Branching from Isabella of Aragon (generation 28)
The line
Seltzer-Estes-Bates-Fleming-Graham-Keith-Gordon/Seton-Stewart-Beaufort/Plantagenet-Hainault-Valois/Capet-Aragon
40
generations back to 800 in Navarre/Pamplona
Includes King Edward III of England
Includes King Philip III of France
Includes Kings of Aragon and Navarre (Pamplona)
Links from names go to Wikipedia
www.wikipedia.org or The Peerage www.thepeerage.com
1 Adela Rose Seltzer b. Nov. 9, 2007
1 Lila Pearl Seltzer b. May 27, 2010
daughter of
2
Robert Richard Hartley Seltzer b. July 29, 1975 md.
Aug. 10, 2002 in Boston, MA Stacey Denenberg b. July 18,
1976
2 Heather Katherine Hartley Seltzer b. August 13, 1977
2 Michael Richard Hartley Seltzer b. June 14, 1980
2 Timothy Richard Hartley Seltzer b. Oct. 5, 1989
children of
3 Richard Warren (8) Seltzer, Jr. (b. Feb. 23 1946 Clarksville, TN) md. (1) July 28, 1973 Boston, MA Barbara Ann Hartley (1950-2012), md. (2) Sept. 27, 2015 Marilyn Lender (b. Aug. 22, 1945, NY, NY)
Richard = son of
4 Helen Estes b. Jan. 31, 1920 md. June 5, 1944 in Philadelphia, PA Richard Warren Seltzer, Sr. b. June 5, 1923
Helen = daughter of
5 Smith William Estes ( June 17, 1881 - Dec. 20, 1943) md. in Philadelphia, PA 1905 May Griffith (1883-1930)
Smith = son of
6 Louis Powhatan Estes (Nov. 22, 1849 - Sept. 6, 1902) md. Oct. 30, 1875 Lily Yates Moore (May 13, 1853 - March 8, 1929) (daughter of S.W. Moore and Mary Yates)
Louis = son of
7 Albert Monroe Estes (Nov. 19, 1804 in Bedford County, VA - Dec. 22, 1863 in Haywood County, TN) md. Nov. 17, 1848 Mildred Colman (daughter of Dr. Benjamin Colman and Mildred Wharton of New Jersey) (c. 1823- Nov. 30, 1849)
Albert = son of
8 Sarah Langhorne Bates (1781- 1825 near Brownsville, Haywood County, TN) md. Oct. 13, 1801 in Chesterfield County, VA Joel Estes (1780-1833) (son of Benjamin Estes and Cecelia Rebecca Thorpe)
Sarah = daughter of
9 Daniel Bates (July 6, 1756 - c. 1801) md. May 21, 1776in Chesterfield County, VA Elizabeth Cary Bell ( b. about 1758 in Virginia, d. 1825 in Kentucky) daughter of David Bell and Judith Cary
Daniel = son of
10 James Bates (March 7, 1721 - Nov. 9, 1786) md. Nov. 11, 1746 in Goochland County, St. James Wortham parish, VA Winnifred Grymes or Grimes or Hix (b. Jan. 18, 1729 in Goochland)
James = son of
11 Susannah Tarleton Fleming md. about 1709 John Bates (1685-1723)
Susannah = daughter of
12 Charles Fleming (b. 1667) (of New Kent County, VA) md. Susannah Tarleton (d. 1687) (daughter of Stephen Tarleton)
According to "My Ancestors and Relatives": "Colonel Charles was born on December 10th, 1659 in Of Charles Parish, York Co., Va. Colonel Charles' father was John FLEMMING and his mother was Mrs. Mercy Or Mary FLEMING. His paternal grandparents were Captain Alexander FLEMING and Elizabeth (Elspet) ANDERSON. He had four brothers and a sister, named William, Alexander, John, Tarleton and Lydia. He died at the age of 57 on October 7th, 1717 in St. Peter's Parish, New Kent, Va.
"Susanna was born in Of St. Peter's Parish, New Kent, Va. Susanna's father was Stephen TARLETON and her mother is Susanna. She had a sister named Judith. She died after October 7th, 1717 in St.peters Parish, New Kent.
"Colonel Charles and Susanna were married in a religious ceremony in New Kent, Virginia. They had two sons and eight daughters, named Colonel John, Tarleton, Susannah, Elizabeth, Judith, Ursula, Anne, Grace, Anne and Sarah.
Charles = son of
13 John Fleming (b. 1627 Cumbarnauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland d. April 27, 1686 in New Kent County, VA, St. Peter's Parish Register)
Cary-Estes Genealogy p. 86 indicates that according to "Fleming Family" by Lyon G. Tyler, William and MaryQuarterly Vol. 12, 1093, pp. 45-47, "I think he was the father of Charles Fleming who md. Susannah ___. She was probably a daughter of Stephen Tarleton." John Fleming, 493 acres in New Kent County on south side of Yorke River 2 march 1661 per page 397 Parent Book No. 4.
According to "My Ancestors and Relatives": "John was born in 1627 in Cumbarnauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland. John's father was Captain Alexander FLEMING and his mother was Elizabeth (Elspet) ANDERSON. His paternal grandparents were John FLEMING and Margaret LIVINGSTON; his maternal grandparents are William ANDERSON and MRS. ANDERSON. He had a brother and two sisters, named John, Elizabeth and Alexia. He died at the age of 59 on April 27th, 1686 in Charles Parish, York Co., Virginia. His burial was on April 30th, 1686 in St. Peter's Parish, New Kent, Va.
"Mrs. Mercy or Mary was born about 1637 in Of Charles Parish, York Co., Va. She died in , New Kent, Va.
"John and Mrs. Mercy or Mary were married in a religious ceremony in , , , England. They had five sons and a daughter, named Colonel Charles, William, Alexander, John, Tarleton and Lydia."
John = son of
14 Alexander Fleming (b. 1612 Cumbernauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland d. Dec. 30, 1668 Rappahannock Co., VA) md. Elizabeth (AKA Elspet) Anderson (b. 1614, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland d. Oct. 6, 1656 Rappahannock Co., VA)
According to "My Ancestors and Relatives": "Captain Alexander was born about 1612 in Cumbernauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Captain Alexander's father was John FLEMING and his mother was Margaret LIVINGSTON. His paternal grandparents were John 1St Earl Wigton FLEMING and Lillias Lilias GRAHAM; his maternal grandfather was Alexander LIVINGSTON and his maternal grandmother is Eleanor Or Helen HAY. He had two brothers and six sisters, named John, William, Eleanor, Ann, Jean, Lilias, Helen and Margaret. He died on December 30th, 1668 in , Rappahannock Co., Va.
"Elizabeth (Elspet) was born about 1614 in Of Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Elizabeth (Elspet)'s father is William ANDERSON and her mother is MRS. ANDERSON. Her paternal grandfather is John ANDERSON. She was an only child. She died on October 6th, 1656 in , Rappahannock Co., Va.
"Captain Alexander and Elizabeth (Elspet) were married in a religious ceremony about 1632 in Scotland. They had two sons and two daughters, named John, John, Elizabeth and Alexia."
Alexander = son of
15 John Fleming (b. Dec. 9, 1589 Kincardine, Perth, Scotland d. May 7 1650 Cumbernauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland) md. Margaret Livingston (b. about 1587 Callendar, Stirlingshire, Scotland d. 1634) (Her line)
According to "My Ancestors and Relatives": "John was born on December 9th, 1589 in Kincardine, Perth, Scot. and his baptism took place on December 9th, 1589 in Kincardine, Perthshire, Scotland. John's father was John 1St Earl Wigton FLEMING and his mother was Lillias Lilias GRAHAM. His paternal grandparents were John Fleming EARL and Elizabeth ROSS; his maternal grandfather is John GRAHAM and his maternal grandmother was Jean DRUMMOND. He had four brothers and eight sisters, named James, Alexander, FLEMING, Malcolm, Jean, Jean, Anne, Margaret, Sarah, Lillias, Mary and Rachel. He died at the age of 60 on May 7th, 1650 in Cumbernauld, Lanarkshire, Scotland. His burial was in Scotland.
"Margaret was born about 1587 in Of, Callendar, Stirlingshire, Scotland. Margaret's father was Alexander LIVINGSTON and her mother is Eleanor Or Helen HAY. Her paternal grandfather was William LIVINGSTONE and her paternal grandmother is Agnes FLEMING. She had three brothers and a sister, named Alexander, John, James and Anna. She died in 1634.
"John and Margaret were married in a religious ceremony on February 20th, 1609 in Scotland. They had three sons and six daughters, named John, Captain Alexander, William, Eleanor, Ann, Jean, Lilias, Helen and Margaret.
John = son of
16 Lilias Graham md. Lord John Fleming (1567-1619) 6th Lord Fleming, first Earl of Wigton in Scotland from 1606 [His line]
The Cary Estes Geneaology p. 86 quotes "Biggar and the House of Fleming" by William Hunter, F.S.a. Scot. Pages 551-552, 557:
"Lord Fleming married Lady Lilias Graham, a daughter of John, Earl of Montrose. Her ladyship was distinguished for her piety and devotion and her zealous efforts to promote the principles of the Reformation. Livingstone, in his 'Characterisitcs' says of her, 'When I was a child I have often seen her at my father's at the preachings and communions. While dressing she read the Bible, and every day at that time shed more tears (said one) than ever I did in my life.'"
"The Earl died in April 1619 leaving three sons and five daughters and was succeeded by his eldest son John who warmly embraced his mother's ecclesiastical opinions and was as zealous of the cause of Presbyterianism as his forefathers had been in the maintenance of Popery.
"He [the son, the Second Earl of Wigton] married Margaret, daughter of Alexander Livingstone, first Earl of Linlithgow, a lady of amiable disposition and great piety who entered cordially into the religious views and schemes of her husband. They not only attended the ministrations of the settled Protestant clergy, but for some time maintained a chaplain of their own family." (page 552)
Lilias = daughter of
17 John Graham, third Earl of Montrose (1548-1608), Chancellor of the University of St. Andrews 1599-1604 md. Joan Drummond [Her line]
According to Wikipedia: "John Graham, 3rd Earl of Montrose (1548 – 9 November 1608) was a Scottish peer and Chancellor of the University of St Andrews from 1599 to 1604. He was a natural great-grandson of King James IV of Scotland, his maternal grandmother, Janet Fleming, being a royal bastard."
John = son of
18 Robert Graham md. Margaret Fleming d. 1547 [Her line]
Robert = son of
19 Lady Janet Keith md. William Graham, second Earl of Montrose (1492-1571) [His line]
Janet = daughter of
20 Lady Elizabeth or Eliza Gordon md. William Keith 2nd Earl Marischal
Eliza = daughter of
21 Annabella Stewart (1433-1471) md. George Gordon, Earl of Huntly (before 1455-1501), Chancellor of Scotland (1498-1501) [His line]
According to Wikipedia: "Annabella of Scotland (ca 1433 – after 1471) was the daughter of James I and Joan Beaufort. Her first husband was Louis of Savoy, Count of Geneva whom she married in 1447 on either April 1 or December 14. However, in the year 1458 they separated, divorced and the marriage was annulled upon the request of Charles VII of France. Annabella returned to Scotland and married George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly. Notwithstanding this alliance, her ill fate pursued her, and she was legally divorced from her second husband by a sentence pronounced in the year 1471 which proceeded on the ground of consanguinity with his first wife, Elizabeth Dunbar, 8th Countess of Murray, as the two ladies were within the third and fourth degrees of relation."
According to Wikipedia: "George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly (before 1455 – Stirling Castle, June 8, 1501) was Chancellor of Scotland from 1498-1501. He married Elizabeth Dunbar, widowed Countess of Moray, on 20 May 1445. There were no children from the marriage, and the two were married for only a short time before he obtained a divorce in order to marry Princess Annabella (born c. 1433), Annabella of Scotland the daughter of King James I. The couple had at least one daughter, though some sources list them as having as many as six children. The Earl obtained an annulment, on 24 July 1471, on the basis of Annabella of Scotland's relationship with George's first wife, Elizabeth Dunbar (consanguinity). He then married his mistress, Elizabeth Hay, on 12 May 1476. Gordon fought on the King's side against the Douglases during the Douglas rebellion and helped secure a defeat at the Battle of Brechin. The 2nd Earl completed the building work that his father begun in constructing Huntly Castle."
Annabella = daughter of
22 Joan Beaufort (1404-1445) md. 1424 King James I of Scotland (Stewart) (1394-1437) [His line]
According to Wikipedia: "Joan Beaufort (c. 1404 - 15 July 1445), was Queen Consort of the Kingdom of Scotland from 1424 to 1437, being married to James I of Scotland. She was a daughter of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset and Margaret Holland. Her paternal grandparents were John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and his mistress and later third wife Katherine Swynford. Her maternal grandparents were Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent and Alice Fitzalan. Alice was a daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and Eleanor of Lancaster. On 2 February 1424 at Southwark Cathedral, Joan married James I, shortly before he was formally crowned. They were feasted at Winchester Palace that year by her uncle Henry Cardinal Beaufort. She is said to have been the inspiration of James's famous long poem, The Kingis Quair. They had eight children, including the future James II, and Margaret of Scotland, wife of Louis XI of France. After James I was assassinated in 1437, she took over the regency for her son.
"Issue
with
James I of Scotland:
* Margaret Stewart, Princess of Scotland
(1424-1445) married Louis XI of France
* Isabella Stewart, Princess of Scotland
(1426-1494) married Francis I, Duke of Brittany
* Mary of Scotland, Countess of Buchan
died 1465 married Wolfart VI van Borsselen
* Joan of Scotland, Countess of Morton
(c. 1428-1486) married James Douglas, 1st Earl of Morton
* Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay
(born and died 1430); Twin of James
* James II of Scotland (1430-1460)
* Annabella Stewart, Princess of Scotland
married and divorced 1. Louis of Savoy, and then married and
divorced 2. George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly
* Eleanor Stewart, Princess of Scotland
(1433-1484) married Sigismund, Archduke of Austria."
According to Wikipedia: "James I (December 10, 1394 – February 21, 1437) was nominal King of Scots from April 4, 1406, and reigning King of Scots from May 1424 until February 21, 1437.
"Born on December 10, 1394, the son of Robert III and Annabella Drummond, he had an eventful childhood. In 1402 his elder brother, David, starved to death in prison at Falkland in Fife.
"Before the death of his father in 1406 the authorities sent James to France for safety. During his journey to France, the English captured the young prince and handed him over to Henry IV of England, who imprisoned him and demanded a ransom. Robert III allegedly died from grief over the capture of James. James's uncle, Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, who became Regent on the death of Robert III, showed no haste in paying for his nephew's release. Albany secured the release of his own son Murdoch, captured at the Battle of Homildon Hill, but not so with James. So for the next 18 years James remained a prisoner/hostage in England. Henry IV had the young Scots King imprisoned and educated in Windsor Castle and in secure large country houses near London. Scholars believe that during his captivity James wrote The Kingis Quair, an allegorical romance, one of the earliest major works of Scottish literature.
"After the death of James's uncle in 1420, the Scots finally paid the ransom of £40,000, and in 1424 James returned to Scotland to find a country in chaos. He took his bride with him – he had met and fallen in love with Joan Beaufort, a cousin of King Henry VI of England, while imprisoned. He married her in London in February 2, 1423. They had eight children."
Joan = daughter of
23 John Beaufort, first Earl of Someset (1371-1410) md. Margaret Holland (1385-1439) (daughter of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, who was the son of Joan "the Fair Maid of Kent", granddaughter of Edward I of England, wife of Edward the Black Prince and mother of Richard II of England) [Her line]
According to Wikipedia: "John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (1373 – March 16, 1410) was the first of the four illegitimate children of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and his mistress Katherine Swynford, later his wife. Beaufort was born in about 1371 and his surname probably reflects his father's lordship of Beaufort in Champagne, France.
"The family emblem was the portcullis which is shown on the reverse of a modern British 1p coin. John of Gaunt had his nephew Richard II of England declare the Beaufort children legitimate in 1390, Gaunt married their mother in January 1396. Despite being the grandchildren of Edward III of England, and next in the line of succession after the Lancasters, their father's legitimate children, by agreement they were barred from the succession to the throne.
"n 1396, after his parents' marriage, John and his siblings were legitimated by a papal bull. Early the next year, their legitimation was recognized by an act of Parliament, and then, a few days later, John was created Earl of Somerset (February 10, 1397).[4]
"That summer the new Earl was one of the noblemen who helped Richard II free himself from the power of the Lords Appellant. As a reward on September 29 he was created Marquess of Dorset, and sometime later that year he was made a Knight of the Garter and appointed Lieutenant of Ireland. In addition, two days before his elevation as a Marquess he married the King's niece, Margaret Holland, sister of the 3rd earl of Kent, another of the counter-appellants.[4]
"He remained in the King's favour even after his half-brother Henry (later Henry IV) was banished. In February 1397 he was appointed Admiral of the Irish fleet, as well as constable of Dover and Warden of the Cinque Ports. In May his Admiralty was extended to include the northern fleet.
"After King Richard II was deposed by Henry Bolingbroke in 1399, the new king rescinded the titles that had been given to the counter-appellants, and thus John Beaufort became merely Earl of Somerset again. Nevertheless, he proved loyal to his half-brother's reign, serving in various military commands and on some important diplomatic missions. It was he who was given the confiscated estates of the Welsh rebel leader Owain Glyndwr in 1400, although Beaufort could not effectively come into these estates until after 1415. In 1404 he was Constable of England.
"Somerset and his wife Margaret Holland, the daughter of the Earl of Kent, had six children; his granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort married a descendant of Catherine of Valois by Owen Tudor, creating a powerful branch of the Lancastrian family and enabling Henry VII to claim the throne in spite of the agreement barring the Beaufort family from the succession.
"Somerset died in the Hospital of St. Katherine-by-the-Tower. He was buried in St. Michael's chapel in Canterbury Cathedral."
John = son of
24 John of Gaunt (Plantagenet), First Duke of Lancaster (1340-1399) md. Katherine Swynford (1350-1403) (daughter of Payne de Roet a Flemish herald from Hainault) [John was born before they were married]
Richard
II
was his nephew
King Henry IV was his son
According to Wikipedia: "John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (second creation), 1st Duke of Aquitaine (6 March 1340 – 3 February 1399) was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the third surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. He gained his name "John of Gaunt" because he was born in Ghent (in today's Belgium), then called Gaunt in English. John exercised great influence over the English throne during the minority reign of his nephew, Richard II, and during the ensuing periods of political strife, but did not openly associate with opponents of the King.
"John of Gaunt's legitimate male heirs, the Lancasters, included Kings Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI.
"John's legitimate descendants also included his daughters Philippa of Lancaster, Queen consort of John I of Portugal and mother of King Edward of Portugal, known as "Duarte" in Portuguese. John was also the father of Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter, the mother of John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter through his first wife, Blanche; and by his second wife, Constance, John was the father of Katherine of Lancaster, Queen consort of Henry III of Castile, granddaughter of Peter of Castile and mother of John II of Castile.
"John of Gaunt fathered five children outside marriage, one early in life by one of his mother's ladies-in-waiting, and four, surnamed "Beaufort," by Katherine Swynford, Gaunt's long-term mistress and third wife. The four Beaufort children, three sons and a daughter, were legitimized by royal and papal decrees after John married Katherine in 1396. Descendants of the marriage to Katherine Swynford included their son Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester and eventually Cardinal; their granddaughter Cecily Neville, mother to Kings Edward IV and Richard III; and their great-grandson Henry Tudor, who became King of England after the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 and established the House of Tudor.
"When John of Gaunt died in 1399, his estates were declared forfeit to the crown, as King Richard II had exiled John's son and heir, Henry Bolingbroke, in 1398. Bolingbroke and Richard II were first cousins; their fathers were brothers. Bolingbroke returned from exile to reclaim his confiscated inheritance and deposed the unpopular Richard. Bolingbroke then reigned as King Henry IV of England (1399–1413), the first of the descendants of John of Gaunt to hold the throne of England.
"John of Gaunt was buried alongside his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, in the nave of Old St. Paul's Cathedral in an alabaster tomb designed by Henry Yevele (similar to that of his son in Canterbury Cathedral)."
According to Wikipedia: "Katherine Swynford (also spelled Synford), née (de) Roet (also spelled (de) Rouet or (de) Roelt (25 November 1350 – 10 May 1403), was the daughter of Payne (or Paen) de Roet, a Flemish herald from Hainault who was knighted just before his death in battle. His children included Katherine, her older sister Philippa, a son, Walter, and the eldest sister, Isabel de Roet, (who died Canoness of the convent of St. Waudru's, Mons, c. 1366). Katherine became the third wife of the English prince John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster, and their descendants were the Beaufort family, which played a major role in the Wars of the Roses. Henry VII, who became King of England in 1485, derived his claim to the throne from his mother Lady Margaret Beaufort, who was a great-granddaughter of Katherine Swynford."
John = son of
25 Philippa of Hainault (1314-1369) md. King Edward III of England (Nov. 13, 1312 - June 21, 1377) reigned 1327-1377 [His line]
According to Wikipedia: "Philippa of Hainault (June 24, 1311 – August 15, 1369) was the Queen consort of Edward III of England.
"Philippa was born in Valenciennes (then in Flanders, now France) and was the daughter of William I, Count of Hainaut and Jeanne of Valois, the granddaughter of Philip III of France.
"She married Edward at York Minster, on 24 January 1328, eleven months after his accession to the English throne and, unlike many of her predecessors, she did not alienate the English people by retaining her foreign retinue upon her marriage or bringing large numbers of foreigners to the English court.
"Philippa accompanied Edward on his expeditions to the Kingdom of Scotland (1333) and Flanders (1338-40), where she won acclaim for her gentleness and compassion. She is best remembered as the tender-hearted woman who interceded with her husband and persuaded him to spare the lives of the Burghers of Calais (1346) whom he had planned to execute as an example to the townspeople following his successful siege. She acted as a regent on several occasions when he was on the continent.
"Philippa had grown portly in her later years, and this added to the view most of her English subjects had of her as a friendly, homely, motherly woman whom the nation greatly loved. Philippa outlived 9 of her 14 children; two of whom were lost during the Black Death outbreak (1348).
"On 15 August 1369 Philippa died of an illness akin to dropsy in Windsor Castle, and was buried at Westminster Abbey. By all accounts, her 40 year marriage to Edward had been happy, despite his taking a mistress, Alice Perrers, during the later part of it."
According to Wikipedia: "Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377) was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. Restoring royal authority after the disastrous reign of his father, Edward II, Edward III went on to transform the Kingdom of England into the most efficient military power in Europe. His reign saw vital developments in legislature and government—in particular the evolution of the English parliament—as well as the ravages of the Black Death. He remained on the throne for 50 years; no English monarch had reigned for as long since Henry III, and none would again until George III.
"Edward was crowned at the age of fourteen, following the deposition of his father. When he was only seventeen years old, he led a coup against his regent, Roger Mortimer, and began his personal reign. After defeating, but not subjugating, the Kingdom of Scotland, he declared himself rightful heir to the French throne in 1340, starting what would be known as the Hundred Years' War. Following some initial setbacks, the war went exceptionally well for England; the victories of Crécy and Poitiers led up to the highly favourable Treaty of Brétigny. Edward?s later years, however, were marked by international failure and domestic strife, largely as a result of his inertia and eventual bad health.
"Edward III was a temperamental man, but also capable of great clemency. He was, in most ways, a conventional king, mainly interested in warfare. Highly revered in his own time and for centuries after, Edward was denounced as an irresponsible adventurer by later Whig historians. This view has turned, and modern historiography credits him with many achievements."
Philippa = daughter of
26 Jeanne of Valois (1292-1342) md. 1305 William I Count of Hainault (1286-1337) [His line]
According to Wikipedia: "Jeanne of Valois (c. 1294 Longpont, Aisne, France – 7 March 1342, Fontenelle, Yonne, France) was the second eldest daughter of Prince Charles of Valois and his first wife Marguerite of Anjou and Maine (1274–1299) and the sister of king Philip VI of France.
"Her paternal grandparents were Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon. Her maternal grandparents were Charles II of Naples and Maria Arpad of Hungary. Joan was one of six children. In 1299, Joan's mother died, probably in childbirth and her father married his second wife, Catherine I of Courtenay, Titular Empress of Constantinople (1274-1308, by whom he had four more children. He would marry his third wife Mahaut of Chatillon in 1308 and by her he would sire a son and three daughters, among them were Isabella of Valois, who became Duchess of Bourbon and Blanche of Valois who married Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor."
According to Wikipedia: "William I, Count of Hainaut (1286 – June 7, 1337) was Count William III of Avesnes, Count William III of Holland and Count William II of Zeeland from 1304 to his death. He was the son of John II, Count of Hainaut and Philippa of Luxembourg
Before becoming count, he was defeated by Guy of Namur at the battle on the island of Duiveland in 1304. Guy and Duke John II of Brabant then conquered most of Zeeland and Holland, but these territories were recovered again when William became the new count in the same year. William continued the war with Flanders until the peace of Paris in 1323, where the Count of Flanders denounced all claims on Zeeland.
William had occupied most of the bishopric of Utrecht and tried to conquer Friesland but was repelled by Hessel Martena. Many of his daughters married with important rulers of Europe and he was called the father in law of Europe. The King of England and the Holy Roman Emperor were married to his daughters, while he was married to the sister of the King of France. William tried to gain support of surrounding counties and duchies for an anti-French coalition.
Internally, William restored order and founded new institutions, like the treasury and the chancellory. The council of the count got more responsibilities."
Jeanne = daughter of
27 Charles of Valois (1270-1325) md. Marguerite of Anjou and Maine (1273-1299) [Her line]
their
son became Philip VI King of France
their nephews became Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV,
kings of France
According to Wikipedia: "Charles of Valois (March 12, 1270–December 16, 1325) was the fourth son of Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon. His mother was a daughter of James I of Aragon and Yolande of Hungary. He was a member of the House of Capet and founded the House of Valois. In 1284, he was created Count of Valois (as Charles I) by his father and, in 1297, he was created Count of Anjou (as Charles III) by his brother Philip IV.
"Charles was the father of Philip VI, and paternal uncle to three kings (Louis X, Phillip V, and Charles IV). In 1284, he was given the crown of Aragon by Pope Martin IV, who declared an Aragonese Crusade. In 1285, he gained the title of Count of Valois, and Count of Anjou and Maine in 1290.
"During his life, he unsuccessfully sought the rule of four other kingdoms: Aragon, Sicily, the Latin Empire and the Holy Roman Empire."
According to Wikipedia: "Marguerite of Anjou and Maine (1273– December 31, 1299), Countess of Anjou and Maine, was the first wife of Charles of Valois a son of Philip III of France.
"Marguerite
was
a daughter of Charles II of Naples and Maria of Hungary
(1257-1323). She married Charles at Corbeil on August 16,
1290. Their children included:
* Isabelle (1292-1309). Wife of John III,
Duke of Brittany
* Philip VI of France
* Jeanne of Valois (1294-1342). Wife of
William I, Count of Hainaut
* Marguerite of Valois (1295-1342). Wife
of Guy I of Blois-Châtillon
* Charles II of Alençon (1297-1346)
* Catherine of Valois (1299-?)"
Charles = son of
28 King Philip
III "the Bold" of France (Capet)
(1245-1285) Crusader,
reigned 1270-1285 md. I Isabella
of Aragon
(1247-1271) [Her line]
[Overlaps
another line]
According to Wikipedia: "Philip III (30 April 1245 – 5 October 1285), called the Bold (French: le Hardi), was the King of France, succeeding his father, Louis IX, and reigning from 1270 to 1285. He was a member of the House of Capet.
"Born in Poissy, to Louis IX (the later Saint Louis) and Marguerite of Provence, Philip was prior to his accession Count of Orleans. He accompanied his father on the Eighth Crusade to Tunisia in 1270. His father died at Tunis and there Philip was declared king at the age of 25. Philip was indecisive, soft in nature, timid, and apparently crushed by the strong personalities of his parents and dominated by his father's policies. He was called "the Bold" on the basis of his abilities in combat and on horseback and not his character. He was pious, but not cultivated. He followed the dictates of others, first of Pierre de la Broce and then of his uncle Charles I of Sicily.
"After his succession, he quickly set his uncle on negotiations with the emir to conclude the crusade, while he himself returned to France. A ten-year truce was concluded and Philip was crowned in France on 12 August 1271. On 21 August, his uncle, Alfonso, Count of Poitou, Toulouse, and Auvergne, died returning from the crusade in Italy. Philip inherited his counties and united them to the royal demesne. The portion of the Auvergne which he inherited became the "Terre royale d'Auvergne," later the Duchy of Auvergne. In accordance with Alfonso's wishes, the Comtat Venaissin was granted to the Pope Gregory X in 1274. Several years of negotiations yielded the Treaty of Amiens with Edward I of England in 1279. Thereby Philip restored to the English the Agenais which had fallen to him with the death of Alfonso. In 1284, Philip also inherited the counties of Perche and Alençon from his brother Pierre.
"Philip all the while supported his uncle's policy in Italy. When, after the Sicilian Vespers of 1282, Peter III of Aragon invaded and took the island of Sicily, the pope, Martin IV, excommunicated the conqueror and declared his kingdom (put under the suzerainty of the pope by Peter II in 1205) forfeit. He granted Aragon to Charles, Count of Valois, Philip's son. Philip intervened in the Navarrese succession after the death of Henry I of Navarre and married his son, Philip the Fair, to the heiress of Navarre, Joan I.
"In
1284, Philip and his sons entered Roussillon at the head of
a large army. This war, called the Aragonese Crusade from
its papal sanction, has been labelled "perhaps the most
unjust, unnecessary and calamitous enterprise ever
undertaken by the Capetian monarchy."[1] On 26 June 1285,
Philip the Bold entrenched himself before Gerona in an
attempt to besiege it. The resistance was strong, but the
city was taken on 7 September. Philip soon experienced a
reversal, however, as the French camp was hit hard by an
epidemic of dysentery. Philip himself was afflicted. The
French retreated and were handily defeated at the Battle of
the Col de Panissars. The king of France himself died at
Perpignan, the capital of his ally James II of Majorca, and
was buried in Narbonne. He currently lies buried with his
wife Isabella of Aragon in Saint Denis Basilica in Paris.
...
"In the Divine Comedy, Dante sees Philip's spirit outside the gates of Purgatory with a number of other contemporary European rulers. Dante does not name Philip directly, but refers to him as 'the small-nosed' and 'the father of the Pest of France.'"
According to Wikipedia: "Isabella of Aragon (1247 – 28 January 1271), infanta of Aragon, was, by marriage, Queen consort of France in the Middle Ages from 1270 to 1271.
She was the daughter of King James I of Aragon and his second wife Violant of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary.
"In
Clermont on 28 May 1262, she married the future Philip III
of France, son of king Louis IX and Marguerite of Provence.
They had four sons:
1. Louis (b. 1265 - d. 1276).
2. Philip IV "the Fair" (b. 1268 - d. 1314),
King of France.
3. Robert (b. 1269 - d. 1271).
4. Charles of Valois (b. 1270 - d. 1325).
"She accompanied her husband on the Eighth Crusade against Tunis. On their way home, they stopped in Cosenza, Calabria. Six months pregnant with her fifth child, on 11 January 1271 she suffered a fall from her horse after they had resumed the trip back to France. Isabella gave birth to a premature stillborn son.[1] She never recovered from her injuries and the childbirth, and died seventeen days later, on 28 January. Her husband took her body and their stillborn son and, when he finally returned to France, buried her in Saint Denis Basilica. Her tomb, like many others, was desecrated during the French Revolution in 1793."
Isabella = daughter of
29 James I of Aragon, the Conqueror (Feb. 2, 1208 - July 1276) almost a Crusader md. Violant or Yolanda (c. 1212 - 1253) daughter of Andrew II of Hungary [Her line]
According to Wikipedia: "James I the Conqueror (Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador, Occitan: Jacme lo Conquistaire; 2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276) was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276. His long reign saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon on all sides: into Valencia to the south, Languedoc to the north, and the Balearic Islands to the east. By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he wrested the county of Barcelona from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown. His part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia.
"As a legislator and organiser, he occupies a high place among the Spanish kings. James compiled the Libre del Consulat de Mar,[1] which governed maritime trade and helped establish Aragonese supremacy in the western Mediterranean. He was an important figure in the development of Catalan, sponsoring Catalan literature and writing a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the Llibre dels fets.
"James was born at Montpellier as the only son of Peter II and Mary, heiress of William VIII of Montpellier and Eudokia Komnene. As a child, James was a pawn in the power politics of Provence, where his father was engaged in struggles helping the Cathar heretics of Albi against the Albigensian Crusaders led by Simon IV de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, who were trying to exterminate them. Peter endeavoured to placate the northern crusaders by arranging a marriage between his son James and Simon's daughter. He entrusted the boy to be educated in Montfort's care in 1211, but was soon forced to take up arms against him, dying at the Battle of Muret on 12 September 1213. Montfort would willingly have used James as a means of extending his own power had not the Aragonese and Catalans appealed to Pope Innocent III, who insisted that Montfort surrender him. James was handed over, at Carcassonne, in May or June 1214, to the papal legate Peter of Benevento.
"James was then sent to Monzón, where he was entrusted to the care of William of Montredon, the head of the Knights Templar in Spain and Provence; the regency meanwhile fell to his great uncle Sancho, Count of Roussillon, and his son, the king's cousin, Nuño. The kingdom was given over to confusion until, in 1217, the Templars and some of the more loyal nobles brought the young king to Zaragoza.[2]
"In 1221, he was married to Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. The next six years of his reign were full of rebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms.[3]
"In 1228, James faced the sternest opposition from a vassal yet. Guerau IV de Cabrera had occupied the County of Urgell in opposition to Aurembiax, the heiress of Ermengol VIII, who had died without sons in 1208. While Aurembiax' mother, Elvira, had made herself a protegée of James' father, on her death (1220), Guerao had occupied the county and displaced Aurembiax, claiming that a woman could not inherit.
"James intervened on behalf of Aurembiax, whom he owed protection. He bought Guerau off and allowed Aurembiax to reclaim her territory, which she did at Lleida, probably also becoming one of James' earliest mistresses.[4] She surrendered Lleida to James and agreed to hold Urgell in fief from him. On her death in 1231, James exchanged the Balearic Islands for Urgell with her widower, Peter of Portugal.
"From 1230 to 1232, James negotiated with Sancho VII of Navarre, who desired his help against his nephew and closest living male relative, Theobald IV of Champagne. James and Sancho negotiated a treaty whereby James would inherit Navarre on the old Sancho's death, but when this did occur, the Navarrese nobless instead elevated Theobald to the throne (1234), and James disputed it. Pope Gregory IX was required to intervene.[5] In the end, James accepted Theobald's succession.
"James endeavoured to form a state straddling the Pyrenees, to counterbalance the power of France north of the Loire. As with the much earlier Visigothic attempt, this policy was victim to physical, cultural, and political obstacles. As in the case of Navarre, he was too wise to launch into perilous adventures. By the Treaty of Corbeil, signed in May 1258, he frankly withdrew from conflict with Louis IX of France and was content with the recognition of his position, and the surrender of antiquated and illusory French claims to the overlordship of Catalonia.
"After his false start at uniting Aragon with the Kingdom of Navarre through a scheme of mutual adoption, James turned to the south and the Mediterranean Sea, where he conquered Majorca on 10 September in 1229 and the rest of the Balearic Islands; Minorca 1232; Ibiza 1235) and where Valencia capitulated 28 September 1238.
"During his remaining two decades after Corbeil, James warred with the Moors in Murcia, on behalf of his son-in-law Alfonso X of Castile. On 26 March 1244, the two monarchs signed the Treaty of Almizra to determine the zones of their expansion into Andalusia so as to prevent squabbling between them. Specifically, it defined the borders of the newly-created Kingdom of Valencia. James signed it on that date, but Alfonso did not affirm it until much later. According to the treaty, all lands south of a line from Biar to Villajoyosa through Busot were reserved for Castile.
"Crusade
of
1269
"The "khan of Tartary" (actually the Ilkhan) Abaqa
corresponded with James in early 1267, inviting him to join
forces with the Mongols and go on Crusade.[6] James sent an
ambassador to Abaqa in the person of Jayme Alaric de
Perpignan, who returned with a Mongol embassy in 1269.[7]
Pope Clement IV tried to dissuade James from Crusading,
regarding his moral character as sub-par, and Alfonso X did
the same. Nonetheless, James, who was then campaigning in
Murcia, made peace with Mohammed I ibn Nasr, the Sultan of
Granada, and set about collecting funds for a Crusade. After
organising the government for his absence and assembling a
fleet at Barcelona in September 1269, he was ready to sail
east. The troubadour Olivier lo Templier composed a song
praising the voyage and hoping for its success. A storm,
however, drove him off course and he landed at
Aigues-Mortes. According to the continuator of William of
Tyre, he returned via Montpellier por l'amor de sa dame
Berenguiere ("for the love his lady Berengaria") and
abandoned any further effort at a Crusade. I
"James' bastard sons Pedro Fernández and Fernán Sánchez, who had been given command of part of the fleet, did continue on their way to Acre, where they arrived in December. They found that Baibars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt, had broken his truce with the Kingdom of Jerusalem and was making a demonstration of his military power in front of Acre. During the demonstration, Egyptian troops hidden in the bushes ambushed a returning Frankish force which had been in Galilee. James' sons, initially eager for a fight, changed their minds after this spectacle and returned home via Sicily, where Fernán Sánchez was knighted by Charles of Anjou."
According to Wikipedia: "Violant of Hungary (Esztergom, Kingdom of Hungary, c. 1216 – 1253) was Queen consort of James I of Aragon. She is also called Jolánta in Hungarian, Iolanda or Violant d'Hongria in Catalan and Yolanda or Violante de Hungría in Spanish. Violant was a daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and Violant of Courtenay."
James = son of
30 Peter II of Aragon (1174- Sept. 12, 1213) md. Marie of Montpellier (1182 - April 18, 1213) , daughter of William VIII of Montpelier and Eudocia Komnene ( [Her line]
According to Wikipedia: "Peter II of Aragon (1174 – September 12, 1213), surnamed the Catholic, was the king of Aragon (as Pedro II) and count of Barcelona (as Pere I) from 1196 to 1213.
"He was the son of Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancha of Castile. In 1205 he acknowledged the feudal supremacy of the Papacy and was crowned in Rome by Pope Innocent III, swearing to defend the Catholic faith (hence his surname, "the Catholic"). He was the first king of Aragon to be crowned by the Pope.
"On June 15, 1204 he married (as her third husband) Marie of Montpellier, daughter and heiress of William VIII of Montpellier by Eudocia Comnena. She gave him a son, James, but Peter soon discarded her. Marie was popularly venerated as a saint for her piety and marital suffering, but was never canonized; she died in Rome in 1213.
"He participated in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 that marked the turning point of Arab domination on the Iberian peninsula.
"Peter returned from Las Navas in autumn 1212 to find that Simon de Montfort had conquered Toulouse, exiling Count Raymond VI of Toulouse, who was Peter's brother-in-law and vassal. Peter crossed the Pyrenees and arrived at Muret in September 1213 to confront Montfort's army. He was accompanied by Raymond of Toulouse, who tried to persuade Peter to avoid battle and instead starve out Montfort's forces. This suggestion was rejected.
"The Battle of Muret began on September 12, 1213. The Aragonese forces were disorganized and disintegrated under the assault of Montfort's squadrons. Peter himself was caught in the thick of fighting, and died as a result of a foolhardy act of bravado. He was thrown to the ground and killed. The Aragonese forces broke in panic when their king was slain and the crusaders of Montfort won the day.
"Upon Peter's death the kingdom passed to his only son by Marie of Montpellier, the future James the Conqueror."
According to Wikipedia: "Marie of Montpellier (adapted from Occitan: Maria de Montpelhièr) (1182 – 18 April 1213) was the daughter of William VIII of Montpellier and Eudokia Komnene. A condition of the marriage was that the firstborn child, boy or girl, would succeed to the lordship of Montpellier on William's death.
Marie married Barral of Marseille in 1192 or shortly before, but was widowed in that year. Her second marriage, in 1197, was to Bernard IV of Comminges, and her father now insisted on her giving up her right to inherit Montpellier. Marie had two daughters by Bernard, Mathilde and Petronille. The marriage was, however, notoriously polygamous, Bernard having two other living wives. It was annulled (some say on Marie's insistence, some say on that of Peter II of Aragon) and the annulment meant that she was once more heir to Montpellier.
"William had died in 1202. Marie's half-brother, William's son by Agnes of Castile, William, had taken control of the city, but Marie asserted her right to it. On 15 June 1204 she married Peter II and was recognised as Lady of Montpellier. Her son by Peter, James, the future James the Conqueror, was born on 1 February 1208. Peter immediately attempted to divorce her, hoping both to marry Maria of Montferrat, Queen of Jerusalem, and to claim Montpellier for himself. Marie's last years were spent in combating these political and matrimonial manoeuvres. Pope Innocent III finally decided in her favour, refusing to permit the divorce. Both Marie and Peter died in 1213; James inherited Aragon and Montpellier."
Peter = son of
31 Alfonso II of Aragon the Chaste or the Troubadour (1157 - 1196) reigned 1162 to 1196 md. Sancha of Castile (Sept. 21, 1154 or 1155 - Nov. 9, 1208) [Her lline]
According to Wikipedia: "Alfonso II (Aragon) or Alfons I (Provence and Barcelona) (Huesca, 1157 – Perpignan, 1196), called the Chaste or the Troubadour, was the King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona from 1162 until his death. He was the son of Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona and Petronilla of Aragon and the first King of Aragon who was also Count of Barcelona. He is thus sometimes called, like his successors, especially by Catalan historians, the "count-king". He was also Count of Provence from 1167, when he unchivalrously wrested it from the heiress Douce II, until 1173, when he ceded it to his brother Berenguer. His reign has been characterised by nationalistic and nostalgic Catalan historians, with little following, as l'engrandiment occitànic or "the Pyrenean unity": a great scheme to unite various lands on both sides of the Pyrenees under the rule of the House of Barcelona.
"Born Raymond Berengar (Ramon Berenguer), he ascended the united throne of Aragon and Barcelona as Alfonso, changing his name in deference to the Aragonese, to honour Alfonso I.
"For most of his reign he was allied with Alfonso VIII of Castile, both against Navarre and against the Moorish taifa kingdoms of the south. In his Reconquista effort Alfonso pushed as far as Teruel, conquering this important stronghold on the road to Valencia in 1171. The same year saw him capturing Caspe.
"Apart from common interests, kings of Aragon and Castile were united by a formal bond of vassalage the former owed to the latter. Besides, on January 18, 1174 in Saragossa Alfonso married Infanta Sancha of Castile, sister of the Castilian king.
"Another milestone in this alliance was the Treaty of Cazorla the two kings in 1179, delineating zones of conquest in the south along the watershed of rivers Júcar and Segura. Southern areas of Valencia including Denia were thus secured to Aragon.
"During his reign Aragonese influence north of the Pyrenees reached its zenith, a natural tendency given the affinity between the Occitan and Catalan dominions of the Crown of Aragon. His realms incorporated not only Provence, but also the counties of Cerdanya and Roussillon (inherited in 1172). Béarn and Bigorre paid homage to him in 1187. Alfonso's involvement in the affairs of Languedoc, which would cost the life of his successor, Peter II of Aragon, for the moment proved highly beneficial, strengthening Aragonese trade and stimulating emigration from the north to colonise the newly reconquered lands in Aragon.
"In 1186, he helped establish Aragonese influence in Sardinia when he supported his cousin Agalbursa, the widow of the deceased Judge of Arborea, Barison II, in placing her grandson, the child of her eldest daughter Ispella, Hugh, on the throne of Arborea in opposition to Peter of Serra.
"Alfonso II provided the first land grant to the Cistercian monks on the banks of the Ebro River in the Aragon region, which would become the site of the first Cistercian monastery in this region. Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda was founded in the year 1202 and utilized some of the first hydrological technology in the region for harnessing water power and river diversion for the purpose of building central heating.
"He was a noted poet of his time and a close friend of King Richard the Lionheart. One tensó, apparently composed by him and Giraut de Bornelh, forms part of the poetical debate as to whether a lady is dishonoured by taking a lover who is richer than herself. The debate had been begun by Guilhem de Saint-Leidier and was taken up by Azalais de Porcairagues and Raimbaut of Orange; there was also a partimen on the topic between Dalfi d'Alvernha and Perdigon.
"Alfonso and his love affairs are mentioned in poems by many troubadours, including Guillem de Berguedà (who criticized his dealings with Azalais of Toulouse) and Peire Vidal, who commended Alfonso's decision to marry Sancha of Castile rather than Eudokia Komnene that he had preferred a poor Castilian maid to the emperor Manuel's golden camel."
According to Wikipedia: "Infanta Sancha of Castile (September 21, 1154 or 1155 – November 9, 1208, Sijena) was the only child of King Alfonso VII of Castile by his second queen, Richeza of Poland, who was the daughter of Vladislav II, Duke of Silesia.
"On
January 18, 1174 in Saragossa she married King Alfonso II of
Aragon. They had 9 children, but only seven would survive
into adulthood:
* Constance of Aragon-> married King
Imre of Hungary and later, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
* Leonor -> married Count Raymond VI
of Toulouse
* Peter II of Aragon (I of Barcelona), b.
1174, killed at the Battle of Muret, September 12, 1213
* Dolça (nun)
* Alfonso II, Count of Provence, b. 1180,
d. 1209
* Fernando, Abbot of Montearagon, d.
after 1227
* Ramon Berenguer, d. in the 1190s
"A patroness of troubadours such as Giraud de Calanson and Peire Raymond, the queen became involved in a legal dispute with her husband concerning properties which formed part of her dower estates. In 1177 she entered the county of Ribagorza and took forcible possession of various castles and fortresses which had belonged to the crown there.
"After her husband died at Perpignan in 1196, Sancha was relegated to the background of political affairs by her son Pedro II, and she retired from court, withdrawing to the abbey of Nuestra Senora, at Sijena, which she had founded. There she assumed the cross of the Order of St John of Jerusalem which she wore till the end of her life. The queen mother entertained her widowed daughter Queen Constanza of Hungary (1179-1222) at Sijena prior to her leaving Aragon for her marriage with the emperor Frederick II in 1208. She died soon afterwards, aged fifty-four, and was interred before the high altar of the church at Sijena."
Alfonso = son of
32 Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona (c. 1113 - Aug. 6, 1162) Crusader md. Peronila of Aragon (1135 - Oct. 17, 1174) [Her line] [another line leading to Ramon Berenguer]
According to Wikipedia: "Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona also called Ramon the Holy (c. 1113 – 6 August 1162) effected the union between Aragon and Catalonia.
"He inherited the county of Barcelona from his father Ramon Berenguer III on August 19, 1131. On August 11, 1137 in Huesca he was betrothed to the infant Petronila of Aragon, aged one at the time. Her father, Ramiro II of Aragon the Monk, who sought Barcelona's aid against Alfonso VII of Castile, abdicated on November 13 that same year, leaving his kingdom to Ramon Berenguer. The latter essentially became ruler of Aragon, although he was never king himself, but instead Count of Barcelona, Prince of the Kingdom of Aragon. He was the last Catalan ruler to use the title of Count as his first; starting with his son Alfonso II of Aragon the counts of Barcelona styled themselves, in the first place, as kings of Aragon.
"The treaty between Ramon Berenguer and his father-in-law stipulated that their descendants would rule jointly over both realms. Even should Petronila die before the marriage could be consummated, Berenguer would still inherit the title of King of Aragon. Both realms would preserve their laws, institutions and autonomy, remaining legally distinct but federated in a dynastic union under one ruling House. Historians consider this arrangement the political masterstroke of the Hispanic Middle Ages. Both realms gained greater strength and security and Aragon got its much needed outlet to the sea. On the other hand, formation of a new political entity in the north-east at a time when Portugal seceded from Leon in the west gave more balance to the Christian kingdoms of the peninsula. Ramon Berenguer successfully pulled Aragon out of its pledged submission to Castile, aided no doubt by the beauty and charm of his sister Berenguela, wife of Alfonso the Emperor, for which she was well-known in her time.
"In the middle years of his rule, his attention turned to campaigns against the Moors. In October 1147, as part of the Second Crusade, he helped Castile to conquer Almería. He then invaded the lands of the Almoravid taifa kingdom of Valencia and Murcia. In December 1148, he captured Tortosa after a five-month siege with the help of French and Genoese crusaders.[1] The next year, Fraga, Lleida and Mequinenza in the confluence of the Segre and Ebro rivers fell to his army. The reconquista of modern Catalonia was completed.
"Ramon Berenger also campaigned in Provence, helping his brother Berenguer Ramon and his infant nephew Ramon Berenguer II against Counts of Toulouse. During the minority of Ramon Berenger II the Count of Barcelona also acted as the regent of Provence (between 1144 and 1157). In 1151, Ramon signed the Treaty of Tudilén with Alfonso VII of León. The treaty defined the zones of conquest in Andalusia in order to prevent the two rulers from coming into conflict. Also in 1151, Ramon Berenguer founded and endowed the royal monastery of Poblet. In 1154, he accepted the regency of Gaston V of Béarn in return for the Bearnese nobles rendering him homage at Canfranc, thus uniting that small principality with the growing Aragonese empire.
"He died in 1162 in Borgo Sam Dalmazzo, Piedmont, Italy, leaving the title of Count of Barcelona to his eldest son Ramon Berenguer, who next year inherited the title of King of Aragon from her mother's abdication Petronila of Aragon (Ramiro II was already dead), and, in compliment to the Aragonese, changed his name to Alfonso and became Alfonso II of Aragon. Ramon Berenguer's younger son Pedro inherited the county of Cerdanya and lands north of the Pyrenees."
According to Wikipedia: "Petronila, Petronilla, or Petronella (Aragonese and Catalan: Peronella; Spanish: Petronila Ramírez) (1135 – October 17, 1174, Barcelona) was Queen of Aragon from 1137 until 1162. She was the daughter of Ramiro II, King of Aragon, and Agnes of Aquitaine.
"Petronila came to the throne through special circumstances. Her father, Ramiro, was bishop of Barbastro-Roda when his brother, Alfonso I, died heirless in 1134. As king, Ramiro received a papal dispensation to abdicate from his monastic vows in order to secure the succession to the throne. King Ramiro the Monk, as he is known, married Agnes, daughter of Duke Wiliam IX of Aquitaine and Gascony, and through her produced an heiress, Petronila. At two years old, Petronila was bethrothed to Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona and, immediately thereafter, Ramiro abdicated in favour of the count and returned to monastic life.
"Petronila married Ramon Berenguer in 1150. Upon his death, Petronila renounced the crown of Aragon in favour of her eldest son, Ramon, who, in compliment to the Aragonese, changed his name to Alfonso. Her son was the first ruler of both Aragon and Catalonia (where he is known as Alfons I) thereby establishing the dynastic union between the two countries that lasted until the Crown of Aragon was dissolved in 1707."
Ramon = son of
33 King Ramiro II of Aragon (c. 1075 - Aug. 16, 1157) reigned 1134-1137 md. Agnes (d. c. 1160), daughter of Duke William IX of Aquitaine
According to Wikipedia: "Ramiro II (c.1075–16 August 1157, Huesca), called the Monk, was King of Aragon from 1134 until 1137. He was the youngest son of Sancho Ramírez, King of Aragon and Navarre, and Felicia of Roucy.
"He spent most of his early life as monk in a French monastery and later as abbot of St. Peter at Huesca. In 1134, when his brother Alfonso the Battler died heirless, Ramiro was bishop of Barbastro-Roda. He temporarily gave up his monastic vows in order to secure the succession to the crown of Aragon, while losing Navarre, which had formed part of his late brother's dominions but in 1134 became independent under García Ramírez. He fought off two other claimants to the throne, one, Pedro de Atarés, descended from an illegitimate brother of king Sancho Ramírez, and the other, Alfonso VII, king of Castile.
"The reign of Ramiro the Monk, as he is known, was tumultuous. At the beginning of his reign he had problems with his nobles, who thought he would be docile and easily steered to their wishes, but discovered him to be inflexible. In order to produce an heir, he married Agnes, daughter of Duke William IX of Aquitaine. Once wed, his wife bore a daughter, Petronila, who was betrothed to Ramon Berenguer IV at the age of two. The marriage contract, signed at Barbastro on 11 August 1137, made Petronila the heiress to the crown of Aragon, which in event of her childless death would pass to Ramon Berenguer and any children he might have by another wife. Ramon accepted Ramiro as "King, Lord and Father", renounced his family name in favor of the House of Aragon and united the County of Barcelona with the Kingdom. This union, which came to be called the Confederacion Catalanoaragonesa (Catalan-Aragonese Confederation), created the Crown of Aragon, returning the 'pocket kingdom' of Aragon to the position of peninsular power it had held prior to the loss of Navarre, as well as giving it a window to the Western Mediterranean it would come to dominate.
"In the time between his accession and the betrothal of his daughter, Ramiro II had already had to put down a rebellion of the nobles, and knowing himself not to be a war king, he passed royal authority to son-in-law Ramon Berenguer on 13 November 1137. Ramon became the "Prince of the Aragonesse people" and effective chief of the kingdom's armies. While Ramiro never formally resigned his royal rights and kept aware of the business of the kingdom, he then withdrew from public life, retiring to the San Pedro Monastery in Huesca. He later became known for the famous and passionate legend of the Bell of Huesca. He died there 16 August 1157, the crown then formally passing to his daughter Petronila."
According
to
Wikipedia: "Agnes of Aquitaine was a daughter of Duke
William IX of Aquitaine.
She first married Aimery V of Thouars. In her second
marriage, she bore Petronila of Aragon, the daughter and
heiress of Ramiro II of Aragon."
Ramiro = son of
34 King Sancho Ramirez of Aragon and Navarre (c. 1042 - June 4, 1094and Navarre md. Felicia of Roucy, daugher of Count Hilduin III of Roucy
According to Wikipedia: "Sancho Ramírez (c. 1042 – 4 June 1094, Huesca) was king of Aragon (1063-1094, not formally until 1076) and king of Navarre (1076-1094, as Sancho V). He was the son of Ramiro I of Aragon and Ermesinde of Bigorre, and he succeeded his father in 1063.
"Between 1067 and 1068, the War of the Three Sanchos involved him in a conflict with his first cousins, both also named Sancho: Sancho IV the king of Navarre and Sancho II the king of Castile, respectively. The Castilian Sancho was trying to retake Bureba and Alta Rioja, which his father had given away to king of Navarre and failed to retake. The Navarrese Sancho begged the aid of the Aragonese Sancho to defend his kingdom. Sancho of Castile defeated the two cousins and retook both Bureba and Alta Rioja, as well as Álava.
"Sancho Ramírez followed his father's practice, not using the royal title early in his reign even though his state had become fully independent. This changed in 1076, when Sancho IV of Navarre was murdered by his own siblings, thus prompting a succession crisis in this neighboring kingdom that represented Aragon's nominal overlord. At first, the murdered king's young son, García, who had fled to Castile, was recognized as titular king by Alfonso VI, while Sancho Ramírez recruited to his side noblemen of Navarre who resented their kingdom falling under Alfonso's influence. The crisis was resolved by partition. Sancho Ramírez was elected King of Navarre, while he ceded previously contested western provinces of the kingdom to Alfonso. From this time, Sancho refers to himself as king not only of Navarre but also Aragon.
"Sancho conquered Barbastro in 1064, Graus in 1083, and Monzón in 1089.
"He married first in c.1065 (divorced 1071), Isabel of Urgel (d. c.1071), daughter of Count Armengol III of Urgel and second in 1076, Felicie of Roucy (d May 3, 1123), daughter of Count Hilduin III of Roucy. A third marriage - to Philippa of Toulouse - is sometimes given but other evidence records him as still married to Felicie at the time of his death.
"He perished in 1094 at the Siege of Huesca.
"He was father of three sons: by Isabel, he had Peter; by Felicie he had Alfonso and Ramiro. All three succeeded in turn to the throne of Aragon."
Sancho = son of
35 King Ramiro I of Aragon (b. before 1007 d. May 8, 1063) md. Aug. 22, 1036 Gisberga AKA Emesinde of Bigorre, daughter of Bernard Roger of Bigorre (c. 962 - c. 1034) count of Couserans, son of Roger I of Carcassonne
According to Wikipedia: "Ramiro I (bef.1007 - 8 May 1063) is usually credited with being the first King of Aragon. Apparently born before 1007, he was the natural son of Sancho III of Navarre by his mistress Sancha de Aybar. Ramiro was reputed to have been adopted by his father's wife Mayor after he was the only of his father's children to come to her aid when needed, although there is no surviving record of these events, and the story is probably apocryphal.
"During his father's reign, he appeared as witness of royal charters starting in 1011, and was given numerous properties in the county of Aragon, and by the division of Sancho's realm on the latter's death in 1035, the county of Aragon fell to Ramiro with the title of baiulus or steward. The foundation traditions of the Kingdom of Aragon would make him the first king, (he is, on account of the small size of his Pyrenean kingdom with its capital at Jaca, sometimes called a "petty king") and he was called king by his vassals, neighbors, the church and even his sons, yet he referred to himself always as simply Ranimiro Sancioni regis filio (Ramiro, son of King Sancho). Likewise, in his wills, he refers to his lands as simply having been given him in stewardship by his half-brother García and by God. He is likewise called regulus (rather than rex used for García) and quasi pro rege (acting as if king) in charters from Navarre.
"Ramiro sought to enlarge his lands at the expense of both the Moors and his brother, García. Shortly after the death of his father (the date variously placed from 1036 to 1043), he supported the emir of Tudela in an invasion of the Kingdom of Navarre of his brother García. He was defeated in the Battle of Tafalla, but out of the conflict gained lands, including Sanguesa, and established a state of semi-autonomy. In 1043, apparently with the approval of García, he annexed Sobrarbe and Ribagorza, previously held by his youngest legitimate half-brother, Gonzalo.
"Before he was married, Ramiro had a mistress named Amuña with whom he had a natural son, Sancho Ramírez, in whom he confided the government of the county of Ribagorza.
"Ramiro
wed
his first wife, Gisberga, daughter of Bernard Roger of
Bigorre, on 22 August 1036. She changed her name to
Ermesinda on marrying him. Together the couple had five
children:
* Sancho Ramírez, his successor
* García, Bishop of Jaca
* Sancha, married Armengol III of Urgel
* Urraca, nun in Santa Cruz de la Serós
* Theresa, married William Bertrand
"Ramiro's second wife was Agnes (Inés), a daughter of the Duke of Aquitaine. Ramiro set the advance from Aragon toward Huesca and Zaragossa, after annexation of Ribagorza and Sobrarbe. The first charter for the royal town of Jaca is attributed to him, that will set the example of an ideal community (included well defined laws of protection even to non residents) for later urban rights until late in the Middle Ages.
"Ramiro died at the Battle of Graus in 1063 while trying to take the city."
According to Wikipedia: "Bernard Roger (c.962 – c.1034) was the count of Couserans, in which capacity he was lord of parts of Comminges and Foix.
He was the son of count Roger I of Carcassonne. His elder brother, Raymond I of Carcassonne inherited the county of Carcassonne and the remaining part of the lordship of Comminges. Bernard Rogers comital status is attested in the donation to the Abbey of Saint-Hilaire in 1011.
He is the founder of the House of Foix which ruled that county for centuries. During his father's lifetime, he married Arsinde, or Garsenda, the heiress of the county of Bigorre.
He built the square tower of the castle at Foix in France and made it his capital, from which a town group up. He had endowed the monastery at Foix and in it he was buried when he died at the ripe old age of seventy-two."
Ramiro = son of
36 King Sancho III Garces of Navarre the Great (late 10th century = Oct. 18, 1035) by mistress Sancha de Aybar
According to Wikipedia: "Sancho III Garcés (late 10th century – 18 October 1035), called the Great (Spanish: el Mayor or el Grande), was King of Navarre (which included the County of Aragon) from 1004 until his death and claimed the overlordship of the County of Castile from 1017 to his death, appearing in a charter as "king in Castile". Between 1015 and 1019, he conquered Sobrarbe and Ribagorza.
"During his lifetime, he was the most important Christian monarch of the Iberian Peninsula, bearing, in various media, the title of rex Hispaniarum. Having gone further than any of his predecessors in uniting the divided kingdoms of Iberia, his life's work was undone when he divided his domains shortly before his death to provide for each of his sons. The Kingdom of Navarre existed for almost six centuries after his death, but was never as powerful again.
"Sancho was born around 985 (or even 992 or later) to García Sánchez II the Tremulous and Jimena Fernández, daughter of the count of Cea on the Galician frontier. He was raised in Leyra. He became king in 1004, inheriting the kingdom of Pamplona (later known as Navarre). He was initially under a council of regency led by the bishops, his mother Jimena, and grandmother Urraca Fernández.
Sancho aspired to unify the Christian principalities in the face of the fragmentation Muslim Spain into the taifa kingdoms following the Battle of Calatañazor. In about 1010 he married Muniadona Mayor, daughter of Sancho García of Castile, and in 1015 he began a policy of expansion. He displaced Muslim control in the depopulated former county of Sobrarbe, and profited from the internal difficulties in Ribagorza to annex that county between 1016 and 1019, a conquest initiated before the 1017 death of his brother-in-law left his wife with a distant claim. In 1025 he received the submission, as vassal, of Raymond III of Pallars Jussà, who had also been a Ribagorza claimant. He also forced Berengar Raymond I of Barcelona to become his vassal, though he was already a vassal of the French king. Berengar met Sancho in Zaragoza and in Navarre many times to confer on a mutual policy against the counts of Toulouse.
"In 1016, Sancho fixed the border between Navarre and Castile, part of the good relationship he established by marrying Muña Mayor Sánchez (Muniadona), daughter of Sancho García of Castile. In 1017, he became the protector of Castile for the young García Sánchez. However, relations between the three Christian entities of León, Castile, and Navarre soured after the assassination of Count García in 1027. He had been bethrothed to Sancha, daughter of Alfonso V, who was set thus to gain from Castile lands between the rivers Cea and Pisuerga (as the price for approving the marital pact). As García arrived in León for his wedding, he was killed by the sons of a noble he had expelled from his lands.
"Sancho III had opposed the wedding—and the ensuing Leonese expansion—and received a chance to act upon García's death. As the late count's brother-in-law, he immediately occupied Castile and was soon engaged in a full-scale war with León under Alfonso's successor, Vermudo III. The combined Castilian and Navarrese armies quickly overran Vermudo's kingdom, occupying Astorga. By March 1033, he was king from Zamora to the borders of Barcelona.
"In 1034, even the city of León, the imperiale culmen (imperial capital, as Sancho saw it), fell, and there Sancho had himself crowned again. This was the height of Sancho's rule which now extended from the borders of Galicia in the west to the county of Barcelona in the east.
"In 1035, he refounded the diocese of Palencia, which had been laid waste by the Moors. He gave the see and its several abbacies to Bernard, of French or Navarrese origin, to whom he also gave the secular lordship (as a feudum), which included many castles in the region.
"Taking residence in Nájera instead of the traditional capital of Pamplona, as his realm grew larger, he considered himself a European monarch, establishing relations on the other side of the Pyrenees. He was assassinated at Aguilar de Bureba on 18 October 1035 and was buried in the monastery of San Salvador of Oña, an enclave in Burgos, under the inscription Sancius, gratia Dei, Hispaniarum rex.
Sancho established relations with the Duchy of Gascony, probably of a suzerain-vassal nature, him being the suzerain.[1] In consequence of his relationship with the monastery of Cluny, he improved the road from Gascony to León. This road would begin to bring increased traffic down to Iberia as pilgrims flocked to Santiago de Compostela. Because of this, Sancho ranks as one of the first great patrons of the Saint James Way.
"Sancho VI of Gascony was a relative of Sancho of Navarre and he spent a portion of his life at the royal court in Pamplona. He also partook alongside Sancho the Great in the Reconquista. In 1010, the two Sanchos appeared together with Robert II of France and William V of Aquitaine, neither of whom was the Gascon duke's suzerain, at Saint-Jean d'Angély. After Sancho VI's death (1032), Sancho the Great extended his authority definitively into Gascony, where he began to mention his authority as extending as far as the Garonne in the documents issued by his chancery.
"In southern Gascony, Sancho created a series of viscounties: Labourd (between 1021 and 1023), Bayonne (1025), and Baztán (also 1025).
"He introduced French feudal theories and ecclesiastic and intellectual currents into Iberia. Through his close ties with the count of Barcelona and the duke of Gascony and his friendship with the monastic reformer Abbot Oliva, Sancho established relations with several of the leading figures north of the Pyrenees, most notably Robert II of France, William V of Aquitaine, William II and Alduin II of Angoulême, and Odo II of Blois and Champagne] It was through this circle that the Cluniac reforms first probably influenced his thinking. In 1024 a Navarrese monk, Paterno from Cluny, returned to Navarre and was made abbot of San Juan de la Peña, where he instituted the Cluniac custom and founded thus the first Cluniac house in Iberia west of Catalonia, under the patronage of Sancho. The Mozarabic rite continued to be practiced at San Juan, and the view that Sancho spread the Cluniac usage to other houses in his kingdom has been discredited by Justo Pérez de Urbel. Sancho sowed the seeds of the Cluniac reform and of the adoption of the Roman rite, but he did not widely enact them.
"Sancho also began the Navarrese series of currency by minting what the Encyclopaedia Britannica calls "deniers of Carolingian influence." The division of his realm upon his death, the concepts of vassalage and suzerainty, and the use of the phrase "by the grace of God" (Dei gratia) after his title were imported from France, with which he tried to maintain relations. For this he has been called the "first Europeaniser of Iberia."
"His most obvious legacy, however, was the temporary union of all Christian Iberia. At least nominally, he ruled over León, the ancient capital of the kingdom won from the Moors in the eighth century, and Barcelona, the greatest of the Catalan cities. Though he divided the realm at his death, thus creating the enduring legacy of Castilian and Aragonese kingdoms, he left all his lands in the hands of one dynasty, the Jiménez, which kept the kingdoms allied by blood until the twelfth century. He made the Navarrese pocket kingdom strong, politically stable, and independent, preserving it for the remainder of the Middle Ages. It is for this that his seal has been appropriated by Basque nationalism. Though, by dividing the realm, he isolated the kingdom and inhibited its ability to gain land at the expense of the Moslems. Summed up, his reign defined the political geography of Iberia until its union under the Catholic Monarchs.
"Throughout his long reign, Sancho used a myriad of titles. After his coronation in León, he styled himself rex Dei gratia Hispaniarum, or "by the grace of God, king of the Spains," and may have minted coins with the legend "NAIARA/IMPERATOR". The use of the first title implied his kingship over all the independently founded Iberian kingdoms and the use of the form Dei gratia, adopted from French practice, stressed that his right to rule was of divine origin and sustenance. The latter, imperial title was only rarely employed, for it is not documented, being found only on coins only probably datable to his reign. It is not unlikely, however, that he desired to usurp the imperial title which the kings of León had thitherto carried.
"Despite this, the contemporary ecclesiastic Abbot Oliva only ever acknowledged Sancho as rex Ibericus or rex Navarrae Hispaniarum, while he called both Alfonso V and Vermudo III emperor. The first title considers Sancho as king of all Iberia, as does the second, though it stresses his kingship over Navarre alone as if it had been extended to authority over the whole Christian portion of the peninsula.
"To the Moors, he was always only Baskunish, the "lord of the Basques."
"Besides four legitimate sons by Mayor, Sancho also fathered one by his mistress Sancha de Aybar named Ramiro, who was the eldest of his sons but, as a bastard, not entitled to succeed. Before his death in 1035, Sancho divided his possessions among his sons. García received Navarre and the Basque country with a certain seniority over his brothers, Ferdinand had received Castile on the death of count García Sánchez, and Gonzalo got Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. The illegitimate son was given property in the former county of Aragón, with the provision that he ask for no more of his brother García. Sancho left a younger son who did not partake in the inheritance, Bernard. He left two daughters, Mayor and Jimena, who married Vermudo III."
Sancho = son of
37 King Garcia Sanchez II the Tremulous of Pamploma (later called Navarre) and count of Aragon (d. 1004) reigned 994-1004 md. Jimena Fernandez, daughter of the count of Cea
According to Wikipedia: "García Sánchez II, sometimes García II, III, IV or V (died 1004), called the Trembling, the Tremulous, or the Trembler (in Spanish, el Temblón) by his contemporaries, was the king of Pamplona and count of Aragón from 994 until his death. He was the son of King Sancho II and Urraca Fernández.
"Throughout his reign, his foreign policy seems to have been closely linked to that of Castile. His mother was aunt of count Sancho García of Castile, and also of the powerful count of Saldaña, García Gómez of Carrión, and she appears to have played a role in forming a bridge between the kingdom and county.
"He joined his cousin Sancho in attempting to break from the submission his father had offered to Córdoba, as a result of which he had to face Almanzor. In 996 he was forced to seek peace in Córdoba. In 997 during an expedition into the land of Calatayud, García killed the governor's brother. Almanzor took revenge by beheading 50 Christians. At the Battle of Cervera in July 1000, he allied with counts Sancho García of Castile, and García Gómez of Saldaña, to defeat and nearly rout Almanzor, and tradition names him one of the Christian leaders at the 1002 Battle of Calatañazor, which resulted in the death of Almanzor, and the consequent crisis in the Caliphate of Córdoba. He died 1004, when his son Sancho succeeded to the kingdom.
"Domestically, he granted the rule in Aragon to his brother Gonzalo, under the tutelage of his mother Urraca. A tradition reports that he freed all of the Muslim captives being held in the kingdom. He had married by August 981, Jimena, daughter of Ferdinand Vermúdez, count of Cea by Elvira Díaz (aunt of count García Gómez of Saldaña). Among their children were the future king Sancho Garcés III and Urraca, later the second wife of Alfonso V of Leon."
Garcia Sanchez = son of
38 King Sancho II of Pamplona (later called Navarre) and Count of Aragon (b. after 935 d. Dec. 994) reigned 970-994 md. Urraca Fernandez , daughter of Sancha, daughter of Sancho I of Pamplona (see below)
According to Wikipedia: "Sancho II Garcés Abarca (after 935 – December 994) was the Jiménez King of Pamplona and Count of Aragon from 970 until his death. He was the son of García Sánchez I and Andregota, daughter and heiress of Galindo Aznárez II, Count of Aragon. After his succession, he recognised his younger brother Ramiro as King of Viguera.
"The Historia General de Navarra by Jaime del Burgo says (referencing in turn the Anales del Reino de Navarra of José de Moret) that on the occasion of the donation of the villa of Alastue by Sancho to the monastery of San Juan de la Peña in 987, he titled himself "King of Navarre," the first time that title had been used. In other places, he appears as the first King of Aragon and in others the third. These titles, however, did not come into common usage until the late eleventh century. The epithet "Abarca," meaning "sandal," is not contemporary, but is medieval.
"Under Sancho and his immediate successors, Navarre reached the height of its power and its largest size. During this period, the Navarre was united to the Kingdom of León and the County of Castile by familial bonds. The Navarrese monarchy supported the young Ramiro II when he secured the throne of León.
"Upon the death of the Caliph of Cordoba, Al-Hakam II, in 976, and the succession of his son Hisham II, who had been taught by Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, the prospects of the Christian kingdoms seemed dim. The troops of Al-Mansur defeated the Christians at Torrevicente, south of Soria. Afterwards, the Muslims returned to triumph at Taracueña, near Osma. In 975, Sancho was defeated by the Moors at San Esteban de Gormaz, and in 981 at Rueda, a dozen kilometers from Tordesillas, the Christians suffered another humiliating defeat.
"Because he could not defeat Al-Mansur by arms, Sancho went to Córdoba as an ambassador for his own kingdom, bringing many gifts for the victorious Al-Mansur, making a pact with him and agreeing to give the Muslim his daughter Urraca in marriage. From this union was born Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo, the second successor of Al-Mansur who tried to usurp the Caliphate of Córdoba from the Umayyad heir.
"In 972, he founded the monastery of San Andrés de Cirueña. In 976, at the monastery of Albelda, the cultural and intellectual centre of his kingdom, the Codex Vigilanus was completed. It is one of the most important illuminated manuscripts of medieval Spain, containing the canons of the Councils of Toledo, a copy of the Liber Iudiciorum, and the first Western representation of the Arabic numerals, among many other texts.
"Sancho
married
Urraca, the daughter of the Castilian count Fernán González
and Sancha, Sancho's aunt. The marriage occurred after 962
and before 970. Before 950, Urraca had been married twice
previously, to Ordoño III and Ordoño IV of León, from both
of whom she separated. Sancho was her third and last
husband. Their children were:
* García Sánchez II
* Ramiro (died 992)
* Gonzalo, was given the county of Aragon
under the regency of his mother
* Urraca (Abda) the Basque, given to
Al-Mansur before entering a convent."
According to Wikipedia: "Urraca Fernández (died 1007), infanta of Fernán González of Castile, was the queen consort of two Kings of León and one King of Navarre between 951 and 994. She acted as regent for her son Gonzalo, who had been given the County of Aragon, and later was co-regent of the Kingdom of Navarre, along with her daughter-in-law Jimena Fernández and the bishops of Navarre, of her grandson Sancho III.
"She was first married by her father to Ordoño III of León in 951. Fernán's support of Sancho the Fat cost her her husband's affection and she was repudiated in 956. By him she had two, and possibly three children:
*
Ordoño, who died young
* Theresa, who became a nun
* (perhaps) Bermudo II of León, whose
maternity is subject to scholarly debate
"In 958, after Ordoño's death, she was remarried to Ordoño IV. He died in 960.
"Her
third and most important marriage was contracted in 970 to
Sancho II of Pamplona. Both Sancho and Urraca were
grandchildren of Sancho I of Pamplona, because Urraca's
mother was Sancho I's daughter Sancha. With Sancho, she had
several children:
* García Sánchez II of Pamplona
* Ramiro (died 992)
* Gonzalo, who ruled the County of Aragon
with Urraca as regent
* Abda (Urraca) the Basque, given to
Almanzor before entering a convent."
Sancho = son of
38 King Garcia Sanchez I of Pamplona (later called Navarre) (c. 919 - 970) md. Andregota, daughter of Galindo Aznarez II, Count of Aragon (d. 922), son of Aznar Galindez II, Count of Aragon reigned 867-893 md. Oneca, daughter of King Garcia Iniguez of Pamplona (d. 882), son of King Inigo Arista of Pamplona (c. 790 - 851 or 852)
According to Wikipedia: "García Sánchez I, sometimes García I, II, III or IV (c. 919 – 970) was the king of Pamplona from 931 until his death in 970. He was the son of King Sancho I and Toda Aznárez. Being just six years old at the time of his father's death, his uncle Jimeno Gárces succeeded, and it was just in the last year of the latter's reign, in 930, that Garcia appears with the royal title, but this was probably just a courtesy. On Jimeno's death, 12-year old García succeeded, with his mother Toda serving as regent. This regency ended in 934, when his first cousin Caliph Abd-ar-Rahman III intervened on his behalf, and García began to rule as sole king.
"With the support of his energetic and diplomatic mother, García, like his father, engaged in a number of conflicts with the Moors. He married his first cousin, Andregota Galíndez, daughter and coheiress of Galindo Aznárez II, Count of Aragón, having one son and heir, Sancho, before divorcing her. He then married Teresa, daughter of Ramiro II of León.
"García was succeeded by his son Sancho II Garcés, nicknamed Abarca. He also created a novel kingdom centered at Viguera for his eldest son by Teresa, Ramiro Garcés. By her he also had son Jimeno, and a daughter, Urraca, married firstly Fernán González of Castile and secondly William II Sánchez of Gascony."
According to Wikipedia: "Andregota Galíndez was daughter of Count Galindo II Aznárez Count of Aragon from 922, being by his second wife, Sancha Garcés of Pamplona. She is frequently referred to as Countess, and made heiress to her father, yet she was not the eldest daughter of her father, and likewise Aragon had already been absorbed into the Kingdom of Pamplona by Sancho I of Pamplona, years before her marriage to that kings son, García Sánchez I. García, who was her first cousin, divorced Andregota due to consanguinity, leaving a sole son by her, Sancho II of Pamplona. It has been suggested that Andregota remarried and had further children, although the details have not been discovered. Andregota, wife of 11th century count Sancho Maceratiz, calls herself a descendant of Andregota Galíndez, but Ubieto Arteta suggests the later countess descended from Velasquita, sister of Andregota Galíndez."
According to Wikiipedia: "Galindo Aznárez II (died 922) was Count of Aragón (893-922), the son and successor of Aznar Galíndez II.
Galindo was one of a coalition that sponsored the 905 coup d'état in Pamplona in favor of his brother-in-law, Sancho I of Pamplona. However, he turned on this new king and in 911 attacked him in concert with brother-in-law Muhammad al-Tawil and Abd Allah ibn Lubb ibn Qasi. This coalition was defeated, al-Tawil killed, and Galindo forced to become vassal of Sancho.
Galindo was married twice. By his first wife, Acibella Garcés of Gascony, daughter of Count García II Sánchez of Gascony, he had sons Miro and Bishop Redemtus, along with daughter Toda, wife of Hunifred Bernat, count of Ribagorza, to whom she brought Sobrarbe. By his second wife, Sancha Garcés of Pamplona, daughter of García Jiménez and sister of Sancho I, he had Velasquita and Andregota Galíndez, who married García Sanchez, king of Pamplona (925-970). He also sired several illegitimate sons: Guntoslo, Sancho, Belasco, Banzo, and Aznar. The first of these, Guntoslo, is apparently the man of this name who would later be count of Aragon, but only as a fully subservient vassal of his brother-in-law the king of Pamplona."
According to Wikipedia: "Aznar Galíndez II was a Count of Aragón 867 – 893, son and successor of Galindo Aznárez I. Married Oneca, daughter of the king of Pamplona, Garcia Iñíguez, and had three children: his successor, Galindo Aznárez II, a son García, and daughter Sancha, wife of Muhammad al Tawil, wali of Huesca."
According to Wikipedia: "García Íñiguez, sometimes García I, II, or III was king of Pamplona from 851/2 to his death in 882. He was educated in Córdoba, as a guest at the court of the Emir of Córdoba. He was the son of Íñigo Arista, the first king of their dynasty. When his father was stricken by paralysis in 842, he became regent of the kingdom (or perhaps co-regent with his uncle Fortún Íñiguez). He and his kinsman M?s? ibn M?s? ibn Fortún of the Banu Qasi rebelled against the Cordoban emir in 843. This rebellion was put down by Emir Abd-ar-Rahman II, who attacked the Kingdom of Pamplona, defeating García badly and killing Fortún. At his father's death in 851/2, he succeeded to the crown.
"Following the death of Íñigo Arista, the Banu Qasi leader Musa ibn Musa pursued a policy of closer allegiance with Muhammad I of Córdoba, leaving García to look to Christian Asturias for an ally. In 859, Musa ibn Musa allowed a contingent of Vikings to pass through his lands and attack Navarre, resulting in the capture García, who was forced to pay at least 70,000 gold dinars in ransom. Later the same year, Musa ibn Musa attacked the Pamplonese city of Albelda. García and his new friend Ordoño I of Asturias together dealt Musa a crushing blow, killing, it is said, 10,000 of his magnates in the Battle of Albelda. This, in turn, provoked a Muslim response and the next year, 860, saw García's son and heir Fortún captured and imprisoned by the Moors. He languished in Córdoba for the next 20 years. In 870, García formed an alliance with the Muslim rebel Amrus ibn Amr ibn Amrus, who had killed Garcia's nephew Musa ibn Galindo of Huesca, and the next year was apparently in a new alliance with the sons of Musa ibn Musa, now in rebellion against Córdoba.
"García I favoured the pilgrims who travelled to Santiago de Compostela, and attempted to guarantee peace for that traffic.
"García's death has been subject to scholarly dispute, a result of a paucity of records from the last years of his reign. The lack of subsequent mention of him after 870 led to the suggestion that he died in that year, and as his heir was in the hands of his enemies, it was argued that García Jiménez then governed the kingdom as regent. García's son, Fortún Garcés, is then made to succeed upon his released in 880. There is, however, no evidence for such a regency, and Sanchéz Albornoz has cited evidence that García was still living at the time of his son's return. Thus it is likely that Balparda was reporting accurate tradition when he suggested García and ally Umar ibn Hafsun, fought a battle at Aybar against the troops of Emir of Córdoba in 882, García dying there (although the age provided him, 84 years, is clearly exaggerated).
"The identity of García's wife or wives is poorly documented, and has been subject to much speculation. An undated confirmation of an earlier lost charter refers to King García and Queen Urraca Mayor, and this is thought by some to refer to García Íñiguez and an otherwise unknown wife. Based on her name alone, it has been suggested that she was of the Banu Qasi, but other historians have given her different parentage, or even a different king as husband. Likewise, royal princess Leodegundia Ordoñez of Asturias, daughter of Ordoño I of Asturias, is known to have married a ruler of Pamplona, and García Íñiguez is one of those speculated to have been this prince.
"García
Íñiguez
had following children:
* Fortún Garcés, the future king.
* Sancho Garcés, whose only known child,
Aznar Sánchez, married a daughter of king Fortún Garcés and
by her had queens Toda Aznárez, wife of king Sancho Garcés
I, and Sancha Aznárez, wife of king Jimeno Garcés.
* Onneca Garcés, wife of Aznar Galíndez
II.
* Velasquita Garcés, married to Mutarr?f
ibn M?s? ibn Qasi, Wali of Huesca, son of M?s? ibn M?s?.
* (perhaps) Jimena, wife of Alfonso III
of León (assignment of her parentage based on political,
chronological and onomastic arguments)."
According to Wikipedia: "Íñigo Íñiguez Arista (c. 790 – 851 or 852) was the first King of Pamplona (c. 824 – 851 or 852). He is said by a later chronicler to have been count of Bigorre, or at least to have come from there, but there is no near-contemporary evidence of this.[1] His origin is obscure, but his patronymic indicates that he was the son of an Íñigo.[2] It has been speculated that he was kinsman of García Jiménez, who in the late 8th century succeeded his father Jimeno 'the Strong' in resisting Carolingian expansion into Vasconia. He is also speculated to have been related to the other Navarrese dynasty, the Jiménez.
"His mother also married Musa ibn Fortún ibn Qasi, by whom she was mother of Musa ibn Musa ibn Qasi, head of the Banu Qasi and Moslem king of Tudela, one of the chief lords of Valley of the Ebro. Due to this relationship, Íñigo and his kin frequently acted in alliance with Musa ibn Musa and this relationship allowed Eneko to extend his influence over large territories in the Pyrenean valleys.
"The family came to power through struggles with Frankish and Muslim influence in Spain. In 799, pro-Frankish assassins murdered Mutarrif ibn Musa, governor of Pamplona, the brother of Musa ibn Musa ibn Qasi and perhaps of Íñigo himself. In 820, Íñigo intervened in the County of Aragon, ejecting a Frankish vassal, count Aznar I Galíndez, in favor of García el Malo (the Bad), who would become Íñigo's son-in-law. In 824, the Frankish counts Aeblus and Aznar Sánchez made an expedition against Pamplona, but were defeated in the third Battle of Roncesvalles. The Basque victors are not named, but it was in the context of this defeat that Íñigo is said to have been pronounced "King of Pamplona" in that city by the people. Íñigo was a Christicolae princeps (Christian prince), according to Eulogio de Córdoba. However, his kingdom continually played Moslem and Christian against themselves and each other to maintain independence against outside powers.
"In 840 his lands were attacked by Abd Allah ibn Kulayb, wali of Zaragoza, leading his half-brother, Musa ibn Musa into rebellion. The next year, Eneko fell victim to paralysis in battle against the Norse with Musa ibn Misa. His son García acted as regent, in concert with Fortún Íñiguez, "the premier knight of the realm", the king's brother and also half-brother of M?s?. They joined Musa ibn Musa in an uprising against the Caliphate of Córdoba. Abd-ar-Rahman II, emir of Córdoba, launched reprisal campaigns in the succeeding years. In 843, Fortún Íñiguez was killed, and M?s? unhorsed and forced to escape on foot, while Eneko and his son Galindo escaped with wounds and several nobleman, most notably Velasco Garcés defected to Abd-ar-Rahman. The next year, Eneko's own son, Galindo Íñiguez and Musa's son Lubb ibn Musa went over to Córdoba, and M?s? was forced to submit. Following a brief campaign the next year, 845, a general peace was achieved. In 850, Musa again rose in open rebellion, supported again by Pamplona, and envoys of Induo (thought to be Eneko) and Mitio,[8] "Dukes of the Navarrese", were received at the French court. Eneko died in the Muslim year 237, which is late 851 or early 852, and was succeeded by García Íñiguez.
"The
name of the wife (or wives) of Eneko is not reported in
contemporary records, although chronicles from centuries
later assign her the name of Toda or Oneca.[10] There is
also scholarly debate regarding her derivation, some
hypothesizing that she was daughter of Velasco, lord of
Pamplona (killed 816), and others making her kinswoman of
Aznar I Galíndez[11]. He was father of the following known
children:
* Assona Íñiguez, who married her
father's half-brother, M?s? ibn M?s? ibn Fortún ibn Qasi,
lord of Tudela and Huesca
* García Íñiguez, the future king
* Galindo Íñiguez, fled to Córdoba where
he was friend of Eulogio of Córdoba and became father of
M?s? ibn Galindo, Wali of Huesca in 860, assassinated in 870
in Córdoba [13]
* a daughter, wife of Count García el
Malo (the Bad) of Aragón.
"The dynasty founded by Eneko reigned for about 80 years, being supplanted by a rival dynasty in 905. However, due to intermarriages, subsequent kings of Navarre descend from Eneko."
Garcia Sanchez = son of
39 King Sancho I of Pamplona (later called Navarre) (c. 860 - Dec. 11, 925) reigned 905 to 926 md. Toda Azarez (c. 885 - after 970) [Her line]
According to Wikipedia: "Sancho I Garcés (c. 860 – December 11, 925) was king of Pamplona from 905 to 925. He was a son of García Jiménez, who was king of "another part of the kingdom" of Pamplona and Dadildis de Pallars, his second wife. In 905, a coalition of enemies of the king, Fortún Garcés: Lubb ibn Muhammed of the Banu Qasi, King Alfonso III of Asturias, Galindo Aznar II of Aragon and Sancho's uncle, Raymond I of Pallars and Ribagorza, deposed the king, and put Sancho on the throne in his place. Throughout his reign, he involved himself in the squabbles among the Muslim lords to the south with repeated success. In 907, he turned on his former ally Lubb ibn Muhammad, killing him in battle. Four years later, another former ally, Galindo Aznar, joined with his brother-in-law Muhammad al-Tawil and Abd Allah ibn Lubb ibn Qasi to attack Sancho, but they were crushed: al-Tawil was killed, the power of the Banu Qasi was severely crippled, and Galindo forced into vassalage to Sancho, leading to the incorporation of the County of Aragon into Pamplona. In 920, he teamed with Bernard I of Ribagorza and Amrus ibn Muhammed, son of Muhammad al-Tawil, to attack Monzón. He joined Ultra-Puertos, or Basse-Navarre (Baja Navarra), to his own dominions, also extending his territory as far as Nájera. As a thanksgiving offering for his victories, he founded, in 924, the convent of Albelda.
"Perhaps to legitimize the succession, Sancho married Toda Aznárez, granddaughter of former king Fortún Garcés. Queen Toda was a daughter of Aznar Sánchez, lord of Larraun, and Oneca Fortúnez, who herself was a daughter of King Fortún. Thus, Sancho and Toda's children were also descendants of the Arista dynasty of Navarrese monarchs, but likewise akin to Abd-ar-Rahman III of Cordoba, a grandson of Oneca by a former husband. When Sancho died in 925, his only son was still quite young. Thus Sancho was succeeded by his brother, Jimeno Garcés, upon whose death Sancho's son García would succeed.
"The
Codex of Roda gives Sancho and Toda six children:
* Oneca (d.931), married Alfonso IV the
Monk of León in 926
* Sancha, married firstly Ordoño II of
León, secondly Count Alvaro Herraméliz of Álava, and thirdly
Fernán González, Count of Castile
* Urraca, married Ramiro II of León
* Velasquita (or Belasquita), married
firstly Munio, count of Vizcaya, secondly Galindo, son of
Bernard count of Ribagorza.
* Orbita
* García, king of Pamplona, married
firstly Andregota Galíndez and secondly Teresa
"Sancho
also
had an illegitimate daughter:
* Lupa, mother of Raymond I, Count of
Bigorre."
According to Wikipedia: "Toda Aznárez, also Teuda de Larraun or Tota (c. 885-aft. 970), was the queen-consort of Navarre through her marriage (his second) to Sancho I (905-925). She married him when he was an old man.
"She was the daughter of Aznar Sánchez, lord of Larraun, paternal grandson of king García Íñiguez of Pamplona, while her mother Oneca Fortúnez was a daughter of king Fortún Garcés. Thus, Toda's children were also descendants of the Arista dynasty of Navarrese monarchs. She was sister of Sancha Aznárez, wife of king Jimeno Garcés, her husband's brother and successor, while Toda and Sancha were also aunts of Caliph Abd-ar-Rahman III, through their mother's first marriage to ?Abdullah ibn Muhammad.
"When her son García Sánchez I succeeded his uncle Jimeno as king in 931, Toda became regent and guardian of her son. However, in 934 her nephew Abd-ar-Rahman III intervened on behalf of his cousin, removing Toda to allow García to rule alone. She had been an energetic diplomat, arranging political marriages for her daughters among the competing royalty and nobility of Christian Iberia.
"The
Codex of Roda gives Sancho and Toda six children:
* Oneca (d. 931), married Alfonso IV the
Monk of León in 926
* Sancha, married firstly Ordoño II of
León, secondly Count Alvaro Herraméliz of Álava, and thirdly
Fernán González, Count of Castile
* Urraca, married Ramiro II of León
* Velasquita (or Belasquita), married
firstly Munio, count of Vizcaya, secondly Galindo, son of
Bernard count of Ribagorza.
* Orbita
* García, king of Pamplona"
Sancho = son of
40 King Garcia Jimenez or Garcia II of Pamplona md. Dadildis de Pallars
According to Wikipedia: "García Jiménez or García II was (sub- or co-)king of a part of Pamplona in the late 9th century.
"The Basque ruling dynasty (Jiménez) was apparently in control of a part of what would become the kingdom of Navarre distinct from that held by the descendants of Iñigo Arista. García presumably succeeded his father during the lifetime of García Íñiguez, and is listed by the Códice de Roda as being of "another part of the kingdom" of Pamplona.
"By a popular reconstruction, when King García I supposedly died in 870 while his son and heir Fortún Garcés was imprisoned in Córdoba, García Jiménez is said to have become uncontested regent of the kingdom until he was killed at Aybar (882) in a battle against the Emir of Córdoba. However, there is evidence that García Íñiguez was still living at the time of his son's return in 880, and it may well have been that monarch who was killed in 882. In fact, there is no documentary evidence of García Jiménez playing any role in the government of the greater kingdom.
"García
Jiménez
married firstly to Oneca, "Rebel of Sangüesa" with whom he
had the following issue:
* Íñigo, called 'king' in the Roda Codex,
perhaps his father's successor.
* Sancha, married as her first husband
Íñigo Fortúnez, son of king Fortún of Pamplona, and
remarried Galindo Aznárez II, Count of Aragon.
"García
Jiménez
married secondly Dadildis de Pallars, sister of count
Raymond I of Pallars and Ribagorza, with whom he had the
following issue:
* Sancho, later sole king of Pamplona.
* Jimeno, king in succession to Sancho."
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