves
Merovingians ("descendants of Meroveus") after him, although no other
historical evidence exists that Merovech ever lived...
There is little information
about him in the later histories of the Franks. Gregory of Tours only names him
once as the father of Childeric I while putting doubt on his descent from
Chlodio. Many admit today that this formulation finds its explanation in a
legend reported by Fredegar.The Chronicle of Fredegar interpolated on this
reference by Gregory by adding that Merovech was the son of the queen,
Chlodio's wife; but his father was a sea-god, bestea Neptuni. Some researchers
have noted that Merovech, the Frankish chieftain, may have been the namesake of
a certain god or demigod honored by the Franks prior to their conversion to
Christianity.
Clodio, the sometime
putative father of Merovech, is said to have been defeated by Flavius Aëtius at
Vicus Helena in Artois in 448. Ian S. Wood would therefore place his son
somewhere in the second half of the fifth century.
Another theory considers
this legend to be the creation of a mythological past needed to back up the
fast-rising Frankish rule in Western Europe."
Generation 53
0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111111101011111 Chlodio (c. 392/395-445/448) md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111111101011110 Basina, daughter of 0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111010111101 Wedelphus, a alleged king of
the Thuringii
According to Wikipedia: "Chlodio (c. 392/395–445/448; also
spelled Clodio, Clodius, Clodion, Cloio or Chlogio) was a king of the Salian
Franks from the Merovingian dynasty. He was known as the Long-Haired King and
lived in Thuringian territory, at the castle of Duisburg. He became chief of
the Thérouanne area in 414 AD. From there, he invaded the Roman Empire in 428,
defeating a Roman force at Cambrai, and settled in Northern Gaul, where other
groups of Salians were already settled. Although he was attacked by the Romans,
he was able to maintain his position and, 3 years later in 431, he extended his
kingdom south to the Somme River in the future Francia. In AD 448, 20
years after his reign began, Chlodio was defeated at Vicus Helena in Artois[2]
by Flavius Aëtius, the commander of the Roman army in Gaul.
Like all Merovingian kings,
Chlodio had long hair as a ritual custom. His successor may have been Merovech,
after whom the dynasty was named 'Merovingian'. The non-contemporary Liber
Historiae Francorum says his father was Pharamond, whom many believe to
have been a legendary person linked to the lineage sometime in the 8th century.
The Chronicle of Fredegar makes Chlodio son of Theudemeres, one of the
leaders of the Salian Franks and king of Thérouanne (409–414)."
Chlodio
was son of
Generation 54
0.1101110110110111100110111001101011111101111111010111111 Theodemer
According to Wikipedia: "Theodemer
(also Theudomer) was a Frankish king. He was the son of the Roman
commander Richomeres and his wife Ascyla.
Not much is known of
Theodemer. According to Gregory of Tours a war broke out between the Franks and
the Romans some unknown time after the fall of the usurping Emperor Jovinus
(411-413) who had been supported by the Franks. Around 422, a Roman army
entered Gaul. King Theodemer and his mother Ascyla were executed by the sword.
Theodemer's reign is supposed to be before that of king Chlodio, and the Chronicle
of Fredegar makes Chlodio his son. Theudemeres must have been a cousin of
Arbogastes."
Generation 55
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111110101111111 Richomeres
md. 0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111111101011111110 Ascyla
According to Wikipedia: "Flavius Richomeres (Richomer) was a
Frank who lived in the late 4th century. He took service in the Roman army and
made a career as comes, magister militum, and consul. He
was married to Ascyla, with whom he had a son Theodemer, who became king of the
Franks. He was an uncle of the general Arbogastes.
"Around the years
377/378, Richomeres was Comes domesticorum of Emperor Gratian and was
transferred from Gaul to Thracia, where he was involved in the Gothic wars of
Emperor Valens. At Adrianople he tried to persuade Valens to wait on Gratian
for support. When the Gothic leader Fritigern demanded hostages to secure peace
from the Romans he volunteered and departed the Roman camp to bring the other
hostages safely to Fritigern, but before he arrived some elements of the two
armies got out of control and engaged, starting the famous Battle of
Adrianople. Richomeres ended up at a battlefield in complete chaos but he saved
himself by withdrawing and survived. However the Roman army of Valens was
largely destroyed and many officers fell including emperor Valens.
"Around 383 he was
general in the east (magister militum per orientem) and became consul in
384.
"In 388 Theodosius I
sent him together with his nephew Arbogastes and Promotus and Timasius against
Magnus Maximus, who was defeated.
"From the year 388 he
served as supreme commander in the Eastern Empire (comes et magister
utriusque militiae) until his death in 393. Richomeres was interested in
literature and was acquainted with rhetoricians such as Libanius and
Augustinus. He introduced the rhetorician Eugenius to his nephew Arbogastes. A
few years later Arbogastes seized power in the West Roman Empire. After the
death of Valentinian II, Arbogastes promoted Eugenius to be his Emperor, while
he himself remained the leader and generalissimo. In 393 Theodosius I organised
a campaign against Arbogastes and Richomeres was asked to lead the cavalry
against his nephew. On the way from the East to the West he died before the
battle took place. Arbogastes lost the battle and committed suicide with his
own sword."
____________
0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111110111110 Syagria (b. 390) md. 0.11011101101101111001101110011010111111011111110111111 Ferreolus (b. 390)
Our earliest known
woman ancestors were Syagria and Papianilla, a mother and daughter-in-law in
the later days of the Roman Empire Born around 390 AD, 53 generations ago, 51
greats grandmother Syagria was the daughter of a Roman noble, Flavius Afranius
Syagrius. Her father was proconsul of Africa in 379, praetorian prefect of
Italy in 380 and 382, prefect of Rome in 381, and consul in 382. Because
of her father's status, she had the honorary title "clarissima
femina" which means "most splendid woman".
Her son, Tonantius
Ferreolus, became the praetorian prefect of Gaul. He married Papianilla,
a niece of Emperor Avitus,who also had the title "most splendid".
Syagria = daughter of
Generation 53
0.110111011011011110011011100110101111110111111101111101 Flavius Afrius Syagrius, Consul in 382 (345 - 382)
According to Wikipedia: ""Flavius
Afranius Syagrius (floruit 369-382) was a Roman politician and administrator.
Afranius' father was Clodoreius; it is unknown who his mother was. Afranius was
also a member of the Gallic-Roman aristocratic family of the Syagrii, which
originated in Lyon. In the same years in which Afranius lived, another Syagrius
is attested (he was consul in 381), but it is not always possible to
distinguish the career of the two Syagri. In 369 he is attested as notarius: in
that year the Roman Emperor Valentinian I removed him from his office after a
failed military operation, and Afranius dedicated himself to private life. He
continued his career under Emperor Gratian, possibly because of his friendship
with the poet Ausonius. Afranius was magister memoriae in 379, when some
Theodorus succeeded him. However, that same year he became Proconsul of Africa.
Between June 18, 380, and the Spring of 382 he is attested as Praetorian
prefect of Italy. In 381 he was also praefectus urbi of Rome and Consul in 382
."
"Tonantius Ferreolus
(405 or ca 420 – 475), was the praetorian prefect of Gaul (praefectus praetorio
Galliarum) from 451. He was either "personally related to" or
"connected through relatives" with Sidonius Apollinaris, and was
associated with Thaumastus in the impeachment of Arvandus. He was the son of
Ferreolus, born say 390, and wife Syagria, clarissima femina, born c.390, and
thus maternal grandson of Flavius Afranius Syagrius, Consul in 382. He married
Papianilla, clarissima femina, born ca 415, a niece of Emperor Avitus and the
first cousin of another Papianilla, wife of Sidonius Apollinaris, and they had
many children, among whom Tonantius Ferreolus. She was a partner who shared his
troubles, according to Sidonius."
Women and the Law in the
Roman Empire: a Sourcebook on Marriage, Divorce and widowhood by Judith Evans
Grubbs:
"By the second century
the wives and daughters of senators were given the title clarissima femina
(“most splendid woman”)... It was clearly a great honor to be a clarissima, and
women who had at one time enjoyed that title were anxious to retain it even if
they married a non-senatorial man... a woman will be clarissima for as long as
she is married to a senator or clarissimus or (as long as) having separated
from him, she has not married another man of lower status (dignitas)."
____________________
from Generation 2
Family of Burton H. Denenberg md. Judy Sklair Great-Aunt and Great-Uncle
their children = first cousins
once removed
Joel Denenberg
Fred Denenberg
Family of Alan Denenberg md. (1) Mary Lou Zittman md. (2) Vici Brown, Great-Aunt and Great-Uncle
children of Alan and Mary Lou Zittman = first cousins once removed
Jay Denenberg
(b. 1965) md. Lin Fei
their children = second cousins
Dalen Denenberg
Meme Denenberg
Jill
Denenberg md. Michael Cohen
their children = second cousins
Haley Cohen
Chole Cohen
Todd Denenberg (b. 1966)
Beth
Denenberg (b. 1970) md. Sam Jordan
their children = second cousins
Abby Jordan
Ellie Jordan
Cole Jordan
Doug Denenberg (b. 1978)
daughter of Alan and Vicki Brown = first cousin once removed
Nicole Denenberg (b. 1991)
Family of Mary Jane Hartley (b. 1937) md. John Carew (1936-1990) Great-Aunt and Great-Uncle
their children = first cousin once removed
Daniel Carew (b. 1980) md.
Dana Begnal (b. 1959)
their children = second cousins
Katey Carew (b. 1993)
Julia Carew (b. 1995)
John Carew (b. 1961)Mary Beth Carew (b. 1963) md. Rob Romeo (b. 1961)
their children = second cousins
Robert Romeo (b. 1992)
Christina Romeo (b. 1996)
Charles Carew (b. 1965) md. Lisa
Cunningham (b. 1964)
Their children = second cousins
Kayla Carew (b. 1999)
Bailey Carew (b. 2001)
Family of Elynor E. Hartley (b. 1939) md. Alan Harrington (c. 1995) Great-Aunt and Great-Uncle
their son = first cousin once removed
Thomas Harrington (b. 1959) md. Deborah Loop (b. 1960)
Family of Charles (Chuck) F. Hartley (b. 1943) md. (1) Elaine Giny, (2) Mary Picard (3) Raven Seltzer (b. 1964) Great-Aunt and Great-Uncle
children of Charles Hartley and Mary Picard = first cousins once removed
Robert
Hartley
Sarah Hartley
from Generation 3
Family
of Charles Philip Seltzer (1921-2008
Kent, Portage, OH) md. Mary Evelyn Pailthorp (1922-2009 Kent, Portage, OH) Great-Great
Uncle and Great-Great Aunt
their children = first cousins twice
removed
Nancy Lee Seltzer (b. July 25, 1943, Tacoma Park, MD)
md. Victor Myers - now living in Kent, OH
their daughter = second cousin once removed
Heidi
Lynn Myers b. 1973 - md. Tobin Joseph Jurging b. 1976
Their children= third cousins
Porter Alan Jurging b. 2012
(triplets)
Harper Kaylee Jurging b. 2012
Easton Wood Jurging b. 2012
John Philip Seltzer
(b. July 19, 1948, Mineola, NY) md. Joyce Elaine Templer (b. Oct. 18, 1949
Pittsburg, PA)
their children = second cousin once removed
Amy Christine Seltzer (b. March 6, 1975) md.
Eric Paul McAllister (b. 1973)
their children = third cousins
Hannah Elise McAllister
(b. 2002)
Cailyn Anne McAllister
(b. 2005)
Megan Christine McAllister (b. 2008)
Gwendolyn Anne Seltzer (b. Sept. 25, 1976, Niagara Falls, NY) md. Aric
Alan Jenkins (b. 1973)
their children = third cousins
Joshua Aric
Jenkins b. 2011
Zachary Philip Jenkins b. 2013
Mary Margaret Seltzer (b. Sept. 17,
1951 Dayton, OH) md. Charles Rainey Thomas (b. 1950) - now living in Warren, OH
their children = second cousins once removed
Erica Dawn Thomas b. 1978
Her child = third cousin
Preston Charles
Thomas b. 2008
Brent Jason Thomas b. 1980 md. Elizabeth Shirey
b. 1980
David Paul Seltzer (b.
May24, 1956 Washington, DC) md. Evangeline (Angie) Louise Settlage (b. 1955)
their children = second cousins once removed
Carrie Elizabeth Seltzer (b.
1981) md. Matthew John Grosso (b. 1981)
their child = third cousin
Natalie Rose
Grosso (b. 2013)
Laura Marie Seltzer (1987 - 2009)
Ruth Lillian Seltzer (b. Feb. 1, 1961, Dayton,
OH) md. John Gorman (b. 1962) - now living in Kent, OH
their children = second cousins once removed
Chelsea Jean Gorman (b.
1988)
Tucker William Gorman (b. 1992)
Peter Ray Seltzer (b. June 3, 1965, Warren, OH) md.
Jennifer Ingold (b. 1965) - now living in Cuyahoga Falls, OH
their daughter = second cousin once removed
Emma Elizabeth Seltzer
(b. 2001)
Family
of James Henry Seltzer (July 7, 1928 - March
6, 2013) md. Eleanor Kontzi Great-Great Uncle and Great-Great Aunt
their daughter = first cousin twice removed
Soraja (b. Feb. 20, 1953) md. Walter Buckholtz
Family
of John Paul Seltzer (b. Nov. 17, 1932) md.
(1) March 26, 1956 in Silver Spring, MD Leoma Isoline Naughton (Nov. 12, 1934 -
Oct. 18, 2005) md. (2) Hilton Crimora (Weaver) (Oct.13, 1922 - Feb. 26, 2000)
md. (3) Susan Jane Skellan (b. March 2, 1944) Great-Great Uncle and
Great-Great Aunts
children of Paul and Leona = first
cousins twice removed
Christian Paul Seltzer (b. March 31,1959)
Linda Leoma Seltzer (b. Feb. 18, 1964) md. Kenny
Villar
their adopted children = second cousins once removed
Francesco Villar
Alexis Villar
child of Paul and Hilly = first cousins twice removed
Cherie Suzanne Seltzer (b. Oct. 19, 1963)
adopted William Anderson Seltzer (b. Oct. 11, 1952)
Paul's Residences: Silver Spring, Maryland
1932 -1950; Hyattsvillle, Maryland 1958-1963; Middletown, Maryland 1963-1966;
Syracuse, New York 1966-1992; Redondo Beach, California 1979-1981.
Paul's Schools: Woodside Elementary,
Montgomery Hills Junior High School, Montgomery Blair Senior high School,
- Silver Spring, Maryland; University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland-
1950-1954 -(Bachelor of Arts); Lutheran Theological Seminary, Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania, 1954-1958 (Master of Sacred Theology); Drew University
Theological School, Morristown, New Jersey - 1974-1977 )- Doctor of
Ministry
Paul's Occupations:
1)Pastor - Lutheran Church of the Reformation, Washington, D.C.
1958-1963; Zion Lutheran Church, Middletown, Maryland -1963-1966; Atonement
Lutheran Church, Syracuse, New York, 1966-1979
2)
Manager-Antique Furniture Store, Torrance, California 1979-198
3)
Salesman/manager, furniture stores: Dunk and Bright Furniture, Syracuse, New
York; and Sibley’s Department Store, Syracuse, New York 1980-1982.
4)
Owner, manager - Seltzer’s ‘CaterToYou’ catering business, Syracuse, New York
-1982-1992.
5)
Counselor/Trainer, Hospice of Central New York, Syracuse, New York - 1989-1992
6)
Food service manager, acting director at Marywood Conference Center,
Switzerland, Florida -1992-1995.
7)
Co-owner/ manager 'The Enchanted Kitchen’ Bakery/Deli, Mandarin, Florida
1995-1998.
8)
Co-owner/manager Edgewater Bed and Breakfast
Family
of Lewis Stanley Estes (March 31, 1911- Aug. 9, 1978, Philadelphia) md. Jean
Brulinski (b. June 18, 1922) Great-Great-Aunt and Great-Great-Uncle
their children = first cousins
twice removed
Robert Lewis Estes (b. June 7, 1947 Philadelphia)
md. Kathleen McLean
their children = second cousins once removed
Lewis Joseph Estes (Nov.
21, 1974)
Robert Lewis Estes (June
8, 1978)
Joan Mae Estes (b. Aug. 4, 1941 Philadelphia) data
processing, md. Feb. 12, 1966 in Philadelphia Harry Hober, Jr. (b. Sept. 20,
1940) served in Vietnam, shear operator
their children = second cousins once removed
Michelle Hober (b. Dec.
10, 1967)
Harry Hober III (b. Dec.
9, 1970)
Jason Hober (b. Feb. 10,
1973)
Jeanette Louise Estes (b. Sept. 19, 1957 Philadelphia)
md. April 28, 1979 in Philadelphia, Edmund Witalec (son of Louis and Helen
Stodonoly Witalic of Philadellphia) M/M in US Marine Corps
Lily Margaret Estes (Lillian) (b. Dec. 12, 1909) md. 1929 William Norris
Moyer, Jr. (b. Aug. 29, 1906) Great-Great Aunt and Great-Great Uncle
their children = first cousins
twice removed
William (Billy) Norris Moyer, III (b. Oct. 24,
1935) md. July 26, 1958 in Philadelphia Blanche Wilkerson (b. Feb. 19, 1939)
(daughter of Ira nad Mary Lea Langford Wilkerson)
their children = second cousins once removed
William Norris Moyer IV
(b.Jan. 21, 1959 in Philadelphia)
Craig Wilkerson Moyer
(b. July 28, 1960)
Betty Jane Moyer (b. April 14, 1932) md. June 2,
1956 in Philadelphia Paul William Knittel, Jr. (b. June 5, 1921 in
Philadelphia) served as Lt. Commander in Navy during WW II (son of Paul William
and Marie Miller Knittel of Philadelphia)
their children = second cousins twice removed
Paul Knittel, III (b.
1957)
David John Knittel (b.
1963)
Virginia Griffith Estes (b. Jan.
13, 1914-2000) md. June 12, 1937 Edward Robert Jacoby, Jr. (b. June 27, 1914 d.
Jan. 1, 1974) Great-Great Aunt and Great-Great
Uncle
their children = first counsins twice removed
Wayne Jacoby (b. Sept. 24,1940) high school teacher
and founder of Global Education Motivators (GEM) md. Agu. 13, 1966 in
Cheltenham, PA Joanne Jordan teacher (daughter of George and Elsie Irvin Jorday
of Cheltenham, PA)
their daughter = second cousin once removed
Leslie Ann Jacoby
Virginia Jacoby (Ginney or Ginger) (b. Jan. 26, 1945)
md. Oct. 16, 1965 in Philadelphia Charles Thomas Coffman (b. April 18, 1945 in
Philadelphia) printer (son of Chales and Isabella Fuhrmeister Coffman)
their daughters = second cousins once removed
April Lynne Coffman (b.
April 22, 1968)
Amy Dayle Coffman (b.
June 5, 1971)
Agnes Griffith Estes (b. August 20, 1915 in
Philadelphia) md. Sept. 3, 1938 George John Meyers, Jr. (b. May 23, 1916 in
Philadelphia) Great-Great
Aunt and Great-Great Uncle
their children = first cousins twice removed
George John Meyers III (b. June 28,1939 in Philadelphia),
warehouseman for Sears, Roebuck md. May 22, 1971 in Philadelphia Kathleen Julia
Pierson (b. Sept. 19, 1946 in Philadelphia) (daughter of Edward Thomas and Mary
Bridget Toner Pierson who was born in County Louth, Ireland)
their children = second cousins once removed
Gregory Edward Meyers
(b. Feb. 15, 1973 in Cheltenham, PA)
Patrick John Meyers (b. Oct.
31, 1979 in Cheltenham, PA)
James Meyers (b. April 23, 1944 in Philadelphia) served in
Vietnam War on aircraft carrier Enterprise, chief petty officer Md. July 27,
1968 in Philadelphia, Doris Marie Gilhool (b. Oct. 29, 1942) (daughter of James
F. and Marie Swanick Gilhool)
their children = second cousins once removed
Diane Marie Meyers (b.
June 9, 1969 in Philadelphia)
James Lewis Meyers (Jan.
22, 1971 in Philadelphia)
Maryanne Meyers (b. Oct.
8, 1975 in Philadelphia)
Rosemary Meyers (b. Feb.
8, 1978 in Philadelphia)
Patricia (Patti) Meyers (b. Nov. 25, 1947 in Philadelphia)
md. (1) Nov. 27, 1964 in Darby, PA Joseph Michael Mauriello md. 2) Nov. 20,
1970 Charles Francis Castagna (b. Jan. 7, 1946 in Philadelphia) (son of Alfonso
Peter and Dorothy Ann Margaret Schindeldecker Castagna of Phildelphia)
child of Patricia and Joseph = second cousin once removed
Michael Joseph Mauriello
(now Castagna) (b. April 29, 1966)
children of Patricia and Charles Castagna = second cousins
once removed
Lisa Castagna (b. Dec.
20, 1971 in Philadelphia)
Felicia Castagna (b.
Nov. 9, 1973 in Philadelphia)
David George John Meyers (b. April 6, 1955 in Philadelphia
d. July 6, 1975 in motorcycle accident)
Mildred Elizabeth Estes (b. July
20, 1922 in Philadelphia) md. (2) 1947 Walter Taney Rowland (b. Dec. 30, 1917,
in Prospect Park, PA d. Sept. 16, 1969 in Somers Point, NJ) Great-Great Aunt
and Great-Great-Uncle
children of Mildred and Walter = first cousins twice removed
Joyce Lynne Rowland (b. March 14, 1949 in Somers
Point, NJ) md. Jan. 26, 1974 in Somers Point, NJ, Richard Emery Brown (b. March
24, 1949) (son of Edward and Emma
Kiefer Brown of Philadelphia)
their children = second cousins once removed
Keith Richard Brown (b. Dec.
22, 1976, Woodbury, NJ) md. Kathleen
their children = third cousins
Ella Brown (b. May 6, 2008)
Alyssa Brown (b. June 12, 2010)
Pamela Leigh Brown (b. Sept. 18, 1979, Woodbury, NJ) md. Derrick Lowe
their children = third cousins
Morgan Lowe
Ryan Lowe
Gay Diane Rowland (b. March 23, 1951) md. Sept. 30, 1978 in
Somers Point, NJ, John Larry Blohm (b. May 22, 1948 in Mansfield, OH) (son of
James Russell and Janice Kendricks Blohm)
their
children = second cousins once removed
Jeff md. Nicole Chominsky
their children = third cousins
Avery Marie Blohm
Everly Roe Blohm
Cindy md. Tony Espinosa
their child =
Zorah Espinosa
Tony's children with another wife
Kenji Espinosa
Naomi Espinosa
Lawrence Walter Rowland (b. Feb. 4, 1955 in Somers Point, NJ)
lance corporal in US Marine Corps, md. Oct. 11, 1975 in Ocean City, NJ, Deborah
Ann Foglio (b. Oc. 6, 1954, Somers Point, NJ) (daughter of Leonard Joseph and
Dorothy Ann McLaughlin Foglio)
their children= second cousins once
removed
Samantha Rowland
Christopher Rowand
From
Generation 5
James
Lillian Bogan md. Elizabeth H. Great-Great-Great Aunt
and Great-Great-Great Uncle
their
children = first cousins three times removed
Mary Anne Harriet Bogan born Dec. 10, 1877
Ellie Bogan born April 4, 1879
Penrose Marion Bogan born April 1883
Georgina Bogan born Sept. 10, 1884
Kathleen Bogan born Dec. 12, 1885
Violet Bogan born April 8, 1888
Olive Bogan born Oct. 2, 1892
Willian
Mullins Bogan married Agnes ___
Great-Great-Great
Aunt and Great-Great-Great Uncle
their
children=- frist cousins three times removed
Margaret Patterson born March 30, 1880, married age
19, died age 20 (Laphamore)
James William born March 26, 1882
Robert William Bogan (ran away to sea before age 14
and died of yellow fever 1903 or 1905)
Amos Frederick Bogan died 1905 md. Annie Vearian Great-Great-Great
Aunt and Great-Great-Great-Uncle
their
children - first cousins three times removed
James (navy)
his children = second cousins two times removed
James, college
Belfast
Brian, civil
engineer
Eileen Lily
Annie
her children = second cousins two times removed
Eric
Eden
George
Doreen
Louise
Evelyn Mons
Elizabeth married (in Wesley Chapel) ___ Richards
(Welsh)
their children = second cousins two times removed
Frieda
Gwen (flood Lynmouth)
Dolly
Florrie
George (engineer)
his children = second cousins two times removed
George
Jim
Frederick (killed as
test pilot)
William motor engineer (d. 1964)
his children: = second cousins two times removed
Frederick
Bluebell
William, college in Belfast
Florence md. Alec Dunn
their children = second cousins two times
removed
George Alexander Dunn
Jean Annette married
_______Wells
Notes for work in progress --
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